Criminology

This paper must include the following elements: When and for what reason the U.S. Supreme Court was first established The process used to select and appoint a judge to the Supreme Court A short bio on the current members of the Supreme Court

Write a research paper in APA format explaining this topic and how it affects crime.  Please include a reference sheet in APA format with at least 4 relevant scholarly sources. May include: how this topic can cause offenders to commit property and violent crime, and address repeat offenders. Social structures include: Gender, Age, and Social class

Watch the movie Breach (2007) about the FBI’s worst espionage scandal involving one of their own, Robert Hanssen. As you watch the movie “Breach,” identify stressors or personality characteristics you feel might have been possible indicators of this man’s potential to become a spy. Remember that this is not a movie review. You are asked to write a critical thinking paper that addresses the following: – How did this kind of employment breach occur? – What could have been done over the years to better identify why this offender was so successful at what he accomplished? – What other collateral types of crimes did he commit as well?  Please discuss how all of these crimes may have influenced how federal law enforcement agencies monitor employees and how society as a whole has been impacted. Keep in mind, Hanssen is still in prison, and will be for the rest of his life.

Which historic development in the 21st century do you believe has most impacted drug use in this country? Take a position and make your case to your classmates! What evidence can you provide that supports your position? You might need to use outside sources to help prove your point. If you do, remember to cite them correctly (as well as the textbook!) using APA. Textbook: Drugs in society by Michael. D Lyman

Refer to the website http://nida.nih.gov/  as well as any other scholarly sources of information for this assignment. Select any one of the following: Club drugs Cocaine Heroin Inhalants LSD (Acid) Marijuana MDMA (Ecstasy) Methamphetamine PCP/Phencyclidine Prescription Medications Write a coherent, well organized 2-4 page paper comparing and contrasting the reaction of the drug in the body, i.e. how it is metabolized, the short and long-term effects of abuse, evidence collection, the laboratory tests for identification of the drug to metabolism of alcohol, short and long-term effects of alcohol abuse, evidence collection and laboratory tests for identification of alcohol. Be certain to cite the appropriate sources.   Please us the nida link provided above but other than that just use other scholarly sites and add reference page at the end please

You must define and describe the issue in detail and comment on your perspective on the issue and how the issue (problem) can be solved. The term paper should be at least 10 pages long and should include the following sections:  Introduction, Literature Review, Methodology, Discussion, Conclusion, and Bibliography. Your paper must be typewritten, using 2.0m line spacing, and must be properly referenced using the APA 7 referencing style.  Ensure that your work conforms to the proper use of grammar, spelling, and sentence structure. Your paper should read like a very well written journal article. The following are suggested outlines for your term paper: Introduction (Problem statement. What? Why? How?) Literature Review (Review of the extant literature on the subject, Why? How? Find a Hole; Look for Debates). Research Design (Methods applied to obtain materials for your paper, How? Research Procedures, kind of data.) Research Findings –evidence of the importance Discussion of Research Findings (analysis of issue/problem) Conclusions – Implications of Study/Research Findings for policy/solving of a real-life problem; Importance; Contributions References

Paper should be 3-5 pages in length not including the title, or reference page. No abstract is required. You must utilize a minimum of three credible academic sources (*hint use your text for one). Paper should follow APA format and be free of grammatical and spelling errors. Avoid using personal pronouns when able. Exemplary papers will be sufficiently developed and correctly cited with in-text citations, a proper references page, and credible, academic sources.   See the “Resources” section of the module for more information about how to properly cite in APA format.  Honesty All submissions will be subject to analysis through turnitin.com, please continue to practice the high moral standards and ethics you are all capable of and to which this field demands.

Instructions Experimental Design Assessment Please read the following description of an experiment and answer the questions below. A researcher wants to test the assumptions of social disorganization theory. Specifically, the idea that neighborhood disorder and disorganization signal that no one cares about the neighborhood and leads to greater deviance and crime rates in the neighborhood. To test these assumptions, the researcher decides to set up an experiment using clean bathrooms and dirty bathrooms. The clean bathroom represents neighborhoods that are organized while the dirty bathrooms represent neighborhoods that are disorganized. Note that the dirty bathrooms are staged as dirty by a member of the research team. Using the classical experimental design, the researcher invites 30 incoming freshmen to campus for an orientation. Using random assignment, she divides the students into an experimental and a control group. Each group will take two bathroom breaks during the day. The groups will take bathroom breaks at different times so that the two groups do not interact. Both groups will first be directed to the clean bathrooms during their first break (pretest). On the second break, the control group will be directed to the same bathroom (clean) and the experimental group will be directed to the “dirty bathrooms” (posttest). A member of the research team will be present in the bathrooms discreetly recording how students interact with the environment. The researcher believes that students will be careful to leave the “clean” restroom as they found it (clean) and students will interact with the “dirty” bathroom in a disorganized manner (throwing trash on the floor, not wiping up splashed water, etc.). 1. Was the classical experimental design the right experimental design to use to test the hypothesis? Why or why not? 2. What are some of the limitations (threats to validity) associated with the classical design? Do you think my design properly controlled for some of these limitations? 3. If you were designing the study, what would have done differently (different experimental design, procedures, controls)?

Write a minimum 4 page paper (size 12 Times New Roman font; standard margins) describing and critiquing existing practices and policies for addressing the reentry problem you have selected.  Your paper should fully explain the different types of policies and/or programs that have been implemented, including discussion of any published evaluation research, and critically evaluate their effectiveness.  You are welcome to do this in bulleted form (but having a full narrative would get you closer to paper). Refer to the Policy Evaluation Hierarchy (Rossi, Freeman and Lipsey). Work through these steps.  Think about: Has the policy goal been achieved?  Why or why not?  Have there been other, unexpected, benefits?  Detriments?  Your draft must include in text citations and a works cited page.  Both must be in correct APA format.  If you decide to do this piece in full narrative form, think of the paper as a “stand alone”, with an introduction (reminder of what your thesis is and what you will be discussing in this paper), a well-organized body, and a conclusion that summarizes the main points and reiterates your thesis.  If you choose to do bulleted form, you still must have a well-thought out and complete set of policies and reflections on these policies with data and sources.

Analyze the case study in the text “Mandatory Minimum Sentences and Drug Offenders” on page 216 and copied below and  answer all the case study questions that follow it.  In Alleyene v. United States (2013), the Supreme Court ruled that before any mandatory minimum sentence can be handed down, it must be shown that the defendant did in fact exhibit behavior that would trigger a mandatory minimum sentence. This has, in part, changed the prosecution process at the federal level and requires that all relevant information concerning a criminal defendant be included in a charging document. Juries or judges must be shown that a defendant’s actions are culpable before any mandatory minimum penalty can be imposed. For prosecutors, this means further deliberations on what cases are warranted for mandatory minimum sentence recommendations to judges and juries. Where mandatory minimum cases have been especially problematic is in criminal drug cases, especially at the federal level of government where criminal prosecutions for drug offenses began in earnest in the late 1980s and went somewhat unabated until the Alleyene decision. Subsequent to the decision, Attorney General Eric Holder issued an opinion that directed U.S. Attorneys to reevaluate how mandatory minimum sentence recommendations are pursued in the federal courts. For many, the Alleyene decision is the beginning of reexamining the role of federal prosecutors in addressing the thorny problem of drug usage in America. Attorney General Holder in his opinion suggested specific criteria for prosecutors as they assess whether or not a particular case deserves a mandatory minimum sentence recommendation. The new policy directs U.S. Attorneys to reexamine carefully their existing charging policies and the importance of drug quality and quantity in a charging decision, as well as timing and plea agreements, advocacy at sentencing, and recidivist enhancements. Attorney General Holder is asking federal prosecutors to think differently about drug prosecution and to produce other practices and outcomes from what has been done the past 25 years, which was aggressive prosecution of both users and dealers of illegal drugs and handing down long prison sentences. Attorney General Holder was not only guided by the Alleyene decision but also possibly by a changing climate in America regarding drug enforcement and the role of the criminal justice system in addressing drug use, abuse, and addiction. Placed in the context of legislative changes occurring around medical marijuana and even the legalization of the possession of small amounts of marijuana in some states (Colorado and Washington in 2012) through public referendum, Attorney General Holder and his boss, the president of the United States, were facing stiff pressure from an American public that saw drug enforcement and prosecution as not being the answer to the drug problem. In some cases, the American public viewed drug enforcement and prosecution as the problem, costing the federal government and the states billions of dollars. In addition, in 2008, the economy tanked. The federal government and the states were strapped for cash. Pursuing a drug war through the criminal justice system was costly and inefficient. Both conservatives and liberals were calling for a scaling back on criminal justice efforts to address illegal drug use. With this changing political landscape came also the realization that since 2008 the federal government had become parsimonious in its arrest and prosecution of persons consuming marijuana for medical reasons. While the federal government still had the authority to prosecute marijuana users under federal law, states were making marijuana available to persons by a doctor’s prescription through state law, the grandest adventure in the state of California. For some, the writing was on the wall: The drug war was over. In such a changing political environment, Attorney General Holder’s view on criminal prosecution of drug offenders and those deserving mandatory minimum sentences has changed significantly and may represent a new and bold form of leadership. Case Study Questions What do you think about the prominent role of the criminal justice system in drug enforcement? Is it time to rethink the role the criminal justice system has played in dealing with society’s drug problem? Why is leadership so important in this discussion? What difficulties do criminal justice administrators face when societal expectations change so dramatically in such a short period of time? How and why does criminal justice leadership matter in such a situation? Is Attorney General Holder’s change in prosecution policies for federal prosecutors simply a reactive strategy, or is it a proactive attempt to improve federal criminal prosecution policies and practices? Your response should be a minimum of two pages typed – double spaced. Cover pages and reference pages DO NOT count in this two page requirement. Your paper must be submitted in an APA format with references as appropriate.