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NURS 6200 The Nurse Administrator: Leading and Managing for Excellence Assignment Paper
NURS 6200 The Nurse Administrator: Leading and Managing for Excellence Assignment Paper NURS 6200 The Nurse Administrator: Leading and Managing for Excellence Assignment Paper The Responsibilities of a Nurse Manager The fast-paced, multitasking role of a nurse manager is never boring. Fortunately, with the skills, training, and talent you will learn through the RN to BSN or the Master of Science in Nursing program at the University of Saint Mary, you will always be prepared.NURS 6200 The Nurse Administrator: Leading and Managing for Excellence Assignment Paper Permalink: https://nursingpaperessays.com/ nurs-6200-the-nu assignment-paper / Administration Nursing administration can take many forms. Your hospital, clinic, school, or other institutions will look to your expertise for screening, interviewing, and selecting nursing staff. You may also be involved with medical records and regulatory requirements. In some settings, youll have the opportunity to employ your diplomatic skills in addressing labor and union issues in the workplace. Planning and Budgeting A skill with numbers and an eye for detail likely helped you complete your nursing studies, and that same acumen comes in handy as a nurse manager. Youll review and manage finances for your department, including salary and supplies Staff Management The manager part of a nurse manager steps into the forefront when you assume the responsibilities of leading and supervising a staff, which typically consists of any combination of licensed practical nurses (LPN), registered nurses (RN), certified nursing assistants, medical clerks, and aides. You also collaborate with other departments to promote the best patient outcomes. Your day may begin or end by reviewing case loads, going over assignments, discussing overall patient care, reinforcing patient care standards, reviewing transfer protocols, or other general and specific clinical duties. Staff meetings are ideal forums to share experiences, reveal problems, brainstorm solutions, and suggest answers.NURS 6200 The Nurse Administrator: Leading and Managing for Excellence Assignment Paper At the same time, youll schedule regular one-to-one meetings with your staff members to review individual issues, goals, and performance and training opportunities. As a mentor, you will inspire and motivate your staff to become better health care professionals and advocate for them among the larger clinical staff. Types of Nurse Managers Clinical Nurse Managers As a professional in a hospital, clinic, nursing home, acute care center, or other institution, you would have a broad scope of responsibilities and be regarded as a valuable member of a large, coordinated team. Depending on your specialty and training, you may be heading the nursing staffs in ICU, ER, Pediatrics, or other departments.NURS 6200 The Nurse Administrator: Leading and Managing for Excellence Assignment Paper Nursing Case Managers Following a training course of about one year, you may become certified as a Nursing Case Manager. This role has you working closely with individual patients, coordinating treatment, tracking outcomes, and performing research. Some Case Managers work with insurance companies as well, advocating for the patient while designing a feasible treatment plan. Geriatric Care Nurse Manager As opposed to a Case Managers, a Geriatric Care Manager specializes in senior adults and their care. This role would have you assessing the patients home, consulting with family and physicians, creating a care plan, and supervising the appointment of home health aides and other support personnel. Special Skills of a Nurse Manager Communication and Collaboration Every nursing job has its foundation in communication from outlining the treatment correctly to responding to questions and concerns from patients, family members, and clinical staff. As a nurse manager, your communication skills will help you explain policies to your nurses and represent your staff in cross-functional meetings.NURS 6200 The Nurse Administrator: Leading and Managing for Excellence Assignment Paper Organization Knowing what needs to be done and when to do it extends not only to your role but also to that of your nursing staff. As a nurse manager, your ability for scheduling and follow-up will help make daily processes move more smoothly. Empathy Youll see the health care profession from many perspectives as a nurse manager, and ideally you will demonstrate your ability to find common ground and foster cooperation in your workplace and with family members. The Roles of a Nurse Manager: Leading the nursing profession into the future The nurse manager is responsible for creating safe, healthy environments that support the work of the health care team and contribute to patient engagement. The role is influential in creating a professional environment and fostering a culture where interdisciplinary team members are able to contribute to optimal patient outcomes and grow professionally, the American Organization of Nurse Executives said.NURS 6200 The Nurse Administrator: Leading and Managing for Excellence Assignment Paper Duquesne Universitys online Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) degree program provides registered nurses with the skills to advance in their careers and an opportunity to play a role in furthering healthcare for future generations. The MSN program builds on baccalaureate-level practices to prepare graduates for advanced practice and management positions. Duquesnes three areas of MSN specialization Family (Individual Across the Lifespan) Nurse Practitioner, Forensic Nursing and Nursing Education and Faculty Role allow registered nurses to choose their path. Duties as a Nurse Manager and Leader Nurses who serve in management positions are expected to not only make vital decisions to assist in patient care but are also expected to carry out defined duties that include the following: Staff management Case management Treatment planning Recruitment Budgeting Scheduling Discharge planning Mentoring Developing educational plans Records management Nurse managers need strong communication and leadership skills. They should be adept at coordinating resources and personnel and meeting goals and objectives. They must be effective leaders who can strike a balance between working with the nursing staff and the healthcare facility administrators.NURS 6200 The Nurse Administrator: Leading and Managing for Excellence Assignment Paper The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, a branch of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, said nurse managers are change agents. They work with staff to find and implement useful changes to improve patient wellness and safety outcomes. Nurse managers also implement regulatory guidelines for patient safety set by state and federal agencies, such as the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Joint Commission, and Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. They have to make sure the staff is educated on care standards and can implement them as needed. Nurse managers work in a number of clinical settings including hospitals, doctors offices, schools, and psychiatric institutions. Nurse managers lead their unit staff in preventing patient harm in their unit, empowering nurses to be the first line of defense against patient harm, the agency reported.NURS 6200 The Nurse Administrator: Leading and Managing for Excellence Assignment Paper Traits of a Successful Nurse Manager Working as a nurse manager requires skills beyond clinical care. The job requires management skills, budgeting and business acumen and leadership qualities. Communications and interpersonal skills are also vital. The following characteristics are common among successful nurse managers: Effective Communication Skills Part of being an effective leader is listening to staff and patient concerns and communicating needs. Nurse managers must be able to build solid rapports with all staff members, from the janitorial staff to head administrators, as well as patients to create cohesiveness. Advocacy In some cases, nurse leaders might have to advocate for staff to ensure a safe and reasonable practice environment. In other cases, they might have to advocate for patient safety and access to quality healthcare. Nurse managers should not be afraid of using their voice and position. Participation With so many administrative demands, it is important that nurse managers balance business with patient care. Nurse managers must have superior clinical skills to ensure patient safety and well being.NURS 6200 The Nurse Administrator: Leading and Managing for Excellence Assignment Paper Mentoring Successful nurse leaders do not micromanage their staff. They encourage, empower, mentor, and find strengths. They boost creativity and mindfulness. Maturity Nurse managers do not immediately take sides in squabbles or assess blame before knowing all the facts. They dont let simmering emotions boil over. Instead, they meet conflict and work through it. Professionalism Nurse managers follow their moral compass to ensure all aspects of the profession are met with honesty and integrity. They address people with respect and do not bully. Supportive They dont set the bar for expectations unreasonably high. Instead, they use supportive encouragement to challenge employees to success. They coach and mentor. The Future of Nurse Managers As the current nursing workforce ages and retires, the anticipated shortage of nurses will create opportunities for newly minted nurse managers. Researchers have found that nurse managers are vital to overall nurse retention because they influence the quality of work and the stability of a work environment. Strong leadership qualities in the nursing unit manager have been associated with greater job satisfaction, reduced turnover intention among nursing staff, and improved patient outcomes. Nurse leaders need to be supported in an effort to retain nurses given ongoing workforce issues and to ensure high-quality patient care, researchers said in the 2014 Leadership skills for nursing unit managers to decrease intention to leave study.NURS 6200 The Nurse Administrator: Leading and Managing for Excellence Assignment Paper Researchers found there must be cohesive relationships among staff members and better communications with staff for nurse managers to do a better job in the future. Continual changes in healthcare and a focus on costs are among the many things that make the role of nurse manager challenging. Nursing professionals at Florida Atlantic University encouraged leaders to challenge their thinking and practices to recognize that the crux of leadership is in the power of relationships. Growing future nurse leaders is a long-term quest that requires both planning and action, authors of the Growing Nurse Leaders: Their Perspectives on Nursing Leadership and Todays Practice Environment study found. Our emerging leaders will ultimately replace our current leaders and continue the very important work being done to improve nursing practice environments, and most importantly, patient outcomes. Yet succession planning is challenging today in a healthcare environment that is fast paced and constantly changing. Students working toward an online MSN degree at Duquesne University are trained for the role of nursing leader. The program provides a broad-based nursing education that allows students to assume managerial roles and effectuate future changes in the profession. The online MSN program allows students to take nursing classes remotely and learn from leaders in the field while continuing their careers as registered nurses.NURS 6200 The Nurse Administrator: Leading and Managing for Excellence Assignment Paper The Financial Role of the Nurse Manager Nurse managers play a critical role in hospital operations. Nurses provide the majority of inpatient care and are responsible for patient safety and well-being. That means nurse managers have to ensure their units live up to their very big responsibilities. At the same time, hospitals are business entities and have fiscal concerns. Nurse managers have a fiduciary duty to their organizations and play a key part in ensuring hospitals make budget. Scheduling Nursing labor is one of the largest patient-care costs in a hospital. Unlike certain medical services such as rehabilitation therapy, nursing services dont generate revenue nursing is considered a cost center. Therefore, hospitals strive to maintain enough nurses on duty for proper care and safety while not incurring excessive costs. Nurse managers are charged with figuring out how to responsibly and cost effectively staff their departments through weekly, biweekly and monthly schedules.NURS 6200 The Nurse Administrator: Leading and Managing for Excellence Assignment Paper Payroll Although certain hospitals use computer systems that monitor employee activity, nurse managers often have to submit payroll for their departments. Even in facilities with advanced timekeeping systems, nurse managers have to review and validate payroll reports and coordinate with human resource departments about employee leaves, vacations and illnesses. This is important for managing labor costs. Supplies Nurses have relatively unhampered access to medical supplies. However, every syringe, IV bag and tongue depressor costs money. Hospitals rely on nurses discretion when using supplies. Nurse managers are tasked with keeping an eye on supplies, encouraging their responsible use and, when necessary, allocating or rationing them carefully. Nurse managers need to make sure nurses have what they need to do their jobs while at the same time encouraging fiscal responsibility. Insurance Utilization Hospitals have to be mindful of what patients medical insurance plans allow. When providing services and making patient care decisions, nurse managers have to consider which interventions are covered and which may cost a patient or the facility substantial sums. Among other things, nurse managers review patient cases with nurse case managers and floor nurses to ensure that care delivered lines up as best as possible with hospital and patient financial considerations. NURSE MANAGERS at all levels work together to address emerging trends, adopt innovative ideas, and work toward the shared goals of quality, efficiency, and excellence in practice. They guide and lead front line nurses while contributing to an organizations success.NURS 6200 The Nurse Administrator: Leading and Managing for Excellence Assignment Paper Some of the most rewarding experiences happen on the front lines. The nurse manager is responsible for nursing practice and quality of care among front line nurses or nurses in a single unit or departmentas well as overseeing all personnel and budget matters and creating an environment that supports professional practice and employee engagement. Traditionally, head nurse was the title assigned to the front line manager role. Today, nurse manager or director is more common. Nurse managers straddle the worlds of staff and middle-upper management, ensuring a two-way flow of communication. They translate and promote organizational goals to front line staff and remove barriers that could hinder their performance. Managers must keep pace with current advances in care and technology as well as regulatory and legal requirements. Command central Most nurse managers play the role of command centralproviding support, recognition, just-in-time information, a calm hand and cool head in emergencies, and advocacy for patients, families, and staff. They also have an opportunity to encourage personal development and professional growth among staff. Above all, managers see the impact of the care their nurses provide and its effect on patients and families. Managers set the stage and expectations for excellence in caring, optimizing quality, and a just cultureone that doesnt hold practitioners accountable for system failures but that doesnt tolerate reckless behavior. Nurse managers instill hope and determination for teams to do their best work.NURS 6200 The Nurse Administrator: Leading and Managing for Excellence Assignment Paper The larger the organization, the greater the need to ensure a unified approach to staying focused on achieving goals and objectives. Directors or administrators responsible for more than one department take a systematic approach with managers, providing clear expectations and direction so staff know their roles and accountabilities. Beyond nursing Nurse managers may be responsible for personnel in other disciplines, not just nursing. In many settings, teams consist of nurses, assistive personnel, social workers, therapists, technicians, teachers, fiscal and front-office staff, chaplains, pharmacists, and others who contribute to patient care. Nurse managers also interact with ancillary staff who care for the environment, provide nutritional services, maintain physical facilities, and support the nursing staff in care delivery. Nurse managers have the skill and breadth of experience to manage complex operations as well as diverse personnel. Together with front line managers and clinical leaders, nurse management teams help set the organizations direction and goals. These teams strive for consistent practices and accountability across an organization. Together, the team sets goals to support the overall direction of the organization, encourage and monitor performance at the unit or department level, and evaluate results that build across the organization.NURS 6200 The Nurse Administrator: Leading and Managing for Excellence Assignment Paper Nurse managers may choose to advance to a nurse executive role. The executive is responsible for practice, fiscal matters, strategic planning, advocacy for human resource issues, promoting professional achievement, and assuring an environment that supports clinical excellence. Serving as liaisons, nurse executives partner with multidisciplinary colleagues, set the vision, and serve in a leadership capacity for the organization as a whole. They also act as external ambassadors and establish collaborative relationships with the public, lawmakers, academic partners, and other nursing groups. The nurse managers role in creating a healthy work environment The role of nurse manager of an acute or critical care unit is one of the most difficult roles in healthcare today. This individual must juggle patient care issues, staff concerns, medical staff relationships, supply inadequacies, and organizational initiativesand then balance all of this with a personal life. The only way in which any of this is remotely possible is if the patient care unit provides a supportive environment for patients, families, and staff. The nurse manager is a pivotal person in this effort: research repeatedly shows that people dont leave their jobs, they leave their managers. This article describes how the nurse manager of an acute neurosciences unit worked with her staff to define, create, and maintain a work environment in which patient care improved, people enjoyed working, and retention of staff increased.NURS 6200 The Nurse Administrator: Leading and Managing for Excellence Assignment Paper The Role of a Nurse Manager A nurse manager provides oversight for a nursing staff and completes administrative tasks to ensure the health-care facility is running smoothly. Responsible for personnel matters, a nurse manager coordinates staffing and all needs related to patient care. This position serves as a conduit between front-line staff, physicians and other administrators. Youll need strong communication skills, clinical experience and the ability to lead others to excel in this role. Job Description A nurse manager is the nursing organizational mastermind for a health-care unit in a hospital or clinical setting. Supervising all nurses working in the unit, a nurse manager hires, trains and evaluates nurses to ensure patient care is running smoothly. Organizational skills are critical for this position. Constantly seeing the big picture, a nurse manager must schedule nurses according to the patient load, and this varies at any given time. Budgetary oversight is also a responsibility of a nurse manager. Working with top administration, the person in this position must meet the staffing and supply demands of the unit within the constraints of the allocated budget. If there is a discrepancy, a nurse manager must make a case for additional funds to provide the best care possible for patients. Serving as the leader of the unit, a nurse manager responds to patient and family concerns as they arise. Risk management and policy enforcement are additional important responsibilities of this position. Finally, when necessary, a nurse manager pitches in to assist when the unit is short-staffed.NURS 6200 The Nurse Administrator: Leading and Managing for Excellence Assignment Paper Nursing is a dynamic and challenging profession requiring engaging and inspiring role models and leaders. In todays ever changing and demanding healthcare environment, identifying and developing nurse leaders is one of the greatest challenges faced by the nursing profession. The concept of leadership is a complex and multi-dimensional phenomenon; research conducted for over a century concludes that although it is one of the most-observed concepts, no universally accepted definition or theory of leadership actually exists. There is increasing clarity surrounding what true nursing leadership is, and how it differs from management. This discussion will outline the nature of nursing leadership and importance of nurse leaders in advancing the profession; clarify definitions and differentiate between nurse managers and nurse leaders; describe the evolution of nurse leadership by identify theories and styles of leadership relevant to nursing practice; and highlight the importance of identifying leaders in the nursing profession. The paper also serves as a caution to recognize, avoid and discourage negative leaders in the pursuit of a bright future for the nursing profession.NURS 6200 The Nurse Administrator: Leading and Managing for Excellence Assignment Paper With appropriate identification, support and development of future nurse leaders, an acknowledgement of the shifting paradigm of leadership theory and the context in which future nurse leaders are destined to grow, the ultimate goal of the nursing profession excellent in person-centered care can be achieved. It is essential to the future success of the nursing profession that informal, negative leaders be discouraged and positive leaders, possessing the evidence-based qualities of leadership be identified and nurtured to lead the profession. As the healthcare industry shifts from volume to value, the role of nurse leaders in the workforce is rapidly evolving. However, quality leadership skills never go out of style. So, what does it take to be an outstanding nurse manager? Medical Solutions Clinical Nurse Manager Natalie O., BSN, RN, shares her top 5 successful nurse manager traits below:NURS 6200 The Nurse Administrator: Leading and Managing for Excellence Assignment Paper Clinical expert and savvy business professional : Great nurse managers quickly learn to wear many hats. Thats because they must constantly balance business decisions with their units clinical needs. In todays ever-evolving healthcare system, it is no longer enough to simply make sure the nursing department is properly staffed. Effective nurse managers also implement cost-controlling measures and process efficiencies to ensure their unit runs smoothly.NURS 6200 The Nurse Administrator: Leading and Managing for Excellence Assignment Paper Strategic decision-maker and conflict manager : A skilled nurse manager must also balance short-term needs with long-term goals. Likewise, the nursing staff will look to their manager to address conflicts as they arise. Confrontations are never easy, but a nurse manager who ignores a problem will only sow discontent among his or her staff. Conversely, a nurse manager who handles an issue with open and honest communication will always be appreciated. Most hospital administrators agree that a nurse managers ability to make effective decisions is crucial to the success of the unit. Strong communicator : The decisions and choices a nurse manager must make are not always easy or popular. A successful nurse manager recognizes the need to explain the rationale behind these decisions to their staff when necessary. Active listening skills are also an essential part of effective communication. Front line staff will respect a nurse manager who can listen to their needs and work with them to achieve their goals.NURS 6200 The Nurse Administrator: Leading and Managing for Excellence Assignment Paper Motivational leader: A great nurse manager inspires their staff to perform at their best. Often, a nurse manager is tasked with building an empowering culture by mentoring younger nurses and supporting collaboration between nurses and other members of the hospital staff. Moreover, successful nurse managers do not bully or tolerate bullying from others. They know that fostering a healthy work environment can positively affect not only patient care outcomes, but also nurse staff recruitment, retention and engagement efforts . Adaptive game changer: An active nurse manager knows that sometimes life just happens . Thats why they must be able to adjust staffing or care decisions in response to changing needs. For example, a member of the team might need to change shifts with another nurse to accommodate a special family gathering, like a wedding or birthday. Exceptional leaders inspire confidence when they show understanding and compassion for their staff.NURS 6200 The Nurse Administrator: Leading and Managing for Excellence Assignment Paper Traits of an Effective Nurse Manager 10. They inspire their team and lead by example. 9. They still really enjoy working on the floor, caring for patients. 8. Theyre flexible about your time off. 7. When the shift gets busy, theyll jump right in! 6. Theyre great listeners. They even pull you aside to work through whats irritating you, and when you leave their office, you feel ready to get on with the day! 5. They are strong, stable and compassionate. 4. They know how to take charge and they know how to handle it! 3. They dont use medical language to talk over peoples heads. 2. They meet the needs of the patient just like an RN, LPN or CNA . 1. The patients dont even know theyre the manager unless theyre told The Qualities of a Nurse Manager A nurse manager has a complex and demanding job that involves coordinating the work of people with varying skills, education and personalities to provide safe, high-quality patient care. Nurse managers must assume responsibility for staff performance, financial management, resource utilization and patient outcomes, as well as ensuring that care is delivered according to standards of practice and organizational policy. A good nurse manager should provide leadership, ensure the unit or department runs smoothly and be a professional role model for her staff.NURS 6200 The Nurse Administrator: Leading and Managing for Excellence Assignment Paper Clinical Expertise Clinical skills are an important quality in the nurse manager. The staff on a unit look to the nurse manager for clinical expertise and advice when they have a problem. The nurse manager should be able to demonstrate how to change a dressing or start an intravenous line, or be able to make recommendations for managing a particular situation. The nurse manager must be committed to ongoing education through reading, formal education and regular clinical practice to ensure she retains her clinical expertise. Communication Skills Communication is a key skill for a nurse manager. The staff on a nursing unit may include nurse aides with minimal education as well as nursing professionals educated at the baccalaureate level or above. Nurse managers also interact with doctors, social workers, patients, families, other hospital workers such as respiratory therapists or lab technicians and senior hospital administration staff. Some of the people who work in or seek care from a hospital may have limited English skills. In each case, the nurse manager must be able to establish rapport, ensure communication is clear and listen carefully for potential problems or miscommunication.NURS 6200 The Nurse Administrator: Leading and Managing for Excellence Assignment Paper Flexibility A nurse manager must be flexible. Priorities can change quickly in a healthcare setting as patients develop problems. Most inpatient hospital units experience daily or even hourly changes in census as patients are admitted or discharged. Medical technology also changes regularly, or the lack of a particular item may necessitate a change in supplies or equipment. The nurse manager must be able to adjust staffing or care decisions in response to changing needs while also being decisive when necessary. Managing People People management skills are vital for nurse managers. Much of a nurse managers work is done through others, so a nurse manager must be able to educate and supervise without micromanaging. A nurse manager uses conflict resolution and negotiating skills to promote collaboration between staff, physicians and hospital leaders. Nurse managers must be able to coach and mentor staff at all levels and to work with the varied strengths and weaknesses of the nursing staff on the unit.NURS 6200 The Nurse Administrator: Leading and Managing for Excellence Assignment Paper Other Skills Other important skills for nurse managers, according to an article in the August 2009 issue of Nursing Management, are a focus on quality and patient safety, attention to patient satisfaction and a good grasp of customer service. The article also recommends that senior leaders look for a nurse manager with financial acumen, strong physician relationships, collegiality and networking ability and the appropriate use of power. Nurse managers should also be creative, innovative and able to multitask, prioritize and self-direct. qualities in a successful nurse manager If you had to describe the perfect nurse manager, what qualities would he or she have? Scrubbed In weighed in on what we think are 5 of the most important characteristics of a successful nurse manager.NURS 6200 The Nurse Administrator: Leading and Managing for Excellence Assignment Paper 1. They have one foot in the clinical world Perhaps one of the greatest challenges nurse managers face is the bridging of fiscal and clinical responsibilities. With so many demands today on tightening budgets and consolidating resources, its easy to lose footing in the day-to-day realities on the unit. Skilled nurse managers are able to balance business decisions with clinical needs. Not an easy job to accomplish! 2. They make smart strategic decisions As a bedside nurse, it can be hard to appreciate this skill because its not necessarily visible. But that doesnt make it any less valuable. Successful managers need to balance short-term needs with long-term goals. Often these are the decisions that happen behind the scenes. And the long-term success of the unit depends on it. 3. They value working relationships Effective managers know that developing and maintaining healthy work relationships is key to their success and the success of the unit. These managers practice shared governance and listen openly to input from staff. They address conflicts as they arise, directly and honestly. They support collaboration, both nurse-to-nurse and multidisciplinary. And they recognize that a healthy work environment yields better patient outcomes and a happier and more fulfilled nursing staff.NURS 6200 The Nurse Administrator: Leading and Managing for Excellence Assignment Paper 4. They lead with integrity Those that lead with integrity uphold their own professional accountability. They ask of themselves, What role am I playing in this situation? They identify their values and then use those values as a compass to stay on course. And theyre honest. Leading with integrity doesnt always mean doing what your staff wants you to do. But it does mean being a straight shooter when it comes to explaining t
Rate of Discovery Of New Drugs Sample Essay
Rate of Discovery Of New Drugs Sample Essay Rate of Discovery Of New Drugs Sample Essay Over the years, the rate of discovery of new drugs has declined significantly, leading to an urge to explore alternative environmental sources apart from the soil, for novel antibiotics.Rate of Discovery Of New Drugs Sample Essay In this study, water samples were collected from different places around Bath and they were screened for antibacterial activity against six test bacteria.Rate of Discovery Of New Drugs Sample Essay Permalink: https://nursingpaperessays.com/ rate-of-discover ugs-sample-essay / A total of 106 isolates were isolated and tested against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) to confirm their antagonistic activity. 34 isolates showed promising inhibition and were further tested against bacteria which included MSSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) through perpendicular streak test. The supernatant of the isolates was also extracted by centrifugation and assayed for its antibacterial activity. For E. coli-inhibiting isolates, further tests against strains of E. coli with different antibiotic resistance were performed to identify the types of antibiotics produced. 11 active isolates were effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in the perpendicular streak test.Rate of Discovery Of New Drugs Sample Essay The supernatant of the isolates exhibited minimal antibacterial activity. Following the results of 16S rRNA sequencing, two active isolates belonged to Pseudomonas species while the other three isolates were classified as Bacillus species. Isolate 107 was identified as Bacillus pumilus and it demonstrated the strongest inhibition against MSSA, MRSA, E. faecium and E. coli with a zone of inhibition of 20.8mm, 24.3mm, 16.2mm and 13.6mm respectively. Moreover, isolates 18 and 107 both had strong activity against all strains of E. coli tested, while isolate 71 was only active against four strains of E. coli tested, suggesting that one of the antibiotics produced may be kanamycin. Our findings indicate that aquatic environment is a potent source for the isolation of bioactive microorganism potential for the production of antibacterial compounds.Rate of Discovery Of New Drugs Sample Essay 1. Introduction Microbes play an essential role in the production of antibiotics, antifungal as well as antiviral infections and this role is expanding each day (1). Owing to their ability to produce useful secondary metabolites, microbes have contributed greatly in the development of pharmaceutical industry and the control of many medical conditions as they are now widely used as antitumour drugs, immunosuppressants, enzyme inhibitors, and in many other applications (1).Rate of Discovery Of New Drugs Sample Essay Back in 1928, Alexander Fleming found a compound produced by a mould, which was later identified as Penicillium notatum, had the capability of killing the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus in his laboratory. The active compound was known as penicillin, a beta-lactam antibiotic, and it was used massively as a potent antimicrobial drug during World War II (1). This discovery has marked the beginning of the microbial drug era as many useful antibiotics have since been isolated from soil bacteria, for instance, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline (2). These antibiotics produced have had remarkable biological activities to human beings, to illustrate, streptomycin was the first active drug against tuberculosis whereas chloramphenicol was the drug of choice for typhoid fever (3-5).Rate of Discovery Of New Drugs Sample Essay The soil is incontestably a rich reservoir that allows the screening of drug compounds as it can harbour an enormous number of soil inhabitants, such as bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, insects, and other more complex living organisms (6). Many soil organisms have the ability to produce secondary metabolites which enable them to inhibit the growth of other microorganisms in the same niche in order to compete for survival (7). Over the past decades, a significant amount of bioactive compounds have been discovered from the terrestrial environment (3). The majority of the useful soil microorganisms belong to the genera Penicillium, Streptomyces, Cephalosporium, Micromonospora and Bacillus, and they are still being studied continuously (8). Bacillus is found abundantly in the soil environment and it is known to produce antibiotic like bacitracin, pumulin and gramicidin which are active against Gram-positive bacteria, and polymyxin, colistin and circulin which are effective against Gram-negative bacteria, demonstrating a vast range of antimicrobial activity (9; 10). Furthermore, more than 60% of antimicrobial agents used in human and animals were originated from the genus Streptomyces, some of which are chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and tetracycline, which have a broad spectrum of activity (5; 9).Rate of Discovery Of New Drugs Sample Essay In the recent years, the search for antibiotics has plateaued whereby limited new antibacterial drugs are being introduced to the market, posing a challenge to the healthcare sector. The rate of discovery of new compounds has declined and the scientists are facing a bottleneck where the same known antimicrobial compounds have been isolated over the past few years (11). Nowadays, antibiotics are widely used therapeutically and prophylactically in the healthcare setting for human, animals and agricultural purposes. They are commercially exploited and the overconsumption of these compounds has brought about a rapid evolution in microorganisms where resistance to the antibiotics is spreading dramatically. Furthermore, the crisis of multidrug resistance is expanding uncontrollably, leading to a consistent demand for more effective and useful antibacterial medicines. Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella sp., and Enterococcus sp. are examples of common nosocomial bacteria and they often cause a serious problem to hospitalised patients (1). The development of resistance of these pathogens to currently available antibiotics, both natural and synthetic classes of antibiotics, has rendered many of the standard drugs ineffective (12).Rate of Discovery Of New Drugs Sample Essay In view of the scarcity of new antimicrobial medications being found from terrestrial environment, there is an urge to explore different environmental sources. The marine environment consists of a wide diversity of microorganisms, and thus the discovery of many medically useful compounds. The antivirals acyclovir and cytarabine used for herpes virus and non-Hodgkins lymphoma respectively were originally isolated from marine sponges, showing the potential of marine life as a novel source of medicines (1). As reported in a study conducted in South East coast of India, organisms originated from the genera Vibrio, Pseudomonas, Marinobacter and Bacillus have been isolated and proven to exhibit antimicrobial activity, where the isolate belonged to Bacillus species had the highest activity against Bacillus subtilis, E. coli and C. albicans (13). Besides that, aquatic actinomycetes have also been reported to produce bioactive compounds with potential clinical uses such as salinosporamide-A (from Salinispora sp.), marinopyrroles (from Streptomyces sp.) and marinobactin (from Marinobacter sp.) (14-16). Antibacterial actinomycetes have been successfully isolated from Lake Tana, Ethiopia, of which 13 isolates showed antibacterial ability against at least one of the tested bacteria, such as K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and E. coli (17). Similarly, a study conducted in Ghana has isolated 27 antibiotic-producing microorganisms from marine and freshwater sources and it has been found that one of the active isolates produced metabolites with a broad antibacterial activity against both tested Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (18).Rate of Discovery Of New Drugs Sample Essay Although it is apparent that the ocean is a boundless source for novel antibacterial compounds, the water sources remain underexplored and unexploited. The aim of this study was to isolate antibiotic-producing microorganisms from the aquatic environment around Bath area and to determine their antibacterial activity against six test bacteria, three of which belonged to Gram-positive bacteria and the other three were Gram-negative bacteria.Rate of Discovery Of New Drugs Sample Essay 2. Methods and Materials 2.1 Sample collection Water samples with sediments were collected from River Avon, Bath City Farm, Rainbow Wood Farm and pond in the University of Bath. 2.2 Isolation of microorganisms The water samples were serially diluted up to 10-4 in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (Oxoid). Each diluted sample was inoculated into media by spread plate technique and incubated at 28°C. Three different media were used, namely minimal salt agar (Sigma), nutrient agar (Oxoid) and tryptic soy agar (TSA) (Oxoid). 2.3 Screening of isolates for antibacterial activity Crowded plate technique was used to screen microorganisms with antagonistic activity. Inhibition activity can be demonstrated by the formation of clear zones surrounding the colonies, after being incubated for three days. Colonies of interest were selected and repeated streaking technique was used to purify the isolated colonies.Rate of Discovery Of New Drugs Sample Essay An overlay of soft agar with a concentration of 0.75% was performed using double-layer agar technique to confirm the antibacterial activity of the isolates. 10ml of soft agar maintained in a water bath at 42°C was mixed with 100?l of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) Newman (19) before pouring it onto the solid agar. Clear zones produced indicated the synthesis of compounds active against the test bacterium.Rate of Discovery Of New Drugs Sample Essay Perpendicular streak test was carried out where isolates were streaked as a single line along the diameter of TSA and incubated at 37°C and 28°C for one day each or 28°C for three days. The test organisms were then cross streaked at right angles to the original streak of isolates. The test organisms used included MSSA Newman, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) 252 (20), Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) E1162 (21), Escherichia coli (E.coli) BW25113 (22), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) PA01 (23), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) (departmental strain collection). The plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours and the length of zones of inhibition was measured. Control plates without isolates of interest were simultaneously streaked with test organisms to study their normal growth.Rate of Discovery Of New Drugs Sample Essay For isolates that showed activity against E. coli BW25113, they were further tested with four other E. coli strains: E. coli ER2420 (pACYC184) (24), E. coli ER2420 (pACYC177) (24), E. coli SURE (pET-Amy) (25), and E. coli XL1Blue (pSG1164) (26), which displayed different antibiotics resistance. Perpendicular streak test was carried out to identify the antibiotic(s) produced.Rate of Discovery Of New Drugs Sample Essay 2.4 Antibacterial activity of supernatant Five isolates were selected and grown in the nutrient broth (NB) (Oxoid) for three days. The supernatant was obtained by centrifugation at 4 °C, 5000 g for 20 minutes and it was filter sterilised before use. The antibacterial activity of the supernatant of each isolate was investigated as described: (i) 100?l of the supernatant of each isolate was mixed with 100?l of each test organism culture (106 cfu/ml) and plated in 96-well plates. Eight replicates were done for each isolate. 200?l of NB served as a negative control, while a mixture of 100?l of each test organism culture and 100?l of NB served as a positive control. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours and the OD of the mixture was measured.Rate of Discovery Of New Drugs Sample Essay (ii) Agar well diffusion test was carried out where 100?l of each test organism culture (106 cfu/ml) were plated on TSA and left for 30 minutes. Five wells of 9mm were punched in the TSA with a sterile cork borer and 100?l of each supernatant sample was filled into the wells of each plate inoculated with different test organisms. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours and observed for growth inhibition zones.Rate of Discovery Of New Drugs Sample Essay 2.5 Characterisation of colonies of interest The strains of interest were characterised using gram staining to identify their classes, shapes and sizes under a light microscope. 2.6 Genomic DNA extraction Genomic DNA of each isolate was extracted by alkaline lysis as described in (27; 28) with some modifications. In this experiment, a loopful of cells was emulsified in 20?l lysis buffer (0.25% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) (SIGMA), 0.05N NaOH (Fisherbrand)) and heated at 95°C for 15 minutes (28). The cells were then centrifuged at 13,000rpm for 30 seconds and the supernatant was diluted with 180?l sterile water and stored at -20°C for future use.Rate of Discovery Of New Drugs Sample Essay 2.7 PCR primers and conditions Five isolates of interest were chosen for 16S rRNA sequencing. The 16S rRNA gene was amplified by PCR using forward primer 27F (5- AGAGTTTGATCMTGGCTCAG-3) (Sigma) and reverse primer 1492R (5-TACGGYTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3) (Sigma). PCR was conducted with One Taq @ Standard Reaction Buffer (5x) (New England Biolabs Inc.) using manufacturers instruction.Rate of Discovery Of New Drugs Sample Essay PCR protocol was as follow: at 94°C for 2 min followed by 30 cycles at 94°C for 30 s, 55°C for 60 s, and 68°C for 90 s, then 68°C for 5 min in a single step. The samples were then held at 4°C. The PCR products were washed using Monarch PCR & DNA Cleanup Kit (5?g) (New England BioLabs Inc.) before performing agarose gel electrophoresis to evaluate their purity and quality.Rate of Discovery Of New Drugs Sample Essay 2.8 Agarose gel electrophoresis Visualisation of the PCR products was carried out on 1% agarose-TAE gel (Invitrogen, ThermoScientific) as described in (27) and Bioline Hyperladder I 100lanes was used as the ladder. Following the result of electrophoresis, Mix2Seq protocol was followed to prepare the samples for 16S rRNA sequencing. 2.9 Statistical analysis Student t-test was used to calculate the significance of the difference between the experimental and the control samples. Differences were considered significant at p<0.05. 3. Results 3.1 Isolation and screening of microbial isolates A total of 106 colonies were found to show inhibition of the growth of the surrounding microorganisms. The majority of the active isolates were collected from Bath City Farm while the least was collected from River Avon. It was also shown that most of the isolates of interest grew better on TSA compared to NA.Rate of Discovery Of New Drugs Sample Essay Following primary isolation, the isolates were overlaid with MSSA to confirm their antibacterial activity as shown in Figure 1. Out of the 106 colonies, only 34 of them inhibited the growth of MSSA and they were further investigated through perpendicular streak test with six bacteria. The zone of inhibition from perpendicular streaking of the isolates indicated antibiotic-producing activity as depicted in Figure 2. From the 34 isolates, only 11 isolates showed good outcomes, five independent repeats were done and the results are shown in Table 1. Rate of Discovery Of New Drugs Sample EssayThe average length of the inhibition zone produced by the isolates varied greatly, depending on the susceptibility of the test organisms to the antibiotics produced. In the perpendicular streak test, MSSA, which served as a control, was inhibited by all of the tested isolates. It was found that none of the isolates was active against P. aeruginosa, while MRSA was sensitive to every antibiotic-producing isolate. The number of isolates that inhibited the growth of E. coli and E. faecium was six and five respectively, and only Figure 1. An overlay of MSSA was performed on TSA to determine the antibacterial activity of the isolates. A prominent zone of inhibition was shown by isolate 44, where the growth of MSSA was inhibited. three of the isolates antagonised the growth of K. pneumoniae. Out of the eleven isolates, five isolates were active against all three Gram-positive test organisms, three of which were active only against Gram-positive bacteria. Nine isolates demonstrated inhibition on at least three of the test organisms, of which five isolates inhibited four test organisms in total, and only two isolates inhibited two test organisms.Rate of Discovery Of New Drugs Sample Essay The isolate 107 showed the most potent antagonistic activity against the test organisms as the lengths of inhibition observed were the longest among all (20.8 ? 6.4 mm, 24.3 ? 5.6 mm, 16.2 ? 7.6 mm and 13.6 ? 4.7 mm against MSSA, MRSA, E. faecium and E. coli respectively), while the isolate 103 exhibited the least potent Isolates Degree of inhibition MSSA MRSA E. faecium E. coli P. aeruginosa K. pneumoniae 18 ++ ++ + ++ 33 + + + + 36 + ++ 40 + + 71 ++ ++ ++ ++ 99 ++ ++ ++ + 101 + + ++ 102 + + + 103 + + + 104 + + ++ 107 +++ +++ ++ ++ Figure 2. Perpendicular streak method was used to study the activity of the isolates against six bacteria. Colony 104 demonstrated clear inhibition of the growth of MSSA, MRSA and E. faecium.Rate of Discovery Of New Drugs Sample Essay antagonistic ability with the weakest inhibition against the test organisms MSSA, MRSA and E. coli (4.4 ? 2.2 mm, 4.0 ? 1.2 mm and 6.0 ? 1.4 mm). MSSA and MRSA were both the Gram-positive bacteria most commonly inhibited by the isolates while E. coli was the most commonly inhibited Gram-negative bacterium among all.Rate of Discovery Of New Drugs Sample Essay 3.2 Antibacterial activity of the supernatant Two tests were carried out to study the antibacterial activity of the supernatant of each isolate: (i) In the agar well diffusion test, the diameter of the zone of inhibition was measured and recorded. A fairly weak zone of inhibition was shown by all isolates, ranging from 9.5mm to 12.5mm. Isolate 18 was active against all bacteria, also demonstrating the strongest inhibition among all, with a maximum zone of inhibition of 12.5 ? 0.7 mm shown against E. faecium. Isolate 71 had a fairly low activity against the test organisms E. coli (10.2 ? 0.7mm), P. aeruginosa (10 ? 0mm) and K. pneumoniae (11.5 ? 2.1mm), and showed no effect against any of the Gram-positive bacteria. The supernatant of isolates 102, 104 and 107 exhibited some antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, although the activity was weak (<2mm zone of inhibition).Rate of Discovery Of New Drugs Sample Essay (ii) In the 96-well assays, the OD of the isolates in test organisms broth was compared to the OD of the positive controls as shown in Figure 3. The reduction in OD indicated that there was antibacterial activity, whereas a similar reading of OD showed that there was no inhibition. It was shown that isolates 18, 71 and 102 demonstrated slight antagonistic activity against MSSA (only 102 showed significance with p=0.038), isolate 104 did not seem to have a great effect on MSSA while 107 had a mild promoting effect on the growth of MSSA (p=0.111).Rate of Discovery Of New Drugs Sample Essay All tested isolates antagonised MRSA and E. coli. For MRSA, the differences in the OD were significant, showing a significant inhibition effect from each isolate. The strongest inhibition against MRSA was shown by isolate 71 with a difference of 0.207 (90%) in the OD while isolate 18 showed the strongest activity against E. coli, giving a difference of 0.441 (97%) in the OD. Isolate 107 was less active against both MRSA and E. coli, giving the minimum zone of inhibition in both tests.Rate of Discovery Of New Drugs Sample Essay There was no big difference in the OD shown among the isolates tested with E. faecium, except that isolate 18 was shown to have promoted the growth of the test organism, with a difference of 0.031 in the OD but it was not significant (p= 0.122). Isolates 18, 104 and 107 demonstrated slight enhancing effect while the other two isolates had an inhibitory effect on P. aeruginosa. All p values except for 104 are <0.05. A prominent inhibitory effect has been shown by isolate 18 against K. pneumoniae (p=0.0009), and isolate 71 gave a reduction in the OD (p=0.086). Three other isolates demonstrated a slight promoting effect on the growth of K. pneumoniae (p values >0.05).Rate of Discovery Of New Drugs Sample Essay As a whole, the supernatant of isolate 71 displayed the strongest activity against all test bacteria, while isolate 18 gave the greatest degree of zone inhibition, especially against MSSA, E. coli and K. pneumoniae. 3.3 Determination of the types of antibiotics produced by the isolates of interest Three isolates that displayed antagonistic effect against E. coli were further screened against four different strains of E. coli to determine the possible antibiotic(s) produced. Isolates 18 showed powerful inhibition against all strains of E. coli, with every zone of inhibition exceeding 10mm. Isolate 107 inhibited the growth of every strain tested, with a zone of inhibition ranging from 5mm to 15mm. The strongest inhibition was shown against E. coli SURE (pET-Amy) while the weakest inhibition was shown against E. coli BW 25113. This indicated that the antibiotics produced were not any of the antibiotics that the tested E. coli was resistant to. On the other hand, isolate 71 inhibited the growth of four E. coli strains, except for E. coli ER2420 (pACYC184), showing that one of the antibiotics produced may be kanamycin.Rate of Discovery Of New Drugs Sample Essay Table 2. E. coli strains and their respective antibiotic resistance Strains of E. coli Antibiotic resistance E. coli BW25113 None E. coli ER2420 (pACYC184) Chloramphenicol, tetracycline E. coli ER2420 (pACYC177) Ampicillin, kanamycin E. coli XL1Blue (pSG1164) Ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol E. coli SURE (pET-Amy) Ampicillin, kanamycin, tetracycline 3.4 Gram stain 11 active isolates with promising antibacterial activity were gram stained. It was found that five isolates of interest belonged to Gram-negative bacteria, whereas the other six isolates belonged to Gram-positive bacteria. Among the five Gram-negative isolates, four of them were short rods, while isolate 36 had the shape of coccobacilli. On the other hand, all Gram-positive isolates were rod-shaped and half of the Gram-positive isolates were thin rods.Rate of Discovery Of New Drugs Sample Essay 3.5 Visualisation of PCR products Genomic DNA of the isolates of interest was amplified using PCR and the fragments of the PCR products were visualised under UV light, using electrophoresis as pictured in Figure 5. It was shown that the molecular weight of the PCR products was approximately 1.5kb when compared to the molecular weight marker. The intensity of the marker was used to measure the amount required for the 16S rRNA sequencing.Rate of Discovery Of New Drugs Sample Essay 3.6 16S rRNA sequencing result The 16S rRNA sequences of five isolates of interest were identified and compared using the BLAST tool to determine their species. Isolates 18 and 71 were classified as Pseudomonas species with isolate 18 having near 100% identity to P. donghuensis. Isolate 71 was identified as P. protegens as both the forward and reverse sequences were 99% identical to the one proposed. On the other hand, isolates 102, 104 and 107 were closely related to Bacillus sp., with the strain unknown. Isolates 102 and 104 were highly similar and both had high possibility to be B. subtilis or B. velezensis as they were 99% identical to these species. For isolate 107, it showed 99-100% similarity with B. pumilus. These results were compatible with the one obtained from gram stain test. Pseudomonas species are Gram-negative and isolates 18 and 71 were shown to be Gram-negative in gram stain, while Bacillus species are Gram-positive, whereby 102, 104 and 107 stained purple in the gram stain test.Rate of Discovery Of New Drugs Sample Essay Isolate Type Shape 18 G-ve Short rods 33 G-ve Short rods 36 G-ve Coccobacilli 40 G-ve Short rods 71 G-ve Short rods 99 G+ve Rods 101 G+ve Rods 102 G+ve Rods 103 G+ve Rods 104 G+ve Rods 107 G+ve Rods 4. Discussion Effective antibiotics are essential to maintaining the high standard of healthcare and the emergence of multidrug resistance has urged the process of research and development of novel antibacterial products. The search for new bioactive compounds is necessary to combat these multi-drug resistant pathogens and it might help to delay the progress of antibiotic resistance growth. Aquatic microorganisms have slowly emerged as a new source of active metabolites producing microorganisms and more investigations in this area should be carried out to prompt the success of new discoveries.Rate of Discovery Of New Drugs Sample Essay In this study, a number of active isolates have been found to exhibit antagonistic activity against a variety of test organisms, showing that there is a synthesis of antimicrobial active compounds in the aquatic life. Five out of eleven isolates were active against at least four test organisms, suggesting the production of wide spectrum antibacterial compounds. The supernatant of the active isolates was tested to determine the antibacterial activity of extracellular metabolites.Rate of Discovery Of New Drugs Sample Essay The overall results from the agar well diffusion showed a generally broader spectrum of activity against the tested bacteria. However, the degree of inhibition was insufficient to make any promising conclusions. Surprisingly, P. aeruginosa was shown to be inhibited by all of the isolates supernatant, with a very minimal degree of inhibition. In the 96-well plate test, the OD shown by the samples with E. faecium was the lowest among all, this might be due to its slow-growing property as observed during our study. The increase in OD was detected and it may be caused by the promoting effect on the growth of test organisms or contamination in the samples. The promoting effect shown was significant only for isolates 18 and 107 against P. aeruginosa and this should be further studied. However, the lack of repetition of the OD test may affect the reliability and consistency of the results. Repeated streaking of the active isolates may also lead to the loss of their ability to produce antibiotics or the synthesis of new active compounds due to the variation of growth media (alteration in nutrients, temperature, osmotic conditions etc.)(29). In addition, TSA was used in perpendicular streak test while NB was used for the supernatant test. One of the factors causing limited antibacterial activity shown in the agar well diffusion may be the medium which was possibly less conducive to the production of active compounds.Rate of Discovery Of New Drugs Sample Essay As shown from the results, the isolated microorganisms showed more activity against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria. Different sensitivity between the two groups of bacteria has been observed, this could be ascribed to morphological differences of their outer polysaccharide membranes. The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria consists of lipopolysaccharide which makes it impermeable to lipophilic solutes whereas the Gram-positive bacteria lack an outer membrane, making them more susceptible and receptive to antibiotics (17). MSSA and MRSA were the most susceptible bacteria to the antibiotics produced by the isolates. This also revealed that the isolates found may be potential to be used to extract the active metabolites that may be useful in treating various severe infections caused by MSSA and MRSA. As expected, P. aeruginosa showed the least susceptibility to the isolates as Pseudomonas species contain innate resistance to a vast array of antibiotics owing to its low outer membrane permeability which acts as a barrier to the uptake of antibiotics and substrate molecules, as well as its active efflux pump system that rapidly pumps the antibiotics out of the bacterial cell (30).Rate of Discovery Of New Drugs Sample Essay Isolates 18 and 71 were identified as Pseudomonas donghuensis and Pseudomonas protegens respectively. A marine isolate of Pseudomonas sp. has been proven to have the capability of synthesising secondary metabolites that can inhibit a broad spectrum of microorganisms, including K. pneumoniae, MSSA, MRSA, Shigella flexneri, P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis (31). P. donghuensis has demonstrated its ability to excrete a large number of siderophores, including fluorescent pyoverdine and non-fluorescent 7-hydroxytropolones, in numerous studies (32; 33). Under the iron-deficient condition, siderophores act as an iron chelator to increase iron uptake, limiting the amount of iron availability to phytopathogens.Rate of Discovery Of New Drugs Sample Essay It has also demonstrated its antibacterial ability by inhibiting the growth of several virulent species of soft rot plant bacteria from the Dickeya and Pectobacterium genera (33; 34). Due to its iron-chelating properties, P. donghuensis is a potential candidate of biocontrol agent as it can restrict the proliferation and root colonisation by phytopathogens. Isolate 71 was classified as P. protegens, which had been reported that it had plant-protecting ability against a range of soil-borne phytopathogens (35). P. protegens produce secondary metabolites with broad-spectrum antibiotic activity, such as 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG), pyoluteorin, hydrogen cyanide and pyrrolnitrin, where DAPG has been known for its antibiotic and antifungal ability due to its toxicity against a wide range of bacteria, fungi, oomycetes and plants (35; 36). In a study, it was reported that a strain of P. protegens was active against E. coli, S. aureus as well as Bacillus cereus, whereas in another study, P. protegens isolated from treated wastewater had demonstrated multidrug-resistance against ceftazidime, cefepine, ticarcillin-clavulanic acid and aztreonam (37; 38). This shows that P. protegens possess antibacterial activity against numerous plant pathogens, although limited studies have been carried out in human pathogens.Rate of Discovery Of New Drugs Sample Essay Of all of the isolates, isolate 107 showed the strongest activity, especially against Gram-positive bacteria. Together with isolates 102 and 104, they were classified as part of the genus of Bacillus species. It is not surprising that three microorganisms isolated belong to the genus Bacillus as they have been known as producers of a wide range of biologically active molecules (39). Bacillus sp. are Gram-positive bacteria which are known to generate spores under adverse conditions to ensure their survival in adverse conditions, and both marine and terrestrial isolates of Bacillus have displayed capability of producing potent metabolites (13; 40). Peptide antibiotics produced by Bacillus sp. can be classified into two major groups, (i) non-ribosomally synthesised, such as bacitracin, gramicidin, surfactin, tyrotricidin, and (ii) ribosomally synthesised, such as bacteriocins (12; 41). In the present study, isolates 102 and 104 were identified as either Bacillus subtilis or Bacillus velezensis. In a few studies, it has been shown that B. subtilis isolates have the ability to synthesise protein antibiotics, like subtilin, subtilosin and sublancin, which are mostly active against Gram-positive bacteria (42-44). This is consistent with our results in the perpendicular streak test where isolates 102 and 104 only inhibited the growth of Gram-positive test organisms. Subtilosin A is one of the antibiotics synthesised by B. subtilis, it has demonstrated to be active against a wide range of bacteria, including Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli, S. aureus, and K. pneumoniae, although its effect on human pathogenic bacteria was moderate (45). Besides antibacterial activity, both B. subtilis and B. velezensis also produce antifungal lipopeptides, such as iturin, bacillomycin, and fengycin, where strains of B. subtilis have demonstrated strong antifungal properties against Aspergillus ochraceus, Penicillium roque
Transformational Nursing Leaders Essay Paper
Transformational Nursing Leaders Essay Paper Transformational Nursing Leaders Essay Paper Transformational leadership offers an approach that enables nurses to explore their strengths and to motivate with inherent values and beliefs (Doody & Doody, 2012). Nurses must work towards the greater good for their patients and must put these ideas above all else in order to achieve optimal quality care and work performance (Doody & Doody, 2012). This reflects the importance of understanding how nursing transforms patient care in different ways and how it supports healing and recovery at a high level for patients across many population groups (Doody & Doody, 2012). Nurses must be supportive of each other within a team environment in order to be effective leaders and communicators of this vision to support the mission of providing excellence in patient care at all times. This leadership approach also requires nurses to understand their roles and responsibilities not only to patients, but also to each other in supporting a framework that emphasizes communication and collaboration on a continuous basis.Transformational Nursing Leaders Essay Paper Permalink: https://nursingpaperessays.com/ transformational ders-essay-paper / ? Traditionally, nurses have been over-managed and led inadequately, yet today they face unprecedented challenges and opportunities. Organisations constantly face changes that require an increasingly adaptive and flexible leadership. This type of adaptive leadership is referred to as transformational; under it, environments of shared responsibilities that influence new ways of knowing are created. Transformational leadership motivates followers by appealing to higher ideas and moral values, where the leader has a deep set of internal values and ideas. This leads to followers acting to sustain the greater good, rather than their own interests, and supportive environments where responsibility is shared. This article focuses on transformational leadership and its application to nursing through the four components of transformational leadership. These are: idealised influence; inspirational motivation; intellectual stimulation; and individual consideration.Transformational Nursing Leaders Essay Paper The roles of the transformational leader in the healthcare setting include promoting teamwork among staff, encouraging positive self-esteem, motivating staff to function at a high level of performance, and empowe ring staff to become more involved in the development and implementation of policies and procedures. The transformational leader portrays trustworthiness and serves as an inspiration to others, possessing an optimistic, positive, and encouraging outlook. A transformational leadership presence is vital, especially in clinical areas where new graduate nurses are present. Transformational leadership qualities promote a healthy environment for employees and staff, which will produce improved staff satisfaction, retention, and patient satisfaction Transformational Nursing Leaders Essay Paper Transformational leadership comprises charisma, inspiration, intellectual stimulation, and individual consideration. 5 Charismatic leaders possess self-confidence, self-direction, and an absence of internal conflict. They have insight into their followers needs and utilize this to positively influence their followers. An inspirational leader is motivational, sensitive, determined, and able to convey the organizations vision and encourage pride within the organization. Transformational nursing leaders in the clinical setting intellectually stimulate other nurses by encouraging the use of evidence-based practice and addressing the why and how of specific clinical actions. Four important characteristics of the transformational leader include being an effective communicator, possessing inspirational traits, having a trustworthy character, and promoting teamwork. (See Characteristics of a transformational leader .)Transformational Nursing Leaders Essay Paper The exemplary leadership model offers a clear path for anyone wishing to cultivate a transformational leadership style. The following summaries of the five exemplary leadership practices incorporate select criteria from the transformational leadership component of the 2019 Magnet ® Application Manual . Modeling the way You model the way by setting the example for others to follow, demonstrating open communication and enthusiasm for nursing excellence and patient care. Experienced nurse leaders interviewed about this practice provide visibility on the units with daily rounding,timely multidisciplinary huddles for significant events, and consistent follow-up with staff about concerns so that they know their leaders care. In addition, these leaders are transparent with staff in positive and difficult situations, resulting intrust, respect, and collaboration.Transformational Nursing Leaders Essay Paper Leading by example: When a nurse leader wanted his staff to commit to sit with patients for a few minutes to increase engagement, he purposely sat with patients when he rounded and modeled behaviors that he wanted his staff to learn and adopt. Encouraging the heart You encourage the heart by enabling input into key decisions from all levels of the organization, appreciating individual contributions, and celebrating accomplishments. You can use this practice to improve patient care and the practice environment by consistently rewarding staff (use a mix of strategies when recognizing individual accomplishments; some may not want to be publicly acknowledged), making eye contact, establishing personal connections through shared interests, sharing family pictures, and connecting with staff during good and bad times.Transformational Nursing Leaders Essay Paper Leading by example: When one of her nurses achieved national certification, a nurse leader recognized this accomplishment by sending a congratulatory global email to her direct reports and posting the individuals picture within the department. This motivated others to achieve similar accomplishments and has contributed to 12 other nurses achieving national certification within a 3-year period. Inspiring a shared vision You inspire a shared vision for the future when you can effectively envision it yourself and describe it to others in a way that elicits excitement. Your passion for making a difference is evident, and you enlist others in seeing exciting possibilities for the future so that everyone is aligned in purpose and action.Transformational Nursing Leaders Essay Paper Leading by example: One nurse leader exemplified this behavior when three of her clinical units were consolidated into one service line. She solicited staff input on what this new structure should entail, generated excitement about the new competencies they would gain by caring for patients both on and off of the intensive care unit, and explained how the patients and organization would benefit overall. In 1 month, 100 RNs eagerly cross-trained for all three clinical units. Enabling others to act You enable others to act when you enlist them to participate in new opportunities and engage them in collaborative activities, creating a sense of trust and empowerment. Youre dedicated to the concept of structural empowerment and professional governance, and you emphasize professional obligation, accountability, interprofessional collaboration, and shared decision-making. Examples of this leadership practice include advocating for resources to support unit and organizational goals, leadership development, mentoring, and succession planning. The unit culture should be open and supportive to employee input on new initiative implementation. Leading by example: When one nurse leader allowed her staff to schedule themselves, she noticed that sick calls decreased dramatically. Self-scheduling enabled her staff to assume accountability and responsibility for their unit staffing.Transformational Nursing Leaders Essay Paper Challenging the process When you challenge the process, youre not always satisfied with the status quo. You take risks and experiment with new ideas, and you learn from mistakes in away that identifies new opportunities and supports positive change. You identify your ability to influence organizational policy, using data to make decisions and lead strategic organizational changes. Leading by example: When two clinical units were experiencing communication challenges, a nurse leader helped improve the relationship between the two clinical specialties when she encouraged nurses from one specialty to conduct mobile rounds in the other. Being physically present and engaging in conversations with their colleagues provided key insights into each specialtys roles, which led to mutual feedback and cooperation. After two nurses became engaged in earnest transparency to engage and improve communication, their efforts became contagious, motivating everyone to foster more collaborative relationships.Transformational Nursing Leaders Essay Paper TRANSFORMATIONAL leaders inspire followers to achieve extraordinary outcomes and, in the process, develop their own leadership capacity. They foster employees confidence to produce creative outcomes and sustain a competitive edge in an ever-changing healthcare environment. The American Nurses Associations (ANAs) Nursing Administration: Scope and Standards of Nursing Practice list the characteristics of transformational leaders as open communication, inspiration, enthusiasm, supporting positive change, and empowering others through shared decision-making. Closely aligned with transformational leadership is exemplary leadership, which is described by Kouzes and Posner as including these five practices: modeling the way, encouraging the heart, inspiring a shared vision, enabling others to act, and challenging the process.Transformational Nursing Leaders Essay Paper Transformational leadership, a core component of the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) Magnet Recognition Program ® , supports practices and behaviors that improve nursing and organizational outcomes, such as job satisfaction, organizational commitment, productivity, and turnover. As a nurse leader, you can be intentional in cultivating your personal leadership style, leading by example and creating a positive and empowering esprit de corps that supports nursing excellence. This article will help you become intentional in cultivating your transformational leadership skills and practices. And we recommend using Kouzes and Posners theoretical framework and assessment tool to support your professional development.Transformational Nursing Leaders Essay Paper Effective communication . A leader who communicates effectively focuses closely on what other individuals are attempting to convey and what points are important to those individuals. Effective communicators adapt their communication style based on each individual persons ability to process and comprehend the interaction. This is important because each individual person possesses a different style of communication, and these styles vary greatly in the way incoming information is processed and perceived. Its also important to understand and have respect for diversity among various cultures. This will allow for adaptation of communication styles when interacting with people from different cultural backgrounds. An effective communicator learns from previous experiences and applies these experiences to future interactions with others. This is also true for mistakes that have been made and realizing where a certain action should be done differently the next time around. Effective communication leads to a flourishing and vigorous atmosphere for employees and patients alike Transformational Nursing Leaders Essay Paper Characteristics of an effective communicator include empathy, avoiding sarcasm, asking and not commanding, and avoiding talking down or up to individuals. Effective communication consists of having respect for what others have to say. This respect can be displayed by taking the time to be an attentive listener and giving others the opportunity to express their opinions, thoughts, and concerns. The Pareto Principle, also known as the 80/20 rule, states that 20% of people take up 80% of our time that involves some aspect of communication. Therefore, effective communication is vital for successful outcomes to be produced. 6 Nurse managers who are effective communicators will routinely meet with the nursing staff so that complaints, concerns, recommendations, or general comments may be discussed. The nurse manager who communicates effectively will allow staff members to voice their concerns and have respect for their employees by taking the time to carefully listen to them. The nurse manager utilizing effective communication will avoid responding to staff in a sarcastic and defensive manner. This might require that you actively monitor yourself and the reactions of your staff to ensure no defensive behavior exists. Effective communication and the absence of defensive behavior will allow for the nursing staff to be more receptive to criticism and change.Transformational Nursing Leaders Essay Paper Inspirational persona . During this time of healthcare reform, in addition to a strained economy, its more important than ever for leaders to display an inspirational attitude. A survey of over 1,000 managers conducted by the British Department for Business Innovation and Skills revealed that 55% of individuals desired their leaders to possess an inspirational persona. In this same survey, only 11% of respondents said their current leader was inspiring. 7 An inspirational persona consists of optimism, respect, passion, charisma, and honesty. These characteristics allow the inspirational leader to gain the confidence and trust of others, and this is crucial if a leader desires commitment and responsibility of their followers. The inspirational nursing leader possesses a very solid, patient-focused vision of where the organization or unit should be going in the future, which is clearly communicated to the staff. Commitment to a strong vision fuels and attracts winning individuals to strive to reach and maintain the vision.Transformational Nursing Leaders Essay Paper Inspiring leaders regularly reflect upon themselves and have an insatiable desire for continued learning. They encourage their followers to do the same. Inspirational leaders are actively involved in the organization or unit from an actual hands-on perspective. They regularly make informal and personal contact with others throughout the organization or unit by talking with them, asking their opinion, encouraging feedback, and working with them directly. Nurse managers who display inspirational leadership qualities will spend time actually working with the nursing staff. This will allow for the nurse manager to have more personal contact with staff members and encourage them to develop a sense of confidence and trust. Trustworthy traits . Trustworthiness is a crucial trait of the transformational leader. Trust is the foundation of every healthy relationship whether its personal or work-related. Broken trust leads to disorganization, chaos, and fear among ones followers. This is why its imperative for transformational leaders to gain the trust of their staff. Developing and maintaining trust should be a top priority for the transformational leader. There are distinct and concrete principle elements that make up the basic foundation of trust, including integrity, courage, and stability Transformational Nursing Leaders Essay Paper Integrity refers to having high principles, being reliable, and possessing honesty. Leaders who display integrity are consistent when it comes to their actions, values, and expectations. Courageous leaders face problems head on and dont allow fear to prevent them from doing so. 9 They also protect their followers from malicious actions and are loyal to them. The principle of stability allows for the development of unquestionable confidence among staff. Stability is imperative in this constantly changing world of healthcare. The principles of integrity, courage, and stability will further encourage the evolution of trust between leaders and their followers. A nurse manager can gain the trust of the nursing staff by avoiding dishonest actions and displays of favoritism when communicating. The nurse manager can also gain the trust of the staff by possessing honesty and sincerity. Nurse managers who demonstrate traits of trustworthiness are up front, realistic, and fair when it comes to addressing their expectations of the nursing staff. Nurse managers who possess trustworthy traits are more likely to gain the confidence of their employees.Transformational Nursing Leaders Essay Paper Engagement of stakeholders . An extremely influential characteristic of transformational leadership in nursing is the act of engaging stakeholders in the leadership process. Stakeholders in healthcare include, but arent necessarily limited to, healthcare providers, organizations, and institutions; state government representatives; healthcare industries; healthcare academia; and patients. Other stakeholders within the community who should also be engaged during times of transformation include individuals involved in healthcare administration, policy makers, media professionals, law enforcement, religious organizations, patient family members, and caregivers. The CDC recommends the engagement of stakeholders as the first step in any type of program evaluation or potential change. 10 According to the CDC, the identification and engagement of key stakeholders is vital when performing an initial program evaluation or considering reorganization because theyll ensure pivotal points are identified and addressed. This, in turn, ensures a greater likelihood of success.Transformational Nursing Leaders Essay Paper A vital aspect of engaging leadership includes the promotion of teamwork and collaboration. This will create an environment in which communication is open and alternative ways of delivering healthcare services are encouraged, acknowledged, and welcomed. 11,12 Engaging all members of the healthcare team fosters participation in the organizations vision, which will increase the likelihood of achieving the organizations goals. Teamwork is at the core of success.Transformational Nursing Leaders Essay Paper Its important for nurse managers to be familiar with the various nursing leadership theories that are currently discussed in the literature and determine which leadership style best reflects their own values. The leadership style utilized by nursing leaders in the clinical setting has a direct effect on nursing staff satisfaction, which ultimately has an effect on patient satisfaction. 4 The presence of increased satisfaction among nursing staff leads to an overall reduction in staff turnover, improved retention, and an increase in patient satisfaction. 4 With the current challenges healthcare is facing, its vital for the nursing profession to be on the forefront of healthcare reform and fully engaged in the implementation of the changes that are expected to take place in our healthcare system.Transformational Nursing Leaders Essay Paper On the contrary, an authoritarian leadership approach is not based upon a shared vision and does not reflect the core values and beliefs of a group of team members; rather, it is based upon the desires of the sole leader in charge of decision-making (The American Association of Nurse Assessment Coordination, 2013). This leadership approach does not support individual decision-making, nor does it recognize the ideas and creativity of others that impact nursing practice as a whole; therefore, it is often dismissive of employees and may have a significant impact on employee morale and motivation (AANAC, 2013). This approach is often viewed in a negative manner by employees and is not always the preferred method, particularly when employees have great potential to contribute to the organization at a high level and to make a significant difference in the lives of team members and most importantly, the lives of their patients. As a leader you must be committed to your passion and purpose, and have the type of commitment that turns into perseverance. Many nursing leaders are committed patient advocates, clinicians, or employee advocates but the true test of commitment comes when its difficult to get out of bed and go to work with a smile, yet you do because you know you are there to serve a purpose.Transformational Nursing Leaders Essay Paper To get through these challenging times and make a difference, establish three priorities every 90 days and commit to seeing them through. Obtain your staffs insights on the priorities so the team will stay focused and have a stake into the strategic plan. Commitment to excellence starts with the leader, so know in your heart that where you are is where you were placed to serve and share your skills and talents. If you question or have doubts about where you are, you may want to reevaluate your next move because eventually it will show through in your performance. This will allow you to fulfill your purpose, thereby increasing satisfaction for you.Transformational Nursing Leaders Essay Paper Service . Patient satisfaction parallels staff satisfaction, so measuring employee satisfaction benefits the unit, department, and team. Develop realistic action plans to build employee satisfaction, involve all staff levels, and reassess every year. Become familiar and well versed with your patient satisfaction measurement tool. Share and explain data to your employees often. Quality . Become familiar with and incorporate core measures into daily practice and communication. Make them breathe in your department. Convey to your team, staff, and other employees that patient safety and maintaining quality standards are a way of life. Develop unit- and department-specific performance improvement processes that the staff can articulate and implement in daily practices. People . Be the resident role model; who you are is whom you will attract. Take notice of the employees who require a lot of cheerleading and motivating to do their jobs. They have a tendency to become negative when they dont receive feedback on a consistent basis and can infect the entire staff.Transformational Nursing Leaders Essay Paper Growth . Develop unit-based and departmental volume projections and business plans. If you have a unit where you are not meeting your department average daily census or productivity, look for and measure potential growth opportunities. For example, if your unit is a 30-bed monitored surgical unit, develop a plan to add another service line similar to your existing clinical services. You may want to think about combining cardiac transplantation services with nephrology services and open beds for patients who receive kidney transplants. Finance . Too often clinicians focus on improving people, quality, and service and leave finance far behind. However, your follow-through of your business plan for your unit or department will likely realize a financial savings, which can be reinvested into your clinical services. Build your unit-based financial plan for the year, based on your annual budget that includes salary, expenses, supplies, and capital requests.Transformational Nursing Leaders Essay Paper Use your biweekly and monthly financial reports to keep on target. When you are off target, develop a variance report with a specific and detailed action plan to get back on line for the next month. Share the report with your staff in monthly staff meetings, post it on a bulletin board for staff to see, and develop a staff financial newsletter to help staff understand how they play an important part in financial management on a unit level. If you have a problem with meeting the standard for admissions, transfers, and discharges on your unit or in your department, create a bulletin board and display the number of delayed admissions, transfers, and discharges and how much it costs the organization to hold patients in the emergency department, intensive care unit, and other areas. A transformational leader uses her belief in the vision of the company to inspire the staff to be more productive and work towards company goals. The drive behind a transformational leader is to find ways in which she can get the entire staff on board with corporate strategy and planning. When the entire company is on the same page with the corporate vision, it can make achieving that vision easier.Transformational Nursing Leaders Essay Paper Our study has explored the effects of leadership traits on organizational performance in hospitals and health care industry. The core objective of this study was to examine the effect of leadership traits and behavior on performance of hospitals. Transactional and transformational leadership traits were measured. Transformational leadership traits and performance/results measured relevantly in the study was leaders charisma, individual consideration and their inspirational motivation; extra effort, effectiveness, and satisfaction, in that order. Transactional leadership traits and performance/result variables were positive/contingent incentive or rewards and corrective actions/ management by exception; and effort, productivity and commitment/loyalty, correspondingly. In this study we adapt a survey questionnaire, and employed evaluative quantitative analysis method. Analysis was based on primary data generated through a planned Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) administered on participants. The answers to research questionnaire were scaled on likerts scale and converted to quantitative data to enable segmentation of the data responses into the independent and dependent variables assumed on leadership traits and connected performance variables. The model which was used in the study was OLS linear regression model to estimate and evaluate the results. The result illustrates that although transformational leadership traits had positive effect on performance but it is insignificant while transactional leadership trait had an important constructive effect on organization and employees performance. The study also analyzed that transactional leadership trait was more suitable in inducing and enhancing performance in hospitals than transformational leadership style and, as a result, transactional leadership trait/behaviors is recommended for the health care organization/hospitals with integral policies and strategies for evolution to transformational leadership style as the hospitals matured, grew and developed.Transformational Nursing Leaders Essay Paper Inspirational managers do not focus their energy solely on motivating the staff. A good transformational leader has broad visions for the companys future, and those visions can become instrumental in company planning. Whether it is refining the overall business plan or affecting individual marketing programs, the transformational manager has ideas and visions for the future of the company that he wants to share with the management team and work to turn those plans into reality. Retention The idea of transformational leadership is to reach out to each employee and bring out the best in them. An inspirational manager spends time with each employee discussing ways to make the employees job easier, and helping to create plans for developing the employees career. This individual attention that is offered by transformational leaders helps to create a strong bond between the manager and his employees that will reduce employee turnover.Transformational Nursing Leaders Essay Paper Growth A manager that is not intimately involved in the growth of the company and the development of her staff can start to struggle with managing her department as the company grows. A transformational leader is constantly involved with the growth of the company and the ongoing development of employees. As the company grows, the transformational leader maintains that close contact to the company and employees and can make the process of growing a more involved experience for new and veteran employees. A good nurse leader is someone who can inspire others to work together in pursuit of a common goal, such as enhanced patient care. An effective leader has a distinctive set of personal qualities: integrity, courage, initiative and an ability to handle stress. This individual is often admired in their efforts to think critically, set goals and skillfully communicate and collaborate. Nurses may hold the key to transforming healthcare and dragging it into the 21st century in terms of work practices and reform, Genevieve L. Thyer, Dip Ed, MN, BSN, RN, writes in the Journal of Nursing Management. This is because nurses are visionary, creative, involved in decision making at patient level and have gender-based qualities, and communication strategies the healthcare sector needs, she says.Transformational Nursing Leaders Essay Paper In todays quickly evolving environment of healthcare, its time to develop creative leadership, i.e., the capacity to think and act beyond the boundaries limiting your potential and avoid professional derailment or faltering career moves. Leaders should be able to influence and inspire others, develop strategies, organise resources and empower people [17]. The leader is in a position with multiple dimensions, such as being a clinical expert in their field as well as being a manager in a hospital. In the nursing setting, change management, negotiating ability and conflict management are essential skills that nurses should develop to become effective leaders [18]. There is no optimal leadership style, as the personality of the leader, subordinates, and the situation can all influence leadership effectiveness [19]. The perceptions of leaders and subordinates are also inconsistent, with subordinates often preferring leaders with more clearly expressed leadership behaviour than leaders themselves prefer to demonstrate [20]. Leadership style may affect the performance of nurses directly and may have positive or negative effects. It is also associated with staff turnover [21, 22]. Leadership/management style is one of the main sources of distress for nurses [23]. It is also suggested that occupational stress has an adverse influence on the quality of working life for nurses [24].Transformational Nursing Leaders Essay Paper Taken together, leadership may affect both nurses work performance and their quality of the working life. Developing a transformational nursing leadership style is an alternative organisational strategy to improve nurse performance and promote better patient care outcomes [25]. It may further enhance the quality of the working life of nurses. The following hypotheses examined the main effects of transformational leadership styles on nursing mental health outcomes: Hypothesis 1: Transformational leadership styles are related to nursing mental health outcomes.Transformational Nursing Leaders Essay Paper Transformational leadership style is associated with subordinates working conditions [26]. Training managers in transformational leadership style may have a positive influence on health care workers mental health over time [27], although it may present an incomplete picture of the impact of work and the relationship on well-being without considering working conditions [28]. Job content is also included as one of the variables in the proposed model. Hypothesis 2: The higher the level of transformational leadership the higher the level of perceived supervisor support. Follower work attitudes Work attitudes have a strong influence on the quality of nurses working lives. Job satisfaction and organisational commitment are outcome variables of nurses work attitudes. Job satisfaction concerns how an employee feels about his or her job and is related to organisational commitment. These are important to the quality of an employees working life. Factors such as job content, job satisfaction and organisational commitment are presented in the proposed model. Job satisfaction is a predictor of the quality of nursing working life. In contrast, job dissatisfaction can be the main predictor of intention to leave nursing [29].Transformational Nursing Leaders Essay Paper Leadership, particularly the transformational leadership style, is associated with higher
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