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NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Nurses can play an integral part in population health, but leadership and technology training needs to be a larger part of nurse training. That’s according to a Robert Wood johnson Foundation (RWJF) study released in September 2017. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper The report finds that public health nursing at local and state agencies, in community and ambulatory settings, and in schools will continue to grow as population health strategies help identify where the biggest healthcare gaps exist. Permalink: https://nursingpaperessays.com/ nurs-4210-role-o…th-essay-paper / How nurses benefit population health initiatives Many population health strategies include looking at patients holistically, including social, economic, and cultural determinants, and nurses are already trained in those areas to deliver patient care, according to the study. Paul Kuehnert, DNP, RN, FAAN, assistant vice president for RWJF Program staff, “Nurses are trained to think holistically, to consider the context of a patient’s life and how that impacts his or her health,” says Paul Kuehnert, DNP, RN, FAAN, assistant vice president for RWJF Program staff, who commissioned the study. Whole care also means assessments of the patient’s healthcare environment, which can include acute, ambulatory, home, behavioral health and community interventions. “Because of the nature of their roles, nurses often spend more face-to-face time with patients, which allows them to gain insight into the community and societal factors that impact patients’ lives and health. Armed with this insight, nurses can work with primary care physicians to help connect patients to resources within the community that can improve their overall well-being.” NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper How to better utilize nurses 1. Encourage collaboration and dialogue Unfortunately, nurses aren’t trained for leadership positions and are rarely a part of population health strategy development, the study finds. Kuehnert says that scope of practice regulations that vary based on the state, often restrict nurses’ time and ability to expand their roles. “Culturally and historically, nurses—unless they hold formal leadership roles—tend not to view themselves as leaders. Nurses must understand, internalize, and act on the knowledge that nurses can be and are leaders, irrespective of their titles—and that by collaborating with policymakers, businesses, health systems, and more, nurses can exponentially increase the impact they have, well beyond the healthcare setting,” Kuehnert says. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper 2. Help them use data to focus efforts Increasing nurses’ capacity to make data-driven decisions is another part of the future of population health nursing. According to the study, nurse care coordination for low-risk patients that utilize healthcare services the most has been found to be the most cost-effective way to improve outcomes. Of all patients with high healthcare utilization, 60% to 75% can be classified as low-risk populations. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper “We’ll also need to better prepare nurses for key evolving population-focused nursing roles in fields that include care management, chronic disease management, and population data analysis. These roles require core clinical knowledge and understanding combined with skills and abilities to identify and evaluate community resources, make and track referrals to community-based services, and measure outcomes,” Kuehnert says. 3. Increase their technology literacy Rapid advancements in health, EHRs and mobile devices are a part of clinical care, prevention, and health communications that will continue to integrate into daily use for clinicians. “Education should provide students with the technical skills they need to compile and analyze population and community data in order to understand the impact of the community conditions on patients’ health,” Kuehnert says. “And how they, as nurses, can influence change within their communities to improve health.” Kuehnert says the insights nurses gain about patients’ life circumstances need to be systematically shared to inform care by the entire multidisciplinary team. “We need to share bright spots of nursing leadership for population health improvement and spread them widely,” he says. “Widespread adoption of population-focused nursing practice will likely take place over the next five to 10 years as mindsets and expectations shift in nursing and healthcare.” NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper most important public health problems and concerns The CDC’s National Center for Injury Prevention and Control updated its Prevention Status Reports Monday, which ranks the biggest public health issues in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. The Prevention Status Reports organize information on state public health policies and practices in a format that is easy to use for public health professionals, community leaders and policy makers. The reports allow these individuals to understand their state’s status and identify improvement areas. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper According to the reports, the 10 most important public health problems and concerns are (listed alphabetically): Alcohol-related harms Food safety Healthcare-associated infections Heart disease and stroke HIV Motor vehicle injury Nutrition, physical activity and obesity Prescription drug overdose Teen pregnancy Tobacco use The Nurse’s Role in Community Health In the past, caregivers journeyed on horseback to the homes of their neighbors to provide medical services. These caregivers were crucial to reducing the mortality rates in their communities. After the civil war, hospitals were built. This began the implementation of organized healthcare. Today, nurses practice in a variety of settings and community health is again re-emerging as an integral part of providing care to everyone. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper What Is Community Health Nursing? Community health nursing is a discipline that incorporates evidenced-based research along with advances in science and new approaches for improving the health The practice takes into consideration the cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds of the people in the community to ensure appropriate interaction and sensitivity when working with them. A community is a group of people in a specific location, which includes places where people live, work and go to school. Most people belong to multiple types of communities. Community health nursing is commonly practiced in geographic locations like cities and rural areas. What Is the Goal of Community Health Nursing? The goal of community health nursing is to promote, protect and preserve the health of the public. Community health nursing involves these basic concepts: Promote healthy lifestyle Prevent disease and health problems Provide direct care Educate community about managing chronic conditions and making healthy choices Evaluate a community’s delivery of patient care and wellness projects Institute health and wellness programs Conduct research to improve healthcare What Is the Role of a Community Health Nurse? NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper The primary role of community health nurses is to provide treatment to patients. Additionally, community health nurses offer education to community members about maintaining their health so that they can decrease the occurrence of diseases and deaths. They plan educational assemblies, hand -out fliers, conduct health screenings, dispense medications and administer immunizations. Nurses also may distribute health-related items like condoms and pregnancy tests. Examples of some health issues that community health nurses try to control or eliminate are: Infectious and sexually transmitted diseases Obesity Poor nutrition Substance abuse Smoking Teen pregnancy Where Do Community Health Nurses Work? NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Community health nurses work in hospitals, community centers, clinics, schools and government health agencies. Community health nurses are important to regions where healthcare is not easily accessible, so they can travel to remote places and isolated areas of a city. How Do You Become a Community Health Nurse? To become a community health nurse you must first work as a registered nurse. If you only have an associate degree you might want to consider completing a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) degree program. Many schools like Northeastern State University (NSU) offer RN to BSN programs. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper NSU has an online RN to BSN program that includes the course Community Health Nursing. This course examines the theory and research used in nursing and the public health practice, which promotes and preserves the health of communities. Students are given the opportunity to apply their current knowledge and what they learn in the course. They are paired with a community and other healthcare professionals to experience community health nursing. Nursing care should be available to every American. Throughout the country, there are entire communities of people prone to chronic illnesses, infectious diseases and economic hardships. Community health nurses have the ability to improve the welfare of individuals and their communities. They are at the forefront of bringing quality patient care to the most vulnerable and under served members of society. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Community Health Nurse Roles and Functions Planner/Programmer Identifies needs, priorities, and problems of individuals, families, and communities Formulates municipal health plan in the absence of a medical doctor Interprets and implements nursing plan, program policies, memorandum, and circular for the concerned staff personnel Provides technical assistance to rural health midwives in health matters Provider of Nursing Care Provides direct nursing care to sick or disabled in the home, clinic, school, or workplace Develops the family’s capability to take care of the sick, disabled, or dependent member Community Organizer Motivates and enhances community participation in terms of planning, organizing, implementing, and evaluating health services Initiates and participates in community development activities Coordinator of Services Coordinates with individuals, families, and groups for health related services provided by various members of the health team Coordinates nursing program with other health programs like environmental sanitation, health education, dental health, and mental health Trainer/Health Educator Identifies and interprets training needs of the RHMs, Barangay Health Workers (BHW), and hilots Conducts training for RHMs and helots on promotion and disease prevention Conducts pre and post-consultation conferences for clinic clients; acts as a resource speaker on health and health related services NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Initiates the use of trio-media (radio/TV, cinema plugs, and print ads) for health education purposes Conducts per-marital counseling Health Monitor Detects deviation from health of individuals, families, groups, and communities through contacts/visits with them Role Model Provides good example of healthful living to the members of the community Change Agent Motivates changes in health behavior in individuals, families, groups, and communities that also include lifestyle in order to promote and maintain health Recorder/Reporter/Statistician Prepares and submits required reports and records Maintain adequate, accurate, and complete recording and reporting Reviews, validates, consolidates, analyzes, and interprets all records and reports NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Prepares statistical data/chart and other data presentation Researcher Participates in the conduct of survey studies and researches on nursing and health-related subjects Coordinates with government and non-government organization in the implementation of studies/research PUBLIC HEALTH NURSE Public health nurses have been working as community advocates, educators, and providers of critical public health services since 1893. One of the first public health nursing practices was the Henry Street Settlement in New York City where Lillian Wald and other nurses provided home visits, health education, and community development support to immigrant communities on the Lower East Side. The Henry Street Settlement later became the Visiting Nurse Service of New York, a non-profit organization that continues to provide public health nursing and healthcare services to all New York residents. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Public health nurses are the largest group of providers of public health services. They provide a variety of essential services to the communities in which they work. Public health nurses are qualified to deliver clinical services such as immunizations, well-baby care, senior home visits, and school health visits. They also work in teams that monitor community health trends and risk factors, help communities set local health priorities, and design and implement health education programs to minimize health risks. Advanced practice public health nurses may serve as leaders of community and state health departments and have responsibilities for planning and implementing programs to support the health of the population. The U.S. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act passed in 2010 expands public health and prevention programs to support communities and individuals. This law also establishes a National Prevention and Public Health Council to provide coordination across all federal agencies and government programs concerned with public health, health education and disease prevention services. The emphasis on public health in this legislation signals a significant federal commitment to support the work of health departments and public health professionals throughout the United States. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Roles: The primary role of the public health nurse is to work within the community to support population health and deliver preventive health care services. Public health nurses use their skills to support population health in eight domains of practice: Analysis and assessment of communities using available data and collecting additional data to provide the information necessary to assess, plan, implement and evaluate community health. Program planning and policy development to support the health of communities, families and individuals. Communication with community stakeholders, families and individuals to determine knowledge and attitudes about needed and available health and health services. Cultural competency that enables effective practice with diverse individuals, families, and groups within the community of care. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Community dimensions of practice including health service planning, advocacy, and program effectiveness evaluation within and for the community. Public health sciences including the utilization of available research, the design and implementation of new research, and the use of epidemiology and other research methods to understand the distribution and determinants of disease in the community. Financial management and planning skills to support careful budget management and use of public resources. Leadership and systems thinking skills to enable professional practice and development of the public health team. Specialties: Public health nursing is recognized as a specialty nursing area and is supported by the Quad Council of Public Health Nursing Organizations composed of: The Association of Community Health Nurse Educators (ACHNE); The Association of State and Territorial Directors of Nursing (ASTDN); The American Public Health Association, Public Health Nursing Section (APHA), and The American Nurses Association’s Congress on Nursing Practice and Economics (ANA). The Quad Council of Public Health Nursing Organizations (Quad Council) provides voice and visibility for public health nurses, sets a national policy agenda on issues related to public health nursing and advocates for excellence in public health nursing education, practice, leadership, and research. National certification as an advanced public health nurse, board certified (APHN-BC) is available from the American Nurse Credentialing Center. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper The Role of a Community Nurse More and more patients are treated outside a traditional hospital setting. As their numbers grow, the ability of the NHS to provide medical and nursing services is also changing and community nurses (also known as district nurses) play a vital role in this increasingly important aspect of our healthcare system. What does a community nurse do? Working in a variety of environments, from clinics and health centers to residential accommodation and patients’ own homes, community nurses help the NHS meet the needs of elderly, disabled or vulnerable patients who may not be able to easily visit the hospital. Community nurses are trained to perform a variety of nursing procedures which may include: basic care – such as checking temperature, blood pressure and breathing administering injections assisting doctors with examinations and medical procedures cleaning and dressing wounds setting up intravenous drips and monitoring ongoing care Community nurses also provide an important educational and advisory service for patients and families , offering information on various aspects of healthcare. In some situations, community nurses may be expected to provide emergency care – where patients have had accidents or suffered complications, such as cardiac arrest. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper The role is more than a way to relieve the UK’s busy hospitals and GP surgeries: community nurses offer their patients a level of emotional support and specialize in ‘joint care management’ for situations in which social services or wider care program mes may be involved. What skills does a community nurse need? Community nursing jobs can be high pressure: nurses work in environments which change from day to day and lack many of the resources available in a hospital. Given the demanding nature of the role and the spectrum of patients they are required to treat, community nurses should possess excellent communication and listening skills, while demonstrating sensitivity towards the specifics of each unique situation. Before taking an available nursing post a community nurse must be a qualified and registered nurse (usually with two years’ practical experience) – and will also need additional, degree level training as a ‘specialist practitioner’. Specialist practitioner training courses usually last no less than one academic year but trainees may be able to shorten that training period by counting previous experience towards their qualification. Courses, which can be taken on a full or part time basis, are split into practical and theoretical elements – and focus on four key areas: NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper clinical nursing care and program me management clinical practice development clinical practice leadership Community Health Nursing Community health nursing incorporates several basic concepts, including the promotion of healthy living, prevention of disease and health problems, medical treatment, rehabilitation, evaluation of community health care delivery and prevention systems, and research to further community health and wellness. A community nurse may provide direct care, educate individuals or the public, advocate for health improvements and perform research in community health. She might also lead or collaborate with other health care professionals, organizations, political figures and members of the community to promote health for her community. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Public Health Nurses Public health nurses are often the most visible group in a community health improvement setting. They might be specialists in disease prevention with a focus on preventing infectious disease, work with mothers and children to improve nutrition, operate immunization clinics or lead efforts such as smoking cessation, preventing excessive sun exposure and water safety. Like the nurses who worked in Kentucky many years ago, these nurses might provide prenatal health care or teach mothers how to care for their new babies. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Community public health nursing is not entirely different in nursing practice with that of clinical nursing confined in the four corners of the hospital. It also promotes wellness and prevents illness through education and health teachings, provides comfort and care through its delicate nursing care interventions, and emphasizes curative and rehabilitative interventions through individualized efficient approaches. But its peculiarity involves not only caring a single client but by extending thru the whole family and the community. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Roles and Responsibilities of a Community Health Nurse 1. The main focus of community health nurse is health promotion. Programmer/Planner Identifies the needs and concerns of individuals, groups, families, and the community Formulates health plans, especially in the absence of a community physician Interprets and implements nursing plans and programs Assists other health team members in implementing health programs in the setting Health Educator/Trainer/ Counselor Acts as resource speaker on health and health related services Advocates health programs in the community through dissemination of IEC or Information Education and Communication materials Conducts advocacy educations concerning premarital, breastfeeding, and immunization counselings Organizes orientation/ training of concerned groups like pregnant mothers Identifies and interprets training needs of health team members and formulate appropriate training program for them Conducts and facilitates necessary training or educational orientation to other health team members in the community 2. The recipient of care of community public health nursing practice is extended not only the individual but also to benefit the whole family and community. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Community Organizer Promotes self- reliance of community and emphasizes their involvement and participation in planning, organizing, implementing and evaluating of health services Initiates and implements community development activities Coordinator of services Coordinates health services with concerned individuals and families through the community health team members, government organizations and non- government organizations Coordinates nursing plans and programs with other health programs 3. Community health nurse are generalists in terms of their practice through life’s continuum. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Provider of Nursing Care Renders direct care to various clients with different needs, may it be at home, in school, clinics or work settings Involves the family in the care of the sick or dependent individual, i.e. sick child 4. Continuity of care with the client, family or and the community extends for a longer time involving individuals of all ages and health needs. Health Monitor Monitors and detects presence of health concerns in the community through contacts or home visits. Utilizes various effective data gathering techniques in keeping an eye on the health status of all recipients of care. Records and reports health status and presence of health problems in the community 5. The nature of nursing practice in the community needs the knowledge of biological and social sciences, ecology, clinical nursing, and community organizing, for it to be effective. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Researcher Follows a systematic process of monitoring the health status of the community through the conduct of surveys and home visits Conducts researches concerning the health of the community Coordinates with government and non- government organizations in the conduct and implementation of studies Statistician Records data systematically and ensures its validity through accurate and complete data gathering Reports prepared reports to concerned organizations i.e. government organization for immediate necessary plans or programs Consolidates and reviews reports efficiently. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Analyzes and interprets consolidated data for monitoring the development in the health matters of the whole community 6. This field of nursing practice utilizes a dynamic process (assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation) in the provision of continuous care until termination is implicit. Change Agent Promotes and motivates change in the community in their health practices and lifestyle behaviors for them to promote and maintain good health, be knowledgeable and has initiative in accessing health services Inculcates self- reliance to brought about development and improvement in the community NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper My apologies for I only have included a short list of the roles and responsibilities . A community health nurse could still develop other sorts of roles while working in the setting. It may not be evident because of its vast and intricate tasks. What is important is the impact it produces in those individuals who needed the care of a community health nurse. Paper works, like the graphs and pie charts shown the community health center are not enough to say that a nurse accomplished her work because a much bigger responsibility is laid in front of her – the community. So, despite the short description of the roles and responsibilities of community public health nursing my hopes are up that some of us would like to be one, too or if not, recognize the hardships and efforts of our own nurses in the community in delving with the issues in health in the community. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper The Role of the Nurse in Preventative Health Care Preventative health care has become an increasingly popular area of the health care sector. Using a variety of methods to educate populations and avoid illnesses, this type of health care works to improve the overall wellness of Americans. Preventative health care informs populations, promotes healthy lifestyles and provides early treatment for illnesses. In the industry, the emergence of health care reform and an increased number of individuals suffering from chronic conditions has led to an amplified role for nurses in disease prevention. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Preventative Health Care Nurses in preventative health care are tasked with improving the health of patients through evidence-based recommendations while encouraging individuals to receive preventative services such as screenings, counseling and precautionary medications. Through public health education, nurses can inspire a larger group of people to engage in healthy lifestyles and ultimately live longer lives. Preventative health care nurses encourage: Regular exercise: Nurses promote regular activity (preferably 30 minutes of exercise at least five days a week) to combat heart conditions, high blood pressure and other diseases such as stroke, diabetes and arthritis. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Weight management: Exercise also encourages weight management. Preventative care includes maintaining and controlling weight with exercise and healthy eating habits to prevent diseases such as obesity, cardiovascular disease and osteoarthritis. Avoidance of smoking and drug abuse: Aside from the addiction threat associated with smoking and drug use, there is the risk of lung cancer, emphysema and other forms of cancer. Moderated alcohol use: Education about the effects of alcohol consumption, as well as early screening for diseases such as liver disease, stroke or high blood pressure, can significantly increase the chances of illness prevention. Control of existing diseases: Nurses involved with preventative health care work to identify existing conditions in the early stages. Modifying an individual’s behaviors can control or minimize the effects of a particular ailment. Preventative care encompasses a wide range of techniques to identify, educate, prevent and treat diseases in populations. There are three types of prevention that nurses take part in on a regular basis depending on their position in health care facilities or organizations: primary, secondary and tertiary. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Primary Prevention The U.S. Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF) describes primary prevention as the measures taken to provide individuals with knowledge to prevent the onset of a targeted condition. In this type of prevention, nurses play the part of educators that offer information and counseling to communities and populations that encourage positive health behaviors. From providing immunizations to reinforcing the use of seat belts, programs are designed to avoid suffering and illness in patients, as well as avoid any type of cost supplementary to disease treatment. Primary prevention is typically the most economical method of health care. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Secondary Prevention Secondary prevention, a form of early disease detection, identifies individuals with high risk factors or clinical diseases through screenings and regular care to prevent the onset of disease. Once identified, nurses work with these patients to reduce and manage controllable risks, modifying the individuals’ lifestyle choices and using early detection methods to catch diseases in their beginning stages when treatment may be more effective. Regular screenings, conducted by a preventative health care nurse, are the most common method of secondary prevention and can dramatically diminish the development of certain illnesses. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Tertiary Prevention The third tier of prevention, tertiary prevention, is slightly different. This method involves the treatment of existing diseases in patients. At this point of care, nurses are tasked with helping individuals execute a care plan and make any additional behavior modifications necessary to improve conditions. As the primary and secondary methods have been unsuccessful, this stage encompasses methods of minimizing negative effects and preventing future complications. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Examples of Disease Prevention Traditionally, health care systems were focused on cures for diseases. Today’s system is more focused on effective prevention techniques. Approximately 1.7 million Americans die each year from chronic diseases, including heart disease, cancer, stroke, diabetes and obstructive pulmonary disease. Nurses and other health care professionals are constantly working to prevent such illnesses through a variety of approaches. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Heart Disease As the leading cause of death in the United States, heart disease is the focus of many health care professionals. There are many prevention programs in place and most employ the follo

Case Study: East Chestnut Regional Health System, MHA/506 Version 1 Case Study: East Chestnut Regional Health System, MHA/506 Version 1 ORDER NOW FOR AN ORIGINAL PAPER ASSIGNMENT: Case Study: East Chestnut Regional Health System CASE STUDY: EAST CHESTNUT REGIONAL HEALTH SYSTEM History Within the last 10 years, East Chestnut Regional Health System (ECRH) was formed from the merger of three organizations: the East River Medical Center, the Northern Mountain Hospital Consortium, and the Archway Hospital.Case Study: East Chestnut Regional Health System East River Medical Center (ERMC) ERMC is the anchor hospital for the system. The medical center resides along the east side of the Chestnut River. Historically, ERMC was recognized as the location of choice for medical care. However, this reputation has deteriorated over the last 3 to 5 years. As the city of Chestnut has grown, ERMC has found itself on the edge of an urban blight. Safety has been a concern for patients, visitors, and physicians who use and serve the medical center. The technology offered at the medical center has been maintained at an excellent level of proficiency. At the same time, the medical staff is aging with the average age of the physicians being 57. There are younger primary care physicians who serve the specialists, but the specialists are aging as well. ERMC boasts a Level 1 Trauma Center with an air service. The total number of licensed beds for ERMC is 550. On any given day, the occupancy rate is 300 heads on the beds. Northern Mountain Hospital Consortium (NMHC) NMHC was originally formed in response to the migration of patients to Chestnut. Due to the rather aggressive strategies carried out by the hospitals in Chestnut, these rural hospitals decided to create a consortium of rural hospitals so that they could gain economies of scale in a number of areas, which include group purchasing, benefit administration, and physician and staff recruitment. Additionally, they worked together to stem any further deterioration of their market share. Patients were selecting to go to the larger community for services and leaving the smaller communities that collared the Chestnut metropolitan area. NMHC represented individual hospitals in four counties that circled Chestnut County: Walnut, Butternut, Oak, and Maple. Walnut and Butternut Counties had good employment with Oak and Maple Counties being mostly rural. In each county, the inpatient facilities averaged about 20 years of age. The upkeep of these facilities has been sketchy. No facility needs any major upgrades, but modernization is needed. The state does not have a Certificate of Need (CON) process. The medical staff makeup varies each location. The hospitals in Oak and Maple Counties are critical access hospitals. Further details will be provided regarding these organizations later in the case study. Archway Hospital (AH) AH is located directly in the community of Chestnut. It fully resides in the urban area of the community. The hospital has 200 registered beds, but on any given day there are only 50 to 75 patients in this facility. This hospital was a Doctor of Osteopathy (DO) hospital; therefore, most of the physicians that worked out of this facility were DOs. The payer mix for this hospital was heavily burdened with Medicare and Medicaid. This payer mix composed nearly 85% of the reimbursement. The facility is aging and needs considerable repairs. It is questionable if it will be worth the investment in this facility. Leadership and Organizational Culture The original merger that created the East Chestnut Regional Health System (ECRH) occurred 10 years ago. This merger was between ERMC and AH. AH had a rather dynamic leader who was about 57 years old at the time of the merger. The AH CEO became the new President and Chief Executive Officer of ECRH after the merger. Since this CEO had only worked in a smaller organization, he had not experienced the cultural changes and demands that occur after the merging of a large organization. Additionally, he began to change the culture of the organization such that decisions were made on a decentralized basis. He trusted the management team at AH to do the right things and make the right decisions with low supervision. However, the Chief Operating Officer (COO) who was put in charge was originally from AH but left 2 years after the merger with a new COO being put in place. This COO developed a rather poor reputation and was known to want to build his own empire at AH and to be dishonest at times. This reputation created a culture within the traditional AH that lacked a cohesive team effort to create a system. This positioning of the COO was left unattended by the President and CEO of ECRH since he was actively pursuing the acquisition of NMHC. The hospitals of NMHC were doing okay, but those in the consortium realized that their ability to stand alone was becoming difficult in today’s market. When the leadership of the consortium assessed the market as to a partnership, they decided that ECRH would be the best choice. The other option was to develop a for-profit hospital that also resided in Chestnut. The leadership was attracted to what they saw happen with AH. They liked that the central leadership of the system allowed AH to continue on as their own entity without a lot of centralized control. By the time all of this was put together, the President and CEO of ECRH was near retirement. He retired about three years after all of the merger activity was complete. During those three years, he became lax in his leadership role. ECRH deteriorated in market share and profitability during this time. Upon his retirement, the Board of ECRH performed a national search for a replacement. They employed Hunter Brown as the new President and CEO. Mr. Brown was the CEO of a smaller health system and had been in that position for nearly 10 years. Therefore, he had limited experience from other markets in the art of strategic implementation. However, he was also well trained, bright, and articulate in expressing his knowledge. He has now been the President/CEO of ECRH for nine months. As for the remainder of the leadership team for ECRH, there is a newly hired corporate counsel. She has 15 years of experience and is extremely competent in the work that she does. The CEO also hired a new Chief Financial Officer. He has taken good strides in managing the accounts receivable throughout the system as well as extracting exceptional dollars from high quality supply chain management.Case Study: East Chestnut Regional Health System The Chief Operating Officer (COO) is new and has three years of previous experience from the same organization where the CEO departed. The Chief Medical Officer (CMO) has been retained from the old leadership team. His reputation is excellent, and he works well with other physicians, including the medical staff and the employed physicians. The Chief Nursing Officer (CNO) is three years away from retirement. She is known for not getting along with the medical staff and will always defend nursing when at times this is not appropriate. The Senior Vice President for Human Resources is competent and respected by management and staff throughout the organization. The remainder of the leadership team was retained from the old regime. This included information technology, employed physician group leadership, marketing, human resources, and other vice presidents or directors responsible for varying service lines. It should be noted that the IT leadership is just completing the implementation of the EPIC system. The future for this team depends on how well the overall implementation of the system goes. Likewise those in the marketing department will need to be stellar in senior leadership advisement regarding the marketing of complex issues that will be encountered ahead. They have been told if marketing misses the target, then replacements will occur within this department. The new CEO inherited the management team of AH and NMHC. For NMHC the organizational structure was left intact with the COOs for each of the individual hospitals being retained. It was agreed that this traditional structure would be left intact for at least five years. This agreement was near its end and the new CEO had plans to change the existing structure as well as management. This change was being considered for this year’s strategic plan development. Even if the structure of NMHC was going to be changed to a more direct relationship with corporate leadership, all of the existing COO’s would be retained as they have performed well since the merger. As for the COO of AH, he had been recently terminated. An interim COO is now in place pending the board approved closure of this hospital. ORDER NOW FOR AN ORIGINAL PAPER ASSIGNMENT: Case Study: East Chestnut Regional Health System Competitive Assessment ECRH was not the only provider of care in the community. There was a for-profit hospital, Banford Medical Center (BMC), that had been purchased by a large publicly traded for-profit health system about 10 years ago. The for-profit health system was the largest in the country. The CEO of this hospital was good at optimizing performance as a result of the weaknesses of ECRH and its leadership. He was an effective opportunist. BMC has 400 registered beds with a current occupancy rate of 85%. They have been effective at taking market share away from ECRH. For each loss of service line market share by ECRH, BMC has shown proportional gains. After the acquisition of BMC, the for-profit immediately moved to build a new facility. This new facility is located on the growing wealthy edge of the community. Additionally, at the time that this new facility was developed, the for-profit syndicated ownership to the physicians. The highest level of syndication occurred with the obstetrics and gynecology physicians in the community. Therefore, women’s services deteriorated at ECRH. It should be noted that this physician syndication occurred before the Affordable Care Act was passed, which precluded hospital ownership by physicians. It is important that additional information is provided regarding ECRH. ECRH recently purchased 100 acres of land across the interstate from BMC. This land is located northwest of Chester. The intention is to eventually build a new medical center on this location. The initial planning of this land has occurred and it has been approved to build a regional oncology center on this site. The construction of the project is already underway with an anticipated completion in 6 months. In addition, ECRH has an orthopedic hospital attached to the current ERMC site and a behavioral health hospital at this same location. ECRH also has two ambulatory surgical centers that are conveniently located on the growing northwest and southwest side in the community. The one surgical center is located on the 100 acre development site. The orthopedic hospital has done well and has been listed in the top 100 orthopedic hospitals. However, the behavioral health hospital is losing significant dollars, so the Board of Directors for ECRH has decided to close down this hospital. ECRH has also developed a joint venture imaging center with the radiologists. This center resides across from a major shopping area in the community. It is conveniently located near heavily populated neighborhoods and shopping. The only downside is the location is not close to physician offices that would refer to this center. However, if a new facility is built on the 100 acres, which would include physician offices, the imaging center will be in an ideal location. Leadership is developing a free standing emergency center on the 100 acre site, which is on the northwest side of Chestnut. The last competitive issue is the location of a medical school and hospital in the city of Chestnut. The facility resides in a downtown location. This medical school had been established by the state nearly 45 years ago and is associated with Greenbranch University. It mostly serves the indigent community in Chestnut and the surrounding area. This academic center has a rather negative reputation in the surrounding area. There are four other medical academic centers in the state as well as a medical center with a world renowned reputation. There have been ongoing rumors that this world renowned organization was planning on assuming the responsibility of the Chestnut academic center. This change would substantially alter the complexion of the local medical community if it were to occur. Speed in ECRH dealing with some of its market issues is an imperative. Additional Market Information: Population Demographics Chestnut County · With 433,689 people, Chestnut County is the 6th most populated county in the state. · The largest Chestnut County racial/ethnic groups are Caucasian (70.1%), African American (18.5%), and Hispanic (6.5%). · In 2015, the median household income of Chestnut County residents was $41,777. However, 21.1% of Chestnut County residents live in poverty. · The median age for Chestnut County residents is 37.7 years old. · Employment is strong in Chestnut County. Unemployment resides at 4.5%. Employer diversity is strong since the community is not dependent on singular large employers. Employment includes some high-tech jobs, general manufacturing to support the automobile industry, and there is a large university, Greenbranch University, located in the community. The university has 25,000 students and offers most majors, which includes engineering and nursing.Case Study: East Chestnut Regional Health System Walnut County · With 42,537 people, Walnut County is the 57th most populated county in the state. · The largest Walnut County racial/ethnic groups are Caucasian (89.8%), followed by Hispanic (7.2%) and African American (3%). · In 2015, the median household income of Walnut County residents was $55,120. However, 10.8% of Walnut County residents live in poverty. · The median age for Walnut County residents is 39.8 years old. Butternut County · With 38,352 people, Butternut County is the 65th most populated county in the state. · The largest Butternut County racial/ethnic groups are White (87.0%), Hispanic (9.5%), and African American (1.7%). · In 2015, the median household income of Butternut County residents was $50,663. However, 13.4% of Butternut County residents live in poverty. · The median age for Butternut County residents is 39.7 years old. Oak County · With 37,120 people, Oak County is the 66th most populated county in the state. · The largest Oak County racial/ethnic groups are Caucasian (93.3%), Hispanic (4.0%), and African American (1.1%). · In 2015, the median household income of Oak County residents was $42,492. However, 14.9% of Oak County residents live in poverty. · The median age for Oak County residents is 46.6 years old. Maple County · With 27,816 people, Maple County is the 79th most populated county in the state. · The largest Maple County racial/ethnic groups are Caucasian (90.8%), Hispanic (7.1%), and African American (1.0%). · In 2015, the median household income of Maple County residents was $39,353. However, 15.4% of Maple County residents live in poverty. · The median age for Maple County residents is 48.2 years old. · Both Oak and Maple Counties are rural with an older population. Many patients have Medicare and Medicaid that come from these two counties. Likewise the hospitals located in each of these counties have been designated as critical access. Like many rural counties, Oak and Maple have been blighted with younger people using drugs, including methamphetamine.Case Study: East Chestnut Regional Health System ORDER NOW FOR AN ORIGINAL PAPER ASSIGNMENT: Case Study: East Chestnut Regional Health System Employed Physicians ECRH employs 400 physicians throughout its system. The breakdown for each location is as follows: Chestnut County · 135 primary care · 100 specialists Walnut County · 40 primary care · 10 specialists Butternut County · 30 primary care · 12 specialists Oak County · 27 primary care · 10 specialists Maple County · 25 primary care · 11 specialists There have been ongoing complaints from the newly recruited physicians that their practices have not been marketed well; thus, their patient volumes have been slow to grow. Service Line Performance Information The following is a list of bullet points regarding service line performance by ECRH and issues of operational concern. 1. Women’s health services deteriorated significantly since the syndication by Banford Medical Center. Obstetrical deliveries are down 20% across the system. BMC has done an excellent job of creating attractive facility and services for women. This includes nurse navigation, women’s breast center, and a series of other amenities. BMC has also started a neonatal intensive care unit, which rivals the services of ECRH. 2. The cardiologists at ECRH are aging. This has been a traditionally strong service for ECRH, but 50% of the cardiologists will be retiring within the next 3 to 5 years. All cardiologists who serve ERCH are employed by the health system. Cardiology is a service that is gaining strength within the Greenbranch Medical Center, particularly since they brought in a renowned cardiologist to rebuild their program. 3. The orthopedic volumes are down 7%. ECRH does jointly operate an orthopedic hospital with an independent orthopedic group located in the community. There have been some internal problems within the orthopedic group where the old guard of orthopedic surgeons has forced a low retention with younger, and to some degree better trained, surgeons. Retention is becoming a growing concern regarding the status of this group with consideration of ECRH hiring their own surgeons. The joint venture hospital does not exclude other surgeons from working in this hospital. 4. Emergency department (ED) volumes are down 5%. The hospital uses an emergency physician group to supply physicians to cover all of the EDs within ERCH. These physicians are known for poor customer service and making rude comments to patients who are self-pay or Medicaid. 5. The ambulatory visits and services are up 3%. This volume increase is from the younger primary care physicians who have been employed by ECRH. This young group of physicians has become great support for ECRH and refer patients loyally to the organization. 6. General surgery cases are down 4%. The aging surgeons are starting to retire and it is difficult to recruit new surgeons to replace past demand. Some of this work is going to Greenbranch since they have good general surgeons. 7. The oncology services for ECRH have increased in volume and revenue by 4%. ECRH’s development of the new oncology center has created a magnet for referrals to the oncologists. The oncologists are very enthusiastic about the development of this new center and have begun to shift work to ECRH. 8. ECRH has the regional burn center. ECRH works with Greenbranch Medical Center for training residence in the burn setting. This includes the plastic and general surgeons. The downside of this service is that it is losing money. A decision has been made to close down this service with Greenbranch starting their burn center. 9. ECRH is a Level 1 Trauma Center, and this designation has been a historical positive for the system. The helicopter service is well recognized by the community as well as first responder professionals found in the region. They historically have been top of mind for major trauma cases. The usage of this service is down 5% since the for-profit has established a similar service. BMC however only has a Level 2 Trauma Center. They have worked diligently to acquire ambulance services in some of the outlying communities. This has helped feed patients to BMC. 10. The ECRH Board of Directors decided to close down the behavioral health hospital. It is uncertain where patients will be able to receive inpatient care. An active out-patient service will still be provided by ECRH. Payer Mix The payer mix for ECRH has deteriorated. The current inpatient payer mix for the entire system is as follows: · 55% Medicare · 15% Medicaid · 30% Commercial There has been a long standing joint venture relationship with a national insurance company for commercial insurance. Administratively this venture has not developed as anticipated; however, in some of the regional markets, the Chestnut Care insurance has a strong presence. Of the 30% commercial pay, 20% is Chestnut Care based. The national insurance company in the venture is Aetna. The next strongest product is Anthem. It is the expectation of the CEO that Chestnut Care be leveraged and positioned for growth.Case Study: East Chestnut Regional Health System The 15% Medicaid has helped the hospital gain additional disproportionate share dollars, which does help the bottom line of the hospital. Historical Strategic Initiatives – Case Study: East Chestnut Regional Health System Accountable Care Organization When the Affordable Care Act was passed in 2010, ECRH decided to get into the one-sided model of an accountable care organization (ACO). This venture has not gone well, and ECRH has decided to leave the ACO business. However, they are concerned about the public image of this decision. The details of the termination are under discussion with a need to determine how to minimize the public perception of termination, particularly since there was so much marketing of their getting in this venture. The regulatory requirements of the government regarding the timing of terminating an ACO venture further complicate this decision. Primary Care Medical Home The employed primary care group has been active in establishing accredited primary care medical homes within all of the primary care offices throughout the ECRH system. This initiative is a positive emerging strategy for ECRH. It has also been an attractive draw for the family practitioners from Greenbranch Medical Center residency program since Greenbranch has established an accredited medical home for their family practice residency program. American Nursing Credential Center Status (ANCC) ECRH has been working on becoming a magnet status for ERMC. This work has stalled out as an initiative. Some of this is due to the nursing leadership within ERMC. The CEO intends to move this priority up in the organization’s goals. Information Technology ECRH has invested heavily in their information technology infrastructure. This investment became a requirement just to be able to gather the data needed for the ACO development. This cost has become significantly greater than anticipated. ECRH fully implemented EPIC as their core information technology system. There have been implementation problems since the ECRH was operating off of multiple systems before the decision to consolidate to one platform. The implementation of EPIC required considerable retraining for the staff and physicians. Data conversions have gone well. The difficulties have been more human-related relative to the effective use of the system. One of the major issues has been the lack of ECRH not meeting meaningful use requirements which has cost ECRH significant lost revenue from not meeting these goals. Legal Actions Pending for ECRH Federal Trade Commission Investigation With the merger and acquisition of NMHC, questions of antitrust have been raised. In the service lines of cardiology and oncology it has been found that ECRH controls 60% of the cardiology market and 52% of the oncology market. Chestnut Care in some markets has been strong in steering patient volumes to ERMC. Union leaders for the varying trades were instrumental in precipitating this investigation. At the time that this issue was raised, the President and Executive Branch of the federal government were very pro-labor, thus, their interest in pursuing this matter. As to the projected disposition of this case, it is anticipated that a negative determination will be made due to the market share control in oncology and cardiology. This could force ECRH to divest their ownership in the Chestnut Care insurance venture. Another option might be that certain hospitals of NMHC be divested. It is not anticipated that both determinations would occur. This case has cost ECRH considerable money to stave off investigation of this allegation. Predatory Collections and the Loss of Not-for-profit Tax Status for NMHC NMHC negotiated that they would continue to act independently. The consortium leadership set policies that included predatory collections for the patients that would be served in the NMHC hospitals. In a recent evening news report, an investigative reporter interviewed an elderly patient that had her home taken from her to pay for her medical bills. This home had been in her family for over 100 years. This story prompted the state’s Attorney General’s Office to investigate the predatory collection policies of ECRH and NMHC. The state has already taken an aggressive stance to investigate the status of not-for-profits not fulfilling requirements (e.g., charity care, research, and education). The state is in economic trouble and is seeking revenue from wherever they can find it. The outlook is dim regarding the anticipated final decision of the Attorney General’s Office. If NMHC is required to pay taxes, this would wipe out the bottom line for these hospitals and many of the needed services supplied to the indigent population by ECRH would be reduced or eliminated. Faith & Main Consultants Report Within the last year, ECRH contracted with Faith & Main to study the market perception of their women’s services. The following is a summation of the findings of Faith & Main. Interest in a Women’s Center Crosses County Lines · 36% of women in the service area would travel across county lines to receive excellent women’s health services · 72% of women in Chestnut County would consider using the women’s services of East Chestnut Regional Medical Center · Women in all counties were most interested in these services: · Breast care · General gynecology services · Female doctors · Services in one area · Physicals for women ORDER NOW FOR AN ORIGINAL PAPER ASSIGNMENT: Case Study: East Chestnut Regional Health System Interest in a Heart Care and a Health Information Line · A physician approved source of information · A nurse help line that could be a resource for women’s care in heart health as well be a source for health navigation. Clear Expectations Regarding Getting Appointments with Their Primary Care Physician · Women expect same-day appointments · In the collar counties to Chestnut County, women ranked this in the top 28.7% · Chestnut County women ranked this in the top 37.7% · Expectation of same-day appointments ranked highest for women of childbearing age · Percent expecting same-day appointments · 42.9 % of Chestnut County women of childbearing age · 31.3% of collar county women of childbearing age · Willingness to be Seen by a Nurse Practitioner Overwhelmingly “Yes” · 75.7% of Chestnut County women of childbearing age · 76.1% of collar county women of childbearing age Respondents Expressed How Health Care Could Be Improved · 24% of all Chestnut County women, and 26% of all collar county women named adding more primary care doctors and more children’s care with urgent care outranking any other single topic. Respondents of Childbearing Age Widely Represented in Study: · 86% of women respondents of childbearing age in Chestnut County had children under the age of 18 · 76% of women respondents of childbearing age in the collar counties had children under the age of 18 Willingness to be seen by nurse practitioner was viewed as favorable by those in this study.Case Study: East Chestnut Regional Health System This data from Faith & Main will be used to ramp up improvements in the women’s services for ECRH. Strategic Plan Goals for the Upcoming Year – Case Study: East Chestnut Regional Health System · Women’s service line improvement · Increase obstetrical deliveries by 20% over 3 years · Establish nurse navigation system for the entire system · Facility improvement and development for women’s services · Improve access standards for women’s care · Assist in the marketing of the implementation of the consultant’s report regarding women’s services · Oncology Center grand opening · Mature the retail strategy with the primary care employed physician group · Assess the market impact of the lawsuits and develop marketing strategy to counteract the negative impact if decisions are made against ECRH · Aggressively recruit new physicians to reduce the average age of the medical staff and strategically enhance service line development · Use lean management processes to correct service issues found in the ED. Improve ED visits by 6%. · Review physician contracts to enhance physician service performance · Investigate the fast track ED concept · Implement the free standing ED strategy · Abandon the Accountable Care Organization (ACO) · Re-establish relationships with regional emergency medical services to raise the utilization of the medical air service. Growth goal is to get back to the previous level of utilization within 18 months · Decision to close the regional burn unit and let those cases go to the academic medical center · Implement the decision to close the behavioral health services of ECRH · Implement the decision to close AH CEO Instruction to Marketing Team The marketing department for East Chestnut Regional Health System will be asked to step up their game to develop a marketing plan for the regional health system. The CEO has had some concerns regarding the ability of the marketing department to keep up with the rapidly moving strategic environment that he has created. So he established a time line for the department to develop a system wide marketing plan over the next six weeks. The VP of marketing has been in all of the senior leadership cabinet meetings so she is aware of all of the details. Therefore, the learning curve regarding the institutional strategic goals is of no concern. The following are elements that the CEO wants in the marketing plan. 1. A consultant, Faith & Main, was used to test the impression of the women in the key service markets for East Chestnut Health System. The summary of the consultant’s report can be seen above. The survey covered all aspects of women’s care. The marketing department will need to develop a marketing campaign to match the recommendations of the consultant’s report. a. It is recognized that the age span for communicating with women consumers will be quite variable. On one end of the spectrum you have the younger child bearing age women, next are the women that are middle aged followed by women that are pre-elederly then those that are elderly. Therefore, a communication plan using social media to conventional marketing techniques will be required. 2. A communication plan will need to be developed for the closure of the regional burn center as well the exiting the accountable care organization and the closure of the behavioral health hospital. 3. A communication plan will be needed to deal with the closure of AH. 4. A branding strategy will need to be developed to overcome the current weak brand identity that is in place for the combined ECRH entities. 5. Develop marketing strategy for new physicians being recruited to the system. The ideal situation would be to have a common identity for all marketing material. In the past the marketing material has been local hospital based. 6. Develop marketing plan for the Primary Care Medical Home strategy as well the retail strategy for the primary care network. Case Study: East Chestnut Regional Health System 7. Proactively lay out a framework of communication to manage any negative outcomes of the legal matters that the health system is now confronting. a. The Federal Trade Commission investigation of the anti-trust issues for ECRH. b. The predatory collections occurred as part of NMHC. It is felt that this case will force these rural hospitals to move to a taxable entity with the loss of their not-for-profit status. The development of this problem came as a result of poor leadership within the consortium. 8. Develop advertising campaign for the opening of the new oncology center. 9. Develop advertising campaign for the ED/Trauma services of ECRH. Copyright © XXXX by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. University of Phoenix Material Copyrigh

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Essay Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Essay 45-year-old woman presents with chief complaint of 3-day duration of shortness of breath, cough with thick green sputum production, and fevers. Patient has history of COPD with chronic cough but states the cough has gotten much worse and is interfering with her sleep. Sputum is thicker and harder for her to expectorate. CXR reveals flattened diaphragm and increased AP diameter. Auscultation demonstrates hyper resonance and coarse rales and rhonchi throughout all lung fields.Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Essay Permalink: https://nursingpaperessays.com/ chronic-obstruct…ry-disease-essay / In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following · The cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes that result in the patient presenting these symptoms. · Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning. · How these processes interact to affect the patient. Must have 3 or more scholarly reference APA People must breath in order to live. The process of breathing (“respiration”, in medical terminology) is critical because it is the sole mechanism through which vital gasses such as oxygen and carbon dioxide can move between the air and the blood. When someone breaths in, oxygen is removed from the air and dissolved into the blood where it is used as fuel by the body’s cells. When someone breaths out, cellular waste products like carbon dioxide are removed from the blood and exhaled back out into the air. This complex transfer of gasses takes place in the lungs and involves a number of structures associated with the lungs that help move gasses between the lungs and the air: the bronchi (airways or passages within the lungs), and the alveoli (tiny air sacs composed of special membranes found at the end of the bronchi at which point the transfer of gases between the blood and the air occurs). Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD for short) occurs when permanent blockages form within the pulmonary system (the term “pulmonary” refers to the lungs and respiratory system) that interfere with the transfer of vital gasses. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Essay To be diagnosed with COPD means that some portion of one’s bronchi or alveoli have become permanently obstructed, reducing the volume of air that can be handled by the lungs. As this process progresses, the overall efficiency of the gas exchange process is reduced. There are two underlying disorders that can cause COPD: Emphysema and chronic Bronchitis. Bronchitis is literally an inflammation of the bronchi. The walls of the bronchi inside the lungs become inflamed, and this inflammation decreases the bronchi’s diameter so that less air is able to flow through than normal. The inflammation process promotes excessive production of mucous. Bronchial mucous, which serves to keep the airways clean and free of bacteria, is produced under normal conditions. However, the excessive mucous produced in bronchitis is thicker and more difficult to cough up than normal, and acts to clog the airways and inhibit lung capacity.Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Essay Emphysema also reduces the efficiency of the gas exchange process, only in a different manner. Emphysema affects the alveoli, specifically their sensitive membranes through which the gas exchange process occurs. Emphysema causes alveolar membranes to lose elasticity, become brittle, and then actually rip and tear. Broken alveolar membranes cannot be regenerated by the body. Each time alveolar membranes burst, more surface area within the lung necessary for gas transfer is permanently lost. As this process progresses, it becomes very difficult for patients to exhale because their weakened airways threaten collapse the harder they try to breathe out. The heart tries to compensate for the loss of oxygen available in the bloodstream by pumping harder and faster; a process associated with other serious complications including heart failure. Asthma is another respiratory disease that may be associated with COPD but which is not itself classified as COPD. People who have asthma have highly sensitive bronchi that are more reactive to environmental irritants like smoke, dust and pollen than are the bronchi of people who do not have asthma. During an asthma attack, asthma patients’ bronchi swell and narrow in a manner similar to what occurs in bronchitis, restricting the volume of gasses that can be transferred between the blood and the air. At this time, the exact relationship between asthma and COPD is unclear. However, there is some evidence to support the “Dutch Hypothesis” that both asthma and COPD have common genetic origins and may represent different expressions of a similar disease process. The jury is still out on whether the Dutch Hypothesis is accurate or not, but numerous researchers believe that it is at least partially true that asthmatic people may have a heightened genetic vulnerability for COPD.Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Essay As the number of smokers are rapidly increasing recently, the number of patients with COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) is also gradually increasing. It is one of the most common chronic diseases and is considered to be one of the five leading diseases following heart disease, pneumonia, HIV and AIDS worldwide (GOLD, 2004). Smoking is the main cause of COPD. However, long term exposure to chemical fumes and air pollution could also cause COPD. This essay is all about how COPD affects individual, family and society as a whole across their lifespan. Also, it discusses the role of a nurse in caring patients with COPD. Chronic bronchitis, emphysema and chronic asthma are the main three conditions that make up COPD. Emphysema causes…show more content… Due to the deterioration of their economic status they could feel embarrassed to face the society and might also feel burdened towards the family members and friends and might not want to participate in the social events. COPD is most common on people over the age of 35 and the risk of getting COPD gradually increases along with the age and the drug therapy costs £718 per patient every year (NICE, 2011). There are no cure for this disease. However, there are different treatment to prevent further deterioration of the lungs function in order to improve the quality of life of the patient by increasing capacity of their physical activity. One of the main severe complication a patient with COPD can develop is exacerbation. Increased breathlessness, increased sputum volume and purulent sputum are the signs and symptoms of exacerbation. Early detection of the signs of exacerbation can help keep the condition of the patient from worsening. The treatments of COPD mainly aims at controlling the symptoms of exacerbation such as taking inhalers. Patients who are over the age of 35 and ex-smokers with chronic cough and bronchitis are recommended to have spirometer (NICE, 2004). This is because it is possible to delay or prevent patients from developing severe case of COPD is identified before they lose their lungs functions. Oxygen therapy is another treatment for COPD as the patients with this condition has high Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Essay There is a long tradition within the sociology of health and illness of research that seeks to increase sociological knowledge about the ‘meaning and experience of chronic illness from both sufferers’ and their families’ own perspectives’ (Williams 2000: 42). Included among these are studies of the varying ways that lay people account for the development of a chronic illness and how they ‘make sense’ of their illness within the broader context of their lives (Williams 1984, 1992). Similarly there are a number of studies that attempt to understand cigarette smoking from the point of view of the smoker (Lawler et al. 2003, Parry et al. 2001b). These studies highlight the ‘multiple and often contradictory agendas of everyday life, smoking and health’ (McKie et al. 2003: 83). Over the last 15 years a third body of writing has also emerged within the sociology of health and illness (Hansen and Easthope in press, Petersen and Lupton 1996, Bunton et al. 1995). This body of writing has focused on the increasing popularity of lifestyle?centred explanations for health and disease within a broader framework of neo?liberal ideologies and health?related discourses stressing the importance of self?responsibility for health. Two common themes in sociological writings about lifestyle are the potential for guilt, blame and discrimination inherent in explanations for disease that emphasise self?responsibility and behavioural (and thus ‘preventable’) risk factors and the disinclination of many lay people to accept explanations for disease that focus on lifestyle behaviours (Davison et al. 1992, Frankel et al. 1991, Lupton and Chapman 1995). While there are many studies exploring how lay people link lifestyle behaviours such as smoking, with the prevention of disease or the maintenance of health there have been fewer studies that investigate how people affected by a chronic disease that is widely viewed as resulting from a particular behaviour or practice account for their illness.Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Essay Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is unusual among the disabling chronic illnesses because it has a widely accepted causal link with cigarette smoking; approximately 90 per cent of patients with diagnosed COPD are smokers or ex?smokers (McKenzie et al. 2003). This makes COPD unlike many of the other chronic diseases that have been investigated sociologically, such as arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease or multiple sclerosis where there are no widely accepted causal factors. Thus an investigation of the explanations given by people with COPD provides an opportunity to explore how those personally affected by a ‘lifestyle chronic illness’ account for their illness and either apply or resist medical and popular wisdom asserting a strong relationship between behaviour and their illness. Our qualitative study investigated a group of middle aged and elderly Australians living with COPD. In this article we focus on how study participants explained why they developed COPD and the role of cigarette smoking in their explanatory accounts.Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Essay Background to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD is characterised by airflow limitation that is progressive and not fully reversible. The disease is predominantly caused by smoking (NHS 2004: 5). COPD is one of the world’s most common chronic diseases, the overall prevalence in adults appears to lie between four per cent and 10 per cent, based on population surveys in a number of countries where it has been rigorously measured (Halbert et al. 2003). Rates of COPD are higher among people in lower socio?economic groups and among men, however the rates for women are rising as a reflection of increased smoking by women in the second half of the 20th century and over the next 20 years death rates from COPD in women are expected to overtake those in men (Bellamy and Booker 2003, McKenzie et al. 2003). As COPD tends to develop after accumulated exposure to cigarette smoke and the disease has few readily apparent symptoms in its early stages, the majority of people with a diagnosis of COPD are middle aged and elderly (McKenzie et al. 2003).Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Essay Severe COPD is life threatening, and prognosis after a severe exacerbation is poor (Elkington et al. 2001). Individuals with COPD commonly experience shortness of breath on exertion (dyspnoea), chronic cough and excess mucus production. In severe COPD, those affected may feel breathless after only very slight exertion such as dressing, drying their hair or walking on flat ground. They are also prone to exacerbations with an associated worsening of symptoms that require hospitalisation (McKenzie et al. 2003). Current medical treatment for COPD focuses on smoking cessation (which may slow the progression of symptoms and damage), managing acute exacerbations, the use of inhaler medication and pulmonary rehabilitation therapy. Individuals in the later stages of the disease may also require oxygen therapy at home. These treatments have only a limited capacity to control symptoms (Lacroix et al. 1991).Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Essay The experience of living with COPD has been described by a number of authors (Bailey 2004, Fagerhaugh 1993, Oliver 2001, Seamark et al. 2004, Williams, S. 1993). These studies show that people affected by COPD have much in common with people affected by other chronic illnesses such as arthritis, multiple sclerosis or colitis (Davison et al. 1992, Kelly 1992, Williams 1984). However, the symptomatology of COPD such as disabling breathlessness, and the intensification of breathing difficulties associated with an acute exacerbation, means that COPD is a particularly frightening and debilitating illness (Williams, S. 1993). People diagnosed with COPD are also likely to experience the stigma associated with smoking?related illnesses and this may contribute to their disease burden (Dowson et al. 2004, Earnest 2002). It is worth noting the pervasive nature of the stigma surrounding COPD. The disease is described as a ‘self inflicted illness’ even in medical texts such as journal articles and guidelines (NHS 2004). COPD is associated with significant anxiety and depression although it is unclear whether this is related to the stress of having COPD or whether anxiety and depression are part of the condition (Bailey 2004, Dowson et al. 2004).Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Essay Widespread use of the term chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a relatively recent phenomenon. Before the 1990s, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was the preferred American term while the term chronic obstructive airways disease was favoured in Australia and the United Kingdom. Referring to emphysema and chronic bronchitis is still common among older doctors and GPs, as is a tendency to conflate COPD with adult asthma at a clinical level. Increasing sophistication in lung function testing, allowing doctors more clearly to differentiate between various respiratory conditions, has lead to a clarification of diagnostic labels between asthma and COPD. The term COPD clearly differentiates smoking?related obstructive lung disease from other chronic respiratory disease. Adoption of the term is associated with increasing international awareness of the burden of smoking?related disease and the changing environment of respiratory medicine characterised by the rise of international and national airways groups such as the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) and associated reports (NHLBI/WHO 2001), the release of new guidelines for the diagnosis of airways disease (NHS 2004) and increased use of the Cochrane Database.Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Essay Explaining chronic illness A number of sociological studies have shown that how a person understands the cause of their illness has implications for the meanings they assign to the illness and how they manage the condition (Sanders et al. 2002, Williams 1984). Despite the inherent variability of lay accounts, a number of over?arching features of lay explanations for chronic illnesses are apparent. It seems that chronic illness requires a different type of explanation from short?term acute illness. Relatively simple explanations will often suffice to account for acute illnesses and many acute illnesses do have such an explanation readily available, for example attributing the illness to ‘an accident’ or ‘an infection’. In contrast, the disabling and often degenerative character of chronic illnesses are much harder to view as minor ‘blips’ in an individual’s biography. Chronic illness may constitute a ‘biographical disruption’ requiring a fundamental rethinking of a person’s biography and self?concept (Bury 1982, Lawton 2003: 23).Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Essay Furthermore, explanations for chronic illness cannot be separated from a larger illness narrative ‘a story the patient tells and significant others retell, to give coherence to the distinctive events and long term course of suffering’ (Kleinman 1988: 49). As such, a number of writers argue that people affected by severe chronic illness are unlikely to provide explanations for the illness that do not in some way make reference to that person’s life and experiences and that relate to how a person views themselves (Bury 1991 and 2001). Related to this point, it is important to acknowledge that for some people (particularly elderly people) chronic illness may be viewed not as a disruption but as a normal or at least a not entirely unexpected event (Bury and Holme 1991, Pound et al. 1998).Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Essay Lay explanations for chronic illness are also characterised by their dynamic, variable and socially embedded nature. A person’s geographical location, their age, ethnicity and gender, their social and economic resources and wider social and demographic influences will impact on how they experience and interpret illness (Blaxter 1983, Lawton 2003, Pierret 2003). For example the availability of economic resources will influence the strategies available for people to cope with a disabling illness. Similarly, the extent to which an illness leads to a challenging of expectations related to gendered attributes or behaviours will impact on the meaning and experience of the illness (Charles and Walters 1998, Lonsdale 1990, Williams, G. 1993).Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Essay Explanations for chronic illness change over time in response to life events, alterations in the illness and access to new information (Frank 1995). Illness narratives also tend to include a range of possible reasons why a person became unwell (Cornwell 1984, Herzlich and Pierret 1987, Whittaker 1995). Individuals often emphasise the aetiological importance of different factors at different stages in their life or at different points in their illness biography. Gareth Williams describes this process as ‘narrative reconstruction’ (Williams 1984). He argues that when explaining the cause of their illness, people are not only trying to provide a rational explanation for disease, they are also trying to create a place within their life for the illness; to ‘reconstitute and repair ruptures between the body, self and the world by linking and interpreting different aspects of biography in order to realign present and past and self and society’ (Williams 1984: 197). Thus, when a researcher asks a person with a chronic illness to explain why the illness occurred, their questions may be ‘explicitly translated into more substantive biographical questions’ and include references to factors such as bad luck, stress, significant life events, political, moral and spiritual factors and issues such as workplace exploitation or being a parent (Williams 1984: 196). For this reason lay explanations for chronic illness are more than mere attempts to provide an explanation for disease (something akin to a medical explanation focused on the physical). They are part of ongoing processes of identity construction.Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Essay Explaining disease in terms of lifestyle behaviours Explanations for health or disease that focus on the role of lifestyle behaviours and practices are a noticeable feature in several contemporary discourses on health and disease such as the ‘new public health’ and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) (Bunton et al. 1995, McClean 2005). Health education campaigns based on a lifestyle approach to disease are widely implemented by governments in countries such as Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom (Palmer and Short 1994). The increasing application of lifestyle?focused explanations for health and illness, which stress the importance of self?responsibility for health, both reflect and reproduce a range of social processes that characterise the advanced industrialised societies of the late 20th century and early 21st century such as rationality, ideologies of conservative individualism (neo?liberalism), the increasing commodification of health and healthcare and the ‘risk society’ (Featherstone 1991, Nettleton 1995).Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Essay The ways that lay people talk about the relationships between lifestyle, health and disease have been investigated sociologically, as have lay perceptions of lifestyle?related risk factors for disease (Davison et al. 1991, Whittaker 1995). In the main, these studies have focused on how people explain the prevention of disease or the maintenance of health rather than investigating how people already affected by a particular lifestyle?related illness make sense of and explain their condition (with the notable exceptions of HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C). Lay discussions about the reasons why people develop particular diseases tend to emphasise biological factors such as germs or genetic susceptibility rather than lifestyle factors (Blaxter 1983, Calnan 1987). Davison and colleagues (1991) suggest that one reason for lay peoples’ disinclination to accept the arguments about lifestyle and disease which they encounter in health promotion is the seemingly contradictory evidence they see for themselves: friends who have smoked and not developed lung cancer; people with lifestyles characterised by lack of exercise and diets high in cholesterol who do not develop heart disease. They argue that lay people use many different sources of information when constructing hypotheses about the causes and risks of illness.Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Essay These may include information from health professionals, health promotion material, magazines and television shows, and evidence acquired through their own observations. This process has been termed ‘lay epidemiology’ or ‘popular epidemiology’ (Davison et al. 1992 and 1991, Frankel et al. 1991). Nettleton (1995) suggests that there may also be a distinction in lay logic between health and disease. ‘Whilst people consider that diet, exercise, rest and relaxation might contribute to maintaining health, it does not follow that such activities will prevent the onset of illness or disease’ (1995: 45). Several recent studies where lay people were surveyed or interviewed show that lifestyle factors such as exercise and diet are becoming increasingly accepted as causes of disease (Blaxter 1990, French et al. 2001 and 2005). These studies have however rarely asked people questions about an illness known to be affecting them. Thus, less is known about the ways that lay people are using lifestyle models when they construct explanatory accounts for disease that already affects them (one close to them) or how this might impact on their illness experience or behaviours. Explaining why they have been personally affected by a particular illness is an issue of particular importance for those people affected by a chronic illness such as COPD where the development of that illness is closely linked by medical research and/or popular opinion with certain events or behaviours such as cigarette smoking. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Essay Research into the experience of having cardiovascular disease or type two diabetes suggests that explaining one’s own illness in terms of behaviours and actions may be quite damaging in terms of self?blame and guilt (Broom and Whittaker 2004, Elofsson and Ohlen 2004, Richards et al. 2003). Broom and Whittaker (2004) describe how the lay epidemiology of people with diabetes (a condition also perceived by health professionals as a ‘lifestyle disease’) draws on a number of explanatory factors such as stress, bad luck and inheritance to propose ‘a wider causality which can normalise the condition and minimise the moral implications of the illness’ (2004: 2372). Perceiving one’s own illness as arising from a lack of self?control may also lead to delays in seeking medical attention because those affected see themselves as being somehow less deserving, or feel concerned about the possibility of medical censure (Richards et al. 2003).Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Essay Methods Our qualitative research study was part of a wider research project investigating the diagnosis and management of COPD in primary care (Hansen 2003, Walters et al. 2004, Walters et al. 2005). GPs in two large Australian general practices identified patients with COPD from a prescribing database by use of medication. Patients with cognitive impairment or another serious medical condition were excluded from the list of people invited to join the larger study. From among those who agreed to participate in the larger study we used purposive sampling to recruit participants for semi?structured interviews aiming to explore lay explanatory models of COPD and the impact of COPD on the participants’ everyday lives. Interviewees were selected with a balance of gender, age, marital status, geographical location of residence and varying degrees of COPD severity. Recruitment for interviews ceased when our analyses suggested a level of data saturation had been reached (Patton 1999). Our interview guide was based on Kleinman’s list of suggested questions for eliciting an explanatory model with the addition of reminder prompts for the interviewer to follow up the issue of cigarette smoking if it was not mentioned by the interviewee (Kleinman 1988). Our guides were reviewed before each interview and sometimes altered to reflect emerging areas of interest or insights gained in previous interviews (Seidman 1998, Hansen 2006). Additional topics or questions were often raised during the interview (see Appendix A Sample interview guide).Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Essay Six months after the initial interview a sub?group of interviewees participated in a follow?up interview. The follow?up interview allowed participants to comment on the initial analysis (member checking) and for the researchers to follow up themes emerging in the analysis. They also allowed the researchers to explore any changes in the participants’ explanatory accounts over the six months and to investigate the impact of participation in the larger study on the way that participants talked about their illness. All the interviews were conducted in participants’ homes. They were tape recorded and transcribed in full. The transcripts were analysed by one member of the research team within an iterative interpretive framework that drew on aspects of grounded theory and narrative analysis (Charmaz 2002, Frank 1995). Each transcript was read as soon as possible after the interview and given initial codes and memos. Particular attention was paid to repeated stories, claims and phrases, links made between events and illness and how the participants spoke about smoking.Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Essay This iterative process was repeated as more interviews were conducted and transcripts were then compared with each other. Codes were grouped into larger categories and, after ongoing iteration (compare and contrast) and dependability testing through member checks (follow up interviews), these categories were grouped into major themes. At this stage the analysis was presented to three other members of the research team who read through the transcripts and the analysis to ensure the thematic categories accurately reflected the interview data and to provide a degree of investigator triangulation (Grbich 1999). Among these major themes were different types of explanatory accounts given by the interviewees. These accounts were organised into groups according to the relative importance attributed by the interviewees to cigarettes as an explanatory factor for their illness. These findings are presented below. Findings Information on the study was sent to 91 people and 45 agreed to participate. All study participants completed a clinical assessment, including spirometry and questionnaires (anxiety and depression screening, St George’s Respiratory Quality of Life Questionnaire (SGRQ) and the European Community Respiratory Health Survey). Patient records were reviewed to extract data on diagnosis and management. Nineteen of the study participants were recruited for a semi?structured interview (see Table 1). Eleven of these participated in a second (follow?up) interview. The age of interviewees ranged from 49 to 80 years. Only six men were interviewed compared with 13 women. The interviewees lived in suburbs surrounding the two general practices. These suburbs are classified as disadvantaged socio?economic areas. Most of the interviewees owned their home or flat but all were living on a limited income such as retirement or disability pensions. None of them had an education level higher than 10th grade and prior to retirement they had worked in fields such as mechanics, bar tending, fishing, cleaning and nursing. Several of the women had been full?time homemakers.Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Essay Table 1. Interviewees’ age, sex, employment/work status (All names are pseudonyms) Name Age Sex Employment/Work Status Bessie 70 years F Retired Anne 69 years F Retired Sue 76 years F Retired Don 74 years M Retired Janine 64 years F Retired Dolly 74 years F Retired Katherine 57 years F Disability Pension Oscar 55 years M Retired Mark 69 years M Retired Paul 73 years M Retired Jamie 78 years M Retired Jocelyn 78 years F Retired Amelia 60 years F Retired Jessica 49 years F Retired Mandy 49 years F Disability Pension Jane 60 years F Retired Sarah 59 years F Retired Bronwyn 49 years F Disability Pension Billy 71 years M Retired In an effort not to impose a medical diagnosis on the participants (or to assume that interviewees would agree with the medical diagnoses recorded on their case notes) the interviewers began each interview by asking the interviewee to tell them about their breathing problem. Through this they were usually able to quickly identify the interviewees’ preferred name (or names) for their illness. None of the interviewees used the terms chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD, preferring instead to describe their illness as emphysema, asthma or bronchitis (sometimes as a combination of these).Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Essay Their accounts were organised into four different explanatory categories. These categories are structured around the ways that participants described the role of cigarette smoking in their development of COPD. They are summarised in Table 2. Table 2. Categories of explanatory accounts for participants’ respiratory illness Name of category Key features ‘Smoking’ Participants giving these accounts explained their illness as resulting from cigarette smoking. They drew explicitly on ‘medical knowledge’ (usually their doctor) as a source of legitimation. Their accounts were characterised by expressions of concern such as ‘why did smoking do this to me and not to all other smokers?’ and expressions of confusion, guilt and self?blame. ‘Industrial exposure and smoking’ Participants giving these accounts attributed their illness to a combination of workplace exposure to respiratory irritants and cigarette smoking. They were able to explain why they had developed a respiratory illness when many other smokers were apparently unaffected. They did not express resentment about dangerous work places or working conditions.Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Essay ‘Inherited predisposition and smoking’ Participants giving these accounts explained their illness as resulting from an inherited predisposition for breathing difficulties that was exacerbated by cigarette smoking. They described themselves as part of a family chain of asthma and bronchitis sufferers. There was a sense of the inevitability of respiratory illness in their accounts. ‘Inherited predisposition alone’ Participants who gave these accounts described their illness as a family sickness and strongly resisted attempts by the interviewer to discuss the role of cigarette smoking. They were very sceptical about medical explanations for their illness that mentioned cigarette smoking. ‘Other/Unclear’ These participants did not give an explanatory account for their illness or did so briefly that their accounts could not be categorised.Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Essay Smoking The four participants whose explanatory accoun

Nursing

NURS 4115 – Role of the Nurse—Public and Global Health Essay Paper NURS 4115 – Role of the Nurse—Public and Global Health Essay Paper The Nurse’s Role in Global Health With a total of approximately 3 million registered nurses (RNs) in the United States, these professionals play a prominent role in healthcare throughout the country. They factor even more significantly into healthcare delivery throughout the world, with an extremely significant number of about 32 million nurses across the planet. Nurses provide about 90 percent of healthcare services in the world, and for that, they deserve intense appreciation. With those statistics in mind, here is a look at global nursing as it currently stands.NURS 4115 – Role of the Nurse—Public and Global Health Essay Paper Permalink: https://nursingpaperessays.com/ nurs-4115-role-o…th-essay-paper / ? The Nurse’s Worldwide Role A world without nurses is almost impossible to imagine. Everywhere you turn, nurses are there to provide leading-edge treatments to patients from all walks of life. Nurses work in various settings, including wellness clinics, hospitals, schools, churches and businesses, and they work with people throughout the lifespan. Why Nurses Matter in Global Health In the United States, nurses have a rather clearly defined role. However, in many locations throughout the world, there are not enough doctors available to provide the care that people need. Luckily, there are nurses, and if it were not for them, these individuals would not receive any healthcare services at all. Nurses make a major contribution by addressing various health issues. Here is a short list of service situations or issues nurses might face: Birth and Delivery: In various remote areas such as in rural Africa, there is not enough money to pay a doctor who can set up a practice. Or there may be other obstacles to having a local doctor. Fortunately, nurse-midwives are excellent in the role of caring for mothers before, during and after childbirth.NURS 4115 – Role of the Nurse—Public and Global Health Essay Paper Primary Care: Also in rural, remote or poverty-stricken areas, physicians may not be available to provide primary care services, and nurses are there to deliver many of those services. One challenge these areas face is that the health conditions people have are often more complex and difficult to treat. Cholera: Illnesses and diseases we rarely encounter in the U.S. can be problems in certain other areas of the world. For example, cholera is an issue in Haiti, so nurses there get the chance to help numerous people with that disease. Tuberculosis: Nurses in Peru have been able to develop a program with the world’s highest cure rates for drug-resistant tuberculosis. Partnerships and Collaboration It is wonderful to see medical centers in various areas of the world collaborate. Here are two examples of innovative and resourceful partnerships: The Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in the U.S. is working to create a nursing oncology partnership with an organization in Rwanda. Oncology nurses from the U.S. will work directly with Rwandan doctors and nurses to share knowledge.NURS 4115 – Role of the Nurse—Public and Global Health Essay Paper Regis College in the U.S. is working with the Haitian Ministry of Health and PIH to address the shortage of nursing education in that country. The end result will be a three-year master’s program for Haitian nurses. Nurses are leaders who make a positive difference by advocating for health and providing healthcare throughout the world. In many instances, despite their incredibly huge and generous contribution across the globe, nurses are treated almost as though they are invisible. They deserve to have a prominent voice when world leaders get together to address health issues and develop national and international policies. They also need more resources, such as for mentorships, leadership and nurse education. One way of receiving additional education and preparation is through online programs, and an online RN to BSN program is ideal for receiving high-quality education in an efficient way. People who believe in the value of nursing should remind as many people as possible, as often as possible, about the value that nurses bring to the world. We need to advocate for nurses having a greater voice on the world stage. Their contributions to healthcare are already spectacular, but when they have a bigger platform, who knows how far they can go?NURS 4115 – Role of the Nurse—Public and Global Health Essay Paper Global Health: The Role of Nursing Research A decade ago, the Institute of Medicine defined global health as “health problems, issues, and concerns that transcend national boundaries, may be influenced by circumstances or experiences in other countries, and are best addressed by cooperative actions and solutions” (Board on International Health, Institute of Medicine, 1997). This definition continues to guide and shape the understanding of the role of nursing in advancing global health. More recently, Bunyavanich and Walk up (2001) identified a paradigm shift in which the concept of global health has replaced international health . The concept of global health acknowledges the interconnections of nations and the impact of geopolitical, social, and fiscal considerations on healthcare policy. In contrast, international health creates a distinction based on the border between a specific nation and other nations. Currently, the more inclusive concept of global health acknowledges the necessity of addressing socioeconomic disparities; global patterns of migration; redistribution of the healthcare workforce often to more affluent nations; environmental change; urbanization; and violence, whether related to war, terrorism, or security threats (McGill International Health Initiative, 2007). NURS 4115 – Role of the Nurse—Public and Global Health Essay Paper Although nurses have been on the front line in addressing global healthcare problems and issues, relatively little has been documented about the contributions of nurse researchers and nursing research to global healthcare priorities. In delineating an agenda and framework for nursing research regarding global health, researchers may draw upon the overarching goals of the United Nations Millennium Project (2005). Global healthcare priorities are identified, with eight quantifiable goals and benchmarks to be achieved by 2015. The Millennium Project goals must be tempered against regional priorities. For example, goals related to promoting gender equality and empowerment of women may not be supported at the regional level. Thus, nurse researchers interested in advancing global health must be prepared to address the inherent tensions that exist between the regional and global priorities. As nurse researchers collectively delineate priorities for nursing research, it is important to reflect upon the factors that may adversely affect the advancement of nursing research pertinent to global health. Two broad themes are presented: (a) lack of visibility and (b) limited support for nursing research regarding global health within the larger world of nursing science. NURS 4115 – Role of the Nurse—Public and Global Health Essay Paper Visibility Research conducted to address global health requires use of multidisciplinary and multinational teams. Although nurse economists, health analysts, and epidemiologists may contribute to this research, authorship of reports may be dictated by political and ideological considerations. For example, Dr. Mary Paterson of The Catholic University of America has conducted seminal work on strengthening of health systems in developing nations and in countries where the health system infrastructure has been damaged by war and political unrest (Paterson, Telyukov, Faraq, & Al-Shiakhli, 2003; Telyukov & Paterson, 2004; Telyukov, Paterson, Gotsadze, & Jugeli, 2003). Her research has not been recognized readily as nursing research because it is presented within the context of health policy and analysis as opposed to pure research and because it is published in venues such as technical reports commissioned by the World Bank and other global organizations instead of the nursing journals. The visibility of nursing research regarding global health is influenced also by the way in which nurse researchers interested in global health are educated and socialized. The traditional academic preparation for a nurse researcher involves master’s-level preparation in nursing followed by either doctoral-level studies in nursing or a related discipline and, hopefully, postdoctoral work. However, nurse researchers interested in global health may opt for graduate education in public health, health economics, and health policy because the curricula are more responsive to their career goals. By branching into related areas at the master’s level instead of at the doctoral level, these researchers join a different community of scholars. Furthermore, lacking a master’s-level degree in nursing, their appropriateness for membership as nursing faculty requires specific justification to certain accrediting bodies and groups. Thus, they may face additional marginalization and devaluation of their contribution to nursing science. NURS 4115 – Role of the Nurse—Public and Global Health Essay Paper Finally, some ambivalence may exist regarding the boundaries of nursing research. Although the richness of the diverse backgrounds of nurse researchers in the area of global health benefits the understanding of global aspects of nursing, some may also view their research as blurring or diluting the uniqueness of nursing research. Paralleling the discussion regarding the nature of global versus international health is a discussion regarding the nature of nursing research in an increasingly global environment versus global healthcare research of relevance to nursing. Support for Global Health Research The role of nursing research in advancing global health is limited also by the existing nursing research infrastructure. As a result, although nursing research has been used to address many health problems with a global component, additional follow-up studies are required to make the transition to a global health perspective. For example, U.S. nurse researchers have made a significant contribution to the understanding of factors influencing the risk of HIV/AIDS transmission and the subsequent development of behavioral interventions for risk reduction. Given the global nature of HIV/AIDS, this body of behavioral research is potentially relevant in regions of the world where HIV/AIDS is endemic. However, to tailor these interventions to specific regions of the world, additional research addressing the efficacy of these interventions within the context of horticultural and political factors and fiscal constraints is necessary. In addition, research including subjects from other countries has often been patterned after the multi centered clinical trial model. As a result, homogeneity of study groups regardless of country of origin is a desired attribute, thus blunting the ability of the research to address complexities across nations. Thus, although this research is international , it is not global. Finally, nurse researchers interested in global health must aggressively pursue other funding avenues. Traditional funding sources such as the National Institutes of Health understandably give funding priority to research that addresses national healthcare issues. Similarly, only a small subset of private foundations and agencies funding nursing research, such as the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (http://www.gatesfoundation.org), promote research related to global health. NURS 4115 – Role of the Nurse—Public and Global Health Essay Paper In conclusion, it is hoped that, through this initiative between Nursing Research and other journals, the hidden face of nursing research in global health will be appreciated more widely. Whether at the level of individual interventions, community action, or healthcare analysis and policy development, nursing research has an enormous yet unrealized potential to advance the global healthcare agenda. I hope that these statements about the limitations in the nursing research agenda will challenge nurse researchers to expand support of an increasingly global agenda. The role of nurses in advancing global health On International Nurses Day, SHOPS Plus recognized and celebrated the vital role private sector nurses and midwives play in ensuring that health services are delivered to those who need it most. Nurses are the backbone of many health systems, particularly in countries that face severe human resource shortages. SHOPS Plus works closely with private nursing and midwifery networks worldwide to ensure this invaluable cadre of health professionals is strengthened to advance health priorities in family planning, HIV and AIDS, child health, and integrated primary health care. NURS 4115 – Role of the Nurse—Public and Global Health Essay Paper The Nursing Leadership in Global Health Symposium brought together more than 230 attendees and international health providers representing 14 countries. The goal was to address improving care of patient populations by elevating the voice and influence of nursing on health policy and programming. “The guiding force of our conference came from a shared observation with Partners in Health’s Sheila Davis: ‘Although nurses deliver 90 percent of health care to the world, they remain largely invisible. Their absence constitutes a global health crisis,’” said Vanderbilt’s Carol Etherington, MSN, associate professor of Nursing and the symposium’s coordinator. “The focus of this event was to empower and engage nurses to be stronger patient advocates and activists at global, national and local levels, reducing the lost dollars and lost lives that result from their exclusion at decision-making tables.” Nashville Mayor Karl Dean and Her Royal Highness Princess Muna Al-Hussein of Jordan addressed speakers and guests last week at the Renaissance Hotel in Nashville. Al-Hussein is the mother of His Majesty King Abdullah the Second of Jordan, and has a longtime interest in developing nursing as a significant force in the quality and distribution of health care in her home country and around the world. “Global health is facing unprecedented challenges, and nurses are at the heart of meeting them,” said Al-Hussein. “Nurses worldwide represent a force of abilities that can shape and advance health care. Studies consistently show that investing in nurses is one of the most effective tools of promoting health care. With time and energy, along with access to adequate resources, nurses can make a world of difference in the lives of people and populations.”NURS 4115 – Role of the Nurse—Public and Global Health Essay Paper The conference featured more than 30 speakers presenting a variety of plenary sessions and breakouts following one of four tracks focused on how to increase the influence of nursing within global health: leadership and management; policy; advocacy; and field engagement. Key takeaways include: •?Nursing is a key component in scaling up global programs through development and nurturing inter-professional health care teams. •?Nursing roles are expanding in developed countries, but in far too many areas of the globe, nurses are in extreme need of mentoring and networking with their colleagues within and across borders. •?Nursing education programs must strengthen the teaching of health policy development to increase future nursing presence in policy making issues. •?All nurses must have competency in the concept of community health to support global health work that transcends borders. •?Partnership with patients is at the core of nursing and a key component of patient-centered health, which can be harnessed to promote patient power in policy making.NURS 4115 – Role of the Nurse—Public and Global Health Essay Paper •?Nurses must take advantage of opportunities to fill gaps and needs of fragmented health care systems around the world. empowering nurses to improve global health 27 February 2018 – As part of efforts to improve global health, the World Health Organization (WHO) and International Council of Nurses are supporting the Nursing Now campaign – a 3-year global health initiative of the Burnett Trust for Nursing that will be launched in February 2018. The campaign, which continues until the end of 2020, aims to raise the status and profile of nursing to improve health and enable nurses to maximize their contribution to achieving universal health coverage. The campaign will be launched on 27 February in Geneva, Switzerland, hosted by Hospital Universalizes de Genève (Geneva University Hospitals), in the presence of WHO Director-General Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus and Her Royal Highness Princess Muna Al-Hussein of Jordan, Patron for Nursing and Midwifery in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. On the same day, the campaign will be launched at an event in London. The vital role of nurses in supporting the health sector and the importance of acknowledging their role is highlighted by HRH Mona Al-Hussein, “It’s time to give nurses greater recognition, investment and influence. “We must capitalize on one of our best assets, the largest group of health care professionals, by equipping nurses to provide high quality patient-centered care and play an integral role in leading change in the health sector.” While globalization and technological advances are creating new opportunities, disease and demographics changes, in addition to natural and man made disasters, are placing increased pressure on already strained health care systems. Chief among these is the additional burden placed on health care personnel as a result of dealing with the consequences of war, emergencies and an increasing number of refugees and displaced populations in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. NURS 4115 – Role of the Nurse—Public and Global Health Essay Paper “Nurses and midwives are unsung heroes in responding to the health needs of communities affected by emergencies in our Region. Empowering nurses and enhancing their capacities will save lives and improve health and well-being at all times,” said Dr Jacquard Mahjong, acting WHO Regional Director for the Eastern Mediterranean. The Nursing Now campaign recognizes that nurses are at the heart of country efforts to improve health for all. As one of the most trusted professions, nurses provide effective and quality care for people of all ages, and are central in addressing the increasing burden of noncommunicable diseases, such as cancer and heart disease. Nurses are indispensable members of health teams and as health professionals closest to the public play a crucial role in health promotion, disease prevention, treatment and care. WHO estimates that nurses and midwives represent nearly one half of the global health workforce. However, for all countries to reach health-related Sustainable Development Goal 3 “Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages” WHO estimates that the world will need an additional 9 million nurses and midwives by 2030. The campaign aims to ensure that by the end of 2020 the health workforce generally, and nursing and midwifery in particular, have a far more prominent role in global health policy development and planning. It also aims to promote greater investment in developing nursing and midwifery education, practice and regulation, as well as improving standards and quality of care, and employment conditions. More nurses are needed in leadership and policy development, particularly in delivering universal health coverage and addressing current and emerging health problems. Another important aim of the campaign is ensuring evidence is made more readily available to policy- and decision-makers on the impact of nursing, and ensuring greater dissemination and sharing of good practices in nursing and the ways in which these good practices can be emulated.NURS 4115 – Role of the Nurse—Public and Global Health Essay Paper What’s the role of nursing research in global health? In September 2000, the UN highlighted eight objectives known as the Millennium Development Goals for the world community. Nurses and nursing science play an important role in virtually all of these. However, our impact is most obvious in reducing child mortality, improving maternal health, and combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and TB, along with the prevention and management of chronic conditions. Particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), nurses and nurse scientists can help fill a critical need for the education and training of health workers, as well as designing and testing solutions to common health problems. Approximately 1 billion people across the world have zero access to trained health workers. Many projects we support have shown that low-tech, local health care solutions – such as sari cloth filtering of water in Bangladesh – can be more beneficial than high-tech treatments. What are examples of NINR’s global health successes? NINE-supported researchers are integrating depression screening into HIV care in Southern India. UNA IDS estimates that 2.5 million of the 34 million people living with HIV are in India. Connecting this population to mental health resources and interventions to treat depression could lead to improved quality of life for those dealing with the multiple burdens of HIV. In Bangladesh, NINR co-funded a study that aims to reduce postpartum hemorrhage, the leading worldwide cause of maternal death and disability.NURS 4115 – Role of the Nurse—Public and Global Health Essay Paper We also support studies in community-based outreach that show promise to lower the incidence of childhood diarrhea. As I mentioned, an NINR-funded study involved the use of a sari cloth filter to decrease the incidence of waterborne cholera. This is a sustainable intervention that elegantly utilizes readily available, low-cost material while empowering women. NINR is the lead NIH institute for research in advancing end-of-life care, which presents some of the most critical challenges in clinical care today. An NINR-funded end-of-life bereavement study conducted in South Africa showed the remarkable resiliency of adolescents who have lost a loved one to AIDS. How is NINR engaged in research training? NINR partners with Fog arty on a number of research training projects. One example is the University of Illinois at Chicago’s School of Public Health and College of Nursing’s AIDS International Training and Research Program. This multidisciplinary effort fosters long-term scientific capacity to address the AIDS epidemic in Chile, Indonesia and Malawi through hands-on training. Another example is a new interdisciplinary project working with local health care workers in Argentina to study the efficacy of a text messaging intervention to improve medication adherence in TB patients.NURS 4115 – Role of the Nurse—Public and Global Health Essay Paper What are NINR’s global health plans looking forward? Nursing science has always been based on interdisciplinary collaborations. The WHO has acknowledged the importance of international research collaborations through the designation of Nursing Collaborating Centers, which focus on team-based research of regional or global significance. NINR will continue to facilitate global training partnerships, promote earlier entry of nurses into research training programs, and strengthen the scientific basis for clinical practice. We will also work to integrate technology and advanced interdisciplinary research methods. Data science will remain vital, including use of “big data” from electronic health records, wearable devices, m Health, point-of-care diagnostics, data visualization and various non-health specific data such as GPS, Google Maps and social media. Roles And Responsibilities Of A Community Health Nurse Community health nurses, sometimes called public health nurses, are registered nurses (RNs) who are trained to work in public health settings such as county or state health departments, schools, jails, and businesses. Because of their roles in the community as caregivers, they often form close bonds within the communities they serve and form lasting relationships. They become area experts on health and wellness. On any given day, community nurses can be found running wellness clinics, coordinating emergency preparedness for disaster relief, or treating injuries and illnesses.NURS 4115 – Role of the Nurse—Public and Global Health Essay Paper Community nursing integrates evidence-based research with community health needs to provide care based on science and evidence. They must determine the cultural and socioeconomic needs of the community and adjust care as needed. In this role, RNs may be required to have a baccalaureate nursing education with studies in population-based health and community health nursing. RN to BSN programs allow nurses to study the theory and research behind public health practices and apply them to everyday practice. “They are educated to see each person for whom they care in the context of his or her life—all the factors that impact that person’s life and well-being,” the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the nation’s largest healthcare philanthropic organization, said in a call to action for improved public health. “Indeed, nurses have a responsibility and an obligation—by virtue of their education—to promote population health no matter where and how they practice.” Community Health Nurses’ Roles Working as a community nurse is unlike any other nursing position. By helping whole communities, community nurses act as educators, disease and injury prevention specialists, research scientists, community advocates, emergency preparedness experts, public health liaison, and healthcare professionals. In more detail, the roles of public health nurses are:NURS 4115 – Role of the Nurse—Public and Global Health Essay Paper 1. Disease prevention specialist Community health nurses focus on long- and short-term care for disease prevention. Their work includes averting or controlling the spread of the flu and other communicable diseases. They work with patients to support diabetes self-management and improve diabetes control. They also work with mothers of newborns to reduce the rate of infant mortality and in schools to identify gaps in services. 2. Community educator As educators, community health nurses focus on presenting materials in a clear and understandable format. They provide information to individuals, families, and communities that create a framework for healthy living and healthy choices. In schools they may teach sex education and HIV education classes. In the public, they hold classes and seminars on diabetes management. Overall, they focus on community health education as a step to preventive healthcare.NURS 4115 – Role of the Nurse—Public and Global Health Essay Paper 3. Leader Community health nurses use evidence to implement policy changes and quality-based practices. They lead collaborative efforts to produce successful health outcomes and provide critical medical and social services in communities. 4. Researcher As researchers, community health nurses collect and use evidence to execute positive changes for better health. Research is used to validate funding for public health programs, reduce inequalities in healthcare, and increase access to services. 5. Advocate Public health nurses advocate on the local, state, and federal level to provide better access to healthcare, protect funding for public health programs, and reduce or eliminate health disparities. They help families arrange assistance through social services programs such as the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), which provides healthcare and nutritional services for low-income pregnant women, breastfeeding mothers, and children under age 5. 6. Caregiver Community nurses cross cultural, language, and literacy boundaries to shape the health and well-being of children and adults. They provide prenatal care and education for expectant mothers, including information about maternal nutrition, referrals for childbirth classes, and postpartum assistance. They also provide resources for parents to understand proper childhood development and discipline techniques.NURS 4115 – Role of the Nurse—Public and Global Health Essay Paper In addition, community nurses play other varied roles, said Virginia Crandall, Senior Community Health Nursing Director for the Florida Department of Health in Hernando County. She said working as a public health nurse provides an opportunity to use skills not used in a hospital setting. “Whether it is Ebola, Zika, budget challenges, hurricanes, clinic operations, dog bites, tuberculosis, sexually transmitted diseases or HIV, there is always a new challenge and a new opportunity to make a positive difference,” she said. Future Of Community Health Nursing Healthcare experts say public health has made great strides in the past decades, allowing people to live longer and healthier lives. The smoking rate is down and more people have health insurance. Health reform efforts have improved the quality of healthcare and slowed the growth rate of medical costs, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) said. Even with that, however, the United States falls short of providing equitable access to healthcare, the CDC said. Racial, socioeconomic, and ethnic disparities continue in healthcare, the federal agency said. A vital component to change is local communities taking leading roles in public health and continued support by community health nurses.NURS 4115 – Role of the Nurse—Public and Global Health Essay Paper The Association of Public Health Nurses (APHN) said partnerships between public health nurses, communities, populations, and organizations are essential to the future of public health. The association said public health nurses could bridge the gaps between siloed clinical health and public health, ensuring optimal well-being for communities and populations. “Public health nursing remain the largest discipline in the public health field, consistently providing leadership in an unsettled health system environment,” the association said in a position paper titled “The Public Health Nurse: Necessary Partner for the Future of Healthy Communities.” “As public health nurses continue to move beyond traditional public health settings and integrate their practice with community systems, their value and strength will continue to evolve as well.” Many nurses are now participating in global health at the international level. They are involved in organizations that promote and provide access to healthcare in developing countries. They are participating in relief efforts in countries impacted by natural disasters. Nurses are advocating for policies that eliminate health disparities related to poverty, illiteracy, and gender discrimination. They are providing consultation in other countries to help nurses improve their status and to expand their roles through further education. To be effective in these global efforts, nurses must learn about the specific healthcare needs and healthcare systems of the involved countries as well as learning about the culture of the people. Health is the expression of physical, psychological, spiritual, and social well-being manifested and determined by the adaptive abilities of persons. Perceptions and levels of health vary among people throughout the lifespan. Health is affected by personal initiative, interaction between healthcare providers and persons as they access the healthcare delivery system.NURS 4115 – Role of the Nurse—Public and Global Health Essay Paper Nursing has a major role in being culturally sensitive to the needs of increasingly diverse populations and in helping people access healthcare services. Professional nursing is an art and science, which facilitates health promotion, risk reduction, disease prevention, management of disease and illness in individuals, families and communities. Critical thinking, application of theory and incorporation of research are inherent in the professional nursing role and provide the basis for judicious decision-making, problem solving and health planning. Professional nurses embrace values, behaviors, and recognized standards that are the foundation for ethical and legal practice. They advocate for clients i

Script Writing Between Patients And Nurse Essay Paper Script Writing Between Patients And Nurse Essay Paper Have you been to the hospital before? Did the nurses treat you good? Well, if you answered yes to the questions then you will love this paper. I will be writing about nursing roles. Specifically I will write about caregivers and teachers in nursing. I will describe how the nursing roles reflecting in the video, I will discuss differences and similarities, and list characteristic of professional nursing behavior. I hope you like my paper. All nurses are caregivers that are their job to care for those who are sick or unwell. An example of a caregiver is a nurse. Florence Nightingale was caregiver she helped the soldiers with wounds. Nightingale cared so much that she made sure that the sheets that the soldiers slept on were clean. She cut the death rate of the soldiers down by 23 that’s 66%. Nightingale made sure that the soldiers had fresh air and water for the soldiers and good healthy food to eat. The nurses in the Patient Perspective 1 were also caregivers. The nurses saved their patients lives. In the video one of the patients was a little girl and she was feeling scared and the nurse comforted her and she eventually started walking again. There are some nurses that are teachers, they teach other nurses and their patients too. Florence Nightingale is a good teacher she leads by example and she’s also a pioneer. Back in Nightingale’s time nursing was not a common occupation but in our time it is very common. If it were not for Nightingale maybe still today nursing still would not be a common occupation. In Patient Perspective 1 the nurses were very good teachers. A teacher is many things a teacher can be an educator, a tutor, an instructor, and a master. They taught the patient what was going on what was going to happen Script Writing Between Patients And Nurse Essay Paper Permalink: https://nursingpaperessays.com/ script-writing-b…urse-essay-paper / nursing influences such as Dretske, Murray, and Lipsey. Kolcaba (2003) also referenced governing bodies such as the American Nurses Association, International Council of Nurses, and the Health Resources and Services Administration. Kolcaba’s literature review for the concept analysis included several disciplines; nursing, medicine, psychology, psychiatry, ergonomics, and English (Kolcaba & Kolcaba, 1991). In 1992, Kolcaba completed another extensive literature review to incorporate holism into comfort theory. According to Research Gate (2015) Kolcaba’s research has been cited 547 times. Comfort theory has been adopted by many in the health care field. Southern New Hampshire Medical Center adopted comfort theory when they successfully sought Magnet Recognition Status. Components of comfort theory have been incorporated in the National Intervention Classification, the national Outcomes Classification, and the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association. The American Society of Peri-Anesthesia Nurses composed Comfort Management, a model initiated by nurses based on the comfort theory. The Comfort Questionnaire has been certified by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality since 2003. The Comfort Questionnaire has been translated into Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Turkish, and Farsi and Comfort Theory and Practice: A Vision for Holistic Health Care and Research has been translated into Japanese, attesting to the theory’s international appeal and utility. Assumptions The four assumptions in comfort theory are: The need for comfort is basic; persons experience comfort holistically; self comforting measures can be healthy or unhealthy; and when achieved in healthy ways, enhanced comfort leads to greater productivity Script Writing Between Patients And Nurse Essay Paper Telenursing is defined as the delivery, management, and coordination of care and services provided via telecommunications technology within the domain of nursing (American Association of Ambulatory Care Nursing, 2004). The terms “telehealth nursing,” and “telenursing,” are used interchangeably. To illustrate telehealth nursing the terms “home telehealth nursing” and “telehomecare nursing” are expressions having the same meaning. Both of these terms describe using technology and advancements in health care in the home care setting, in order to deliver nursing care remotely by a qualified health care provider.Script Writing Between Patients And Nurse Essay Paper Telenursing dates back to the 1970s when hospital caregivers reached out to offsite experts for consultation. Due to a lack of technology this type of consultation was done primarily by phone. Nurses were responsible for gathering medical information over the phone without seeing their patients. This made a true assessment nearly impossible and symptoms were often missed.Nursing theory guides nurses and gives them a framework that supports independence and autonomy in nursing. Prior to the advent of nursing theory, nurses were considered to be assistants to the physician. Nursing theory guides nurses to follow their own professional parameters not just those of medicine. Theories define and clarify nursing and the purpose of nursing practice to distinguish it from other caring professions by setting professional boundaries (McEwen & Wills, 2011). Importance of nursing theory The nursing profession bases itself on the numerous theories that guide the practice of nursing. Theory is argued to be important in the establishment of the unique body of knowledge essential for nursing to be recognized as a profession and as a means of improving patient care (Kenny, 2002). These sets of concepts make assumptions about behavior, health problems, patient population and environment that are logical and consistent with every day observations and supported by past research in the same or related areas (“Application of Theory in Nursing Process”, 2011). This author works in a facility that embraces the Jean Watson theory of caring. There is a Caritas committee that is overseeing the creation of Caritas rooms on all units where possible. The theory of nurses taking care of themselves as well as the care of their patients is highly regarded in the facility. In this paper another important theory will be examined, which is the theory of comfort. The reason this theory was selected is that this author works in the highly competitive field of same day surgery. Area Surgi centers are the competition. Script Writing Between Patients And Nurse Essay Paper Nurses who engaged in telenursing practice today assess, plan, intervene, and evaluate the outcomes of nursing care. They do this using technologies such as the Internet, computers, telephones, digital assessment tools, and telemonitoring equipment. Todays nurses can examination their patients complete electronic medical history while talking to and viewing their patients by way of a monitor. This system allows for fewer errors and missed symptoms and a better outcome for the patient.Define a critical thinking task that your staff does frequently (Examples: treat high blood sugar, address low blood pressure, pain management, treating fever etc.). Create a concept map or flow chart of the critical thinking process nurses should take to determining the correct intervention. Include how much autonomy a nurse should have to apply personal wisdom to the process. If the critical thinking process was automated list two instances where a nurse may use “wisdom” to override the automated outcome suggested. Note the risks and benefits of using clinical decision making systems. A critical thinking task that staff on our unit are frequently challenged with is treating low blood glucose levels, which are considered to be a blood glucose level less than 80 mg/dl. The flow chart that follows is what our diabetic educators would like to see being done by nurses to address low blood glucose levels. Script Writing Between Patients And Nurse Essay Paper Nursing theory can be applied to resolve nursing problems or issues, irrespective of the field of practice. A nursing theory benefits nurses and the patients that are in his or her charge. . Depending on the issue or problem that is needed to be solved determines what theory needs to be used. Nursing theory started with Florence Nightingale. She believed that a clean environment would promote better health. Virginia Henderson’s need theory emphasizes the need to ensure that the patient’s independence is being increased while in a health care facility. Ensuring that a patient can increase his or her independence allows for them to experience better outcomes upon discharge home. This is just two examples of nursing theories that were used and are still being used today, in every area of the nursing practice. Patricia Benner’s Novice to Expert Theory discusses how a nurse can increase his or her knowledge and skills without having to learn about theory. In her theory, nursing skills and experiences are what is required to become an expert. Each step a nurse takes to build up their skills to master the expert level is built upon the previous steps. The nurse needs to have a good foundation in order to move them closer to obtaining the expert level. Benner’s theory also showed that practicing nurses can and should form theory (Current Nursing, 2013). Benner’s theory has five levels: the novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient and expert. The novice needs to be told what to do. Advanced beginner can recognize components that reoccur. A competent nurse is one that has had two-three years in the same type of situations. The proficient nurse starts to look at the whole picture and starts to critically think. Script Writing Between Patients And Nurse Essay Paper Patients are responsible for their own health care at home once they leave a provider ‘s office or a hospital. Most patients often do not follow the prescribed treatment plan prescribed by their physician or provider. Nursing is a profession that I have always been fascinated with. Nursing is defined as “health promotion, health maintenance, health restoration and providing care to the sick and dying” (Kozier and Erb). There are five values essential to nursing, which include altruism, autonomy, human dignity, integrity and social justice (AACN). Nursing is a profession in which the nurse uses caring as a central concept. Some other characteristics of the nursing profession include art, science, advocacy, and offering holistic care. Nurses use critical thinking in order to problem solve because every patient is unique. The nursing process when assessing a patient includes, data collection, analysis, planning, implementing, and evaluation. Nurses need to be able to deal with change in stressful, fast paced, hectic environments. The treatments and technology is constantly changing therefore nurses need to be able to make quick and important decisions. Script Writing Between Patients And Nurse Essay Paper When people think of a nurse they normally come to the conclusion that most nurses are women. I would have thought the same, due to the qualities I have mentioned. I would like to research why men are entering the nursing profession. I feel that a male would join the profession because of the hours a nurse works. Men who like to fish and hunt can work as a nurse three days a week full time and have four days to enjoy leisure activities. The nursing profession is drawing more men into the field and usually thought for the same reasons as women. By a series of an observation, a survey, an interview, and a personal history, I will prove that men join the nursing profession because of money. A profession is more than just learning a set number of skills or acting in a particular way. Even though nurses do not have complete autonomy in decision-making and practice, Nursing should be considered a profession because it requires an extended education and has a theoretical body of knowledge. No one factor can delineate a job from a profession. To act professionally, means to administer care in a conscientious and knowledgeable way without impeding harm on others. The nursing profession remains committed to the care and nurturing of both healthy and ill people, individually, or in groups, or communities (Cherry & Jacob, 2008).Script Writing Between Patients And Nurse Essay Paper Participating in team work is a significant part of a nurse’s daily schedule. Understanding the way a team functions is essential. After all this can lead to better utilization of a team within any organization and further enhance the outcome. Nursing could certainly benefit from a high performing team after all, “teams make fewer mistakes than do individuals” (Miller, Riley, & Davis, 2009, p. 248).Therefore, steps need to be in place to make sure the teams are functioning at high capacity. One way to monitor the team’s success is to employ a team assessment questionnaire. The team questionnaire provides insight into the areas of the team that are functioning and addresses areas that may need redesign. The questionnaire ultimately provides direction for the team by utilizing thought provoking questions. When utilizing the questionnaire to evaluate the benefits of a team huddle. The questionnaire pointed to a deficiency in the area of roles while most of the other areas such as activities, relationships and, environment scored well; there was still opportunity for improvement. The purpose of this paper to evaluate the outcome of the team based on findings from the teamwork questionnaire. A team consists of two or more individuals who come together for a common purpose (Baker, Day, & Sales, 2006). A recent team initiative called a huddle was instituted at my facility on several pilots units. These initial huddles proved to be successful and were implemented on my unit three weeks ago as a directive by our senior management. The huddle is a brief nursing team meeting that takes place several times a day and lasts about five to ten minutes. The huddle time will vary thought out the day in order to include all nursing shifts and personnel.Script Writing Between Patients And Nurse Essay Paper Nursing is a profession because it requires strong critical reasoning, clinical judgment, communication, and assessment skills. The professional nurse also requires the development and demonstration of an appropriate set of values and ethical framework for practice (The Essentials of, 2008). Nursing as a profession has a code of ethics for practice (Potter, & Perry, 2009). Code of Ethics requires nurses to treat colleagues, students, and patients with dignity and respect and states that any form of harassment, disrespect, or threatening action will not be tolerated (Clark, & Springer, 2010). In addition, the ANA established the Center for Ethics and Human Rights to discuss the complex and ethical human rights issues confronting nursing (Potter, & Perry, 2009). Nurses embrace their responsibility to regulate their own practice and take responsibility for their own competence (Sportsman, & Wieck, 2010). Nurses are clinically skilled with developed interpersonal skills; they are committed to advancing the professions (Sportsman, & Wieck, 2010). Nurses strive to see patients receive the best quality care possible. Script Writing Between Patients And Nurse Essay Paper Many people only imagined of nurses working in a hospital so as to help the critically ill patients. This is however a wrong perception as nurses can work virtually in all setups. They have their duties cut out in almost all aspects of life that many of us can never imagine. It is true that nurses are critically important in the hospitals and that this is the place that they have most of their work in. They however are needed in other sectors and do not only have to work on helping the sick to get well, they can be involved with healthy people to help them to remain healthy. Nurses can work in schools, judiciary, insurance companies, prisons, homes and in corporations. Nurses are involved in all stages of the human life from before birth up to and after death. They help with the pregnant women in the prenatal clinics to make sure that the mother maintains good healthy habits. They offer help during birth and are also involved with the mother and the child during the post natal clinics. During the life time of the child and in adult age one will have several encounters with nurses for both curative and preventive help. Nurses also help people deal with loss after death.Script Writing Between Patients And Nurse Essay Paper History Of A Nurse Career Nursing career is an old one. It is believed to have started in the 1500 when for the first time there was a wet nurse. These are nurses that took care of babies that lost their others during birth or a short while after birth. The wet nurses were also hired by mothers who were busy and could not afford quality care to their children. Others hired mothers to breast feed their children. During the war, there were nurses that were taught on how to offer quality care to people that got wounded during the war. Since then, the nursing career has grown and nurses can now work on-their-own and decide the best care to give to their patients.Script Writing Between Patients And Nurse Essay Paper A Good Nurse A nurse is required to be compassionate. They are supposed to treat patients with love even though the patients may not be good in return. A good nurse should be qualified enough and able to work alone with minimum guidance. It is not advisable to go to a nurse that will always be looking up for help from other nurses. In many case, nurses have a lot of work and are thus required to do many things at the same time. A good nurse should therefore be able to multitask. Nursing is a profession which ensures the promotion of health. The duty assigned to nurses is very sensitive in nature as they deal with people’s health. They advocate people about their diseases and other health issues. When it comes to writing of an essay or research paper on nursing then you have to be careful. In nurse essays, you are going to brief readers about the services of nurses and tasks assigned to nurses, how are they going to deal with illness of the patients, so you have to be very selective in choice of your words. It is a problem usually people face that how to get the plagiarism free nursing essay.Script Writing Between Patients And Nurse Essay Paper Nursing is a type of profession which you can write a lot about. You need to write essays, research papers, term papers and other assignment papers for the better understanding of the subject and profession. Usually the writers or researches feel sick about writing an essay or research papers. They think instead of brain storming and spending too much time, we can get these essays handy by coping material for it. It is very unethical to copy someone’s content without his/her permission. Most of the people, these days interested in finding original essays written on nursing but they fail to find one. This article provides you with true piece of information related to the plagiarism free nursing content. One of the factors that have led to rise in the cost of medical health care is poor management, which has led to elevated administrative costs. The induced high costs of operations in the health care services has led to increased costs of provision of medical services to patients, thus leading to rise in overall health care costs (Larson & Muller, 2003). Managed Health Care has negatively influenced this factor by introducing a series of follow up programs, which have in turn increased administrative costs. Although some of these programs have enhanced service delivery and management; they require extra operation expenses which contribute to increase in cost of medical service provision (Larson & Muller, 2003). Script Writing Between Patients And Nurse Essay Paper Another factor that has contributed to the rise in costs of medical health care is aging of the population. The aging population has increased demand for medical services, and this has led to increase in the cost of medical care. The Managed Health Care has positively influenced this factor through provision of cost sharing incentives for aging population. In cases where health care provision costs are too high, the Managed Health Care intervenes and intensively manages the situation by contracting with respective providers of the health care services (Larson & Muller, 2003). Prescription drugs and growth in technology are also among the factors that have led to increased costs of medical care services. Inflation has led to high cost of acquiring prescriptive drugs, adopting current technology, and general increase in the cost of medical services (Larson & Muller, 2003). The intervention by Managed Health Care has enabled provision of economic incentives for the management to adopt affordable technological procedures/systems, and acquire effective but less costly medical prescriptions/drugs, and other forms of care. This step has positively impacted on the cost of health care services through reduction of medical bills (Larson & Muller, 2003). This is appositive influence that has led to reduction in the costs of health care services. Script Writing Between Patients And Nurse Essay Paper Rise in incidences of chronic diseases among the population has also led to an increase in medical costs. Chronic diseases require long periods of treatment, and this poses a high demand on health care services. Managed Health Care has provided financial incentives for patients suffering from chronic illnesses, and at the same time set up programs to enhance efficient use of health care facilities and medical practices. Some of these programs include controlled quality improvement, resource management strategies, and resource relevancy/utilization review. This is actually a positive influence to enhance reduction in costs of medical services (Larson & Muller, 2003). he intention of this research is to conduct an investigation into the medical risks in adolescent pregnancies in Sub-Saharan Africa. Available literature shows that Sub-Saharan Africa experiences higher rates of medical complications and maternal deaths, resulting from adolescent pregnancies (Farber, 2009). Various studies that explore this challenge are united on the fact that cultural factors, poor access to prenatal medical services and peer pressure are the leading factors that contribute to the medical challenges and prenatal deaths of adolescents (East & Felice, 1996). Available statistics show that the age of marriage is relatively lower in Sub-Saharan Africa than in other parts of the world.Script Writing Between Patients And Nurse Essay Paper This is mainly because of the fact that girls in Sub-Saharan Africa tend to be forced into marriages below the age of 18. Some of the factors that contribute to early pregnancies are that young girls come under heavy societal pressure to engage in sexual activities with relatively older men. Despite the inclusion of sex education into the schools’ curriculum, studies have found out that a significant percentage of young girls are still vulnerable to early pregnancies (East & Felice, 1996). Lack of efficient systems to enforce community sensitization has been cited to be among the main reasons, which contribute to early pregnancies in schools. Statistics show that nearly 70,000 adolescents die of pregnancy related complications in the developing world. This study will focus on the medical risks that are associated with adolescent pregnancies every year. The study will also seek to expose the factors that are central to these risk factors with a goal of establishing the most suitable remedial actions that could be adopted. The study will also seek to expose weaknesses in the current approaches that have attempted to address the question of teenage pregnancies.Script Writing Between Patients And Nurse Essay Paper Various studies that have explored the matter of adolescent pregnancies tend to focus on the medical and psychosocial perspectives of the problem. Other studies have tended to focus on the factors that contribute to adolescent pregnancies in Sub-Saharan Africa (Neinstein, 2007). Research of particular cases in the region has indicated that pregnant adolescents do not readily access prenatal care. One of the reasons behind this challenge is that the stigma, associated with adolescent pregnancy, makes it difficult for the girls to seek or receive support from their parents or elders (Arai, 2009). These girls do not have stable incomes and have to rely on dependants to cater for their medical needs during pregnancies.Script Writing Between Patients And Nurse Essay Paper The high poverty index in Sub-Saharan region means that the dependants, on whom these girls rely, lack the means to take care of their prenatal medical needs (Cherry, 2001). Another reason that shields the girls from quality healthcare services during pregnancies is that the gender disparity in Sub-Saharan Africa makes it difficult for the girls to access medical care in their homes. Usually, girls do not access means of self-sustenance as boys do. Usually, the challenge lies in the fact that girls tend to seek support from elderly dependants, which makes them vulnerable to different systems of abuse within the domestic circles. At the age of 18 and below, most girls in Sub-Saharan Africa are still at low levels of education (Schneider, 2010). They lack the knowledge and skills to take care of themselves, when they become pregnant. As a result, many of them become vulnerable to medical complications that accompany pregnancies.Script Writing Between Patients And Nurse Essay Paper Research has shown that adolescents are more likely to suffer from premature births than mature women are. The period of pregnancy exerts some form of psychological imbalances in the adolescent, which makes them develop certain medical complications that cause premature death. Naturally, the state of mind is important in determining the capacity of the adolescent to hold the pregnancy. Comparatively, mature women are more mentally stable than adolescents, who have to fight with the stigma that comes from the family and members of the society. The adolescents tend to adopt a siege mentality. They acknowledge the fact that the immediate society does not endorse their state of pregnancy. Studies have shown that many adolescents contemplate both suicide and abortion at some point (Males, 2010). Many others attempt unsuccessfully to procure abortion. Both practices tend to affect the health of the babies and the young mothers. A combination of these two factors often leads to abortion. The state of pregnancy involves heavy psychological and physical challenges to the adolescents (Males, 2010). Some of the young mothers have not developed sufficiently to enable them handle the challenges that come with pregnancy (Linsley, Kane & Owen, 2011). The biological strain that accompanies pregnancy often leads some of the adolescents to experience increased physical strains that could develop into adverse consequences such as premature births and miscarriages (Males, 2010).Script Writing Between Patients And Nurse Essay Paper Research has indicated that adolescent pregnancy is also associated with poor access to contraceptives (Males, 2010). The outlying areas outside the African metropolis have poor access to contraceptives because governments and donors cannot easily access these regions. Lack of contraceptives places significant challenges on sexuality and reproductive health matters for adolescents. The levels of vulnerability to teenage pregnancy are usually linked to the vulnerability to sexually transmitted diseases. The frequencies of adolescent pregnancies have also been correlated with the amount of exposure and the levels of permissiveness for the African societies in the Sub-Saharan parts of the continent.Script Writing Between Patients And Nurse Essay Paper The problematic transition of girls into the state of womanhood is also quoted to be among the key factors that influence adolescent pregnancies in Sub-Saharan Africa. Cultural factors that determine the transition of girls into women lack sufficient structures to cater the health needs of the girl child (Dean, Ducey & Malik, 1998). These deficiencies ultimately expose the young women to health challenges, when they become pregnancy before the age of 18. The major implications of the health challenges that relate to adolescent pregnancy are that they affect adversely on the state of health of the expected newborn babies. Research, conducted in Sub-Saharan Africa, has related the high incidences of infant mortality rate to the adolescent pregnancies (Dean, Ducey & Malik, 1998). Children, born of adolescent mothers, are more susceptible to health complications than those, born of mature women are.Script Writing Between Patients And Nurse Essay Paper One of the prevalent health challenges in adolescent pregnancies is low birth weight. Research literature shows that children born of adolescent mothers are more likely to exhibit the problem of low birth rate than those, born of relatively mature mothers (Dean, Ducey & Malik, 1998). The health practices and lifestyles of girls who fall pregnant during adolescence usually expose them to certain health risks that affect the development stages of the baby. In an effort to conceal the outward symptoms of pregnancy, girls will tend to adopt certain nutrition practices in order to maintain smaller shapes of their bodies. For instance, some of them will tend to avoid meals or turn to junk food in the hope of maintaining their pre-pregnancy bodies. Some of these practices have been blamed for the low birth weight of their babies.Script Writing Between Patients And Nurse Essay Paper There is often the tendency among pregnant adolescents to seek medical attention during the third trimester of their pregnancies. Various social and psychological reasons account for this. The lengthy periods that are taken before the adolescents seek prenatal medical care have been cited among factors that complicate the maternal health of expectant adolescents (Leik, 2007). Biological development of adolescents varies across individuals. Despite the fact that scientific research has proved that girls are reproductively mature by the age of 13, other findings show that this age is associated with higher levels of vulnerability in the cases of pregnancies (White & Truax, 2007). The indication that biological factors of adolescents influence their general growth is explained by the fact that more adolescents are more susceptible to fistula and other complications that relate to childbirth. Past statistics have also indicated that the maternal mortality rates are likely to be higher among adolescents than in mature women.Script Writing Between Patients And Nurse Essay Paper Numerous studies have been tasked with the responsibility of explaining the biological impacts of early pregnancies on adolescents, few studies have attempted to explore the kind of association that exists between the psychological and biological factors. Researches conducted on adolescent pregnancies in Sub-Saharan Africa have indicated that the mental development of the adolescents has a significant impact on the health status of the adolescents during pregnancies (Seidman, 2008). Sub-Saharan Africa is largely patriarchal in terms of its socio-cultural organizations. This part of the continent is regarded as a place for the systematic subjugation of the rights of women. Sociological studies have offered the explanation that the patriarchal edifice regards the women’s body as a terrain for conquest. It is because of this reason that young women below the age of 18 are brought under the influence of the domineering power of patriarchy.Script Writing Between Patients And Nurse Essay Paper Sociologically, the high incident of adolescent pregnancy in Sub-Saharan Africa is culturally perceived as the outward manifestation of triumphant patriarchy. The patriarchal edifice considers free women as agents inimical of its power. Adolescent pregnancies have been considered variously as a device for the patriarchal world order to place the resurgent feminism within controls. Notably, societies that exhibit higher levels of matriarchal influence are less likely to show high incidences of adolescent pregnancies. The manifestation of these powers hints at a latent struggle for control of cultural and social power

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NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper Advocacy plays a key role in building strong health systems. It gives people a voice in the decisions that affect their lives and health and helps hold governments accountable for meeting the health needs of all people, including marginalized groups. Health policies developed with broad participation help governments and institutions provide better healthcare.NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper Permalink: https://nursingpaperessays.com/ nurs-5050-policy…assignment-paper / In the fields of HIV, family planning and reproductive health (FP/RH), and maternal health, advocacy occurs throughout the policy process. Advocates detect problems and raise awareness of those problems. They participate in policy dialogue and contribute to designing policy solutions, then marshal support to adopt those solutions. Their work doesn’t end with the passage of policy measures. Instead, they help ensure equitable and effective implementation of health policies, monitor the impact of those policies, and identify gaps and challenges. To do all this successfully requires a specialized set of skills and knowledge.NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper ORDER NOW FOR PLAGIARISM-FREE NURSING PAPERS Advocacy has often been described as a key strategy for the achievement of health promotion aims, but multiple and conflicting definitions and usages exist. The concept itself may be unnecessarily intimidating. Advocacy work can take place at the level of both ‘cases’ and ‘causes’. Two main goals underpin health advocacy—protection of the vulnerable (representational advocacy) and empowerment of the disadvantaged (facilitation al advocacy). This paper attempts to integrate existing models and definitions into a conceptual framework for considering the role of advocacy in addressing health inequalities. It argues that we need to pay some attention to the diversity of values and goals of health promotion if we are to understand which models and approaches to health advocacy apply and in what context. This paper concludes that advocacy for health fulfills two functions: as a form of practice and as a useful strategy for a discipline which has to be self-promoting as well as health-promoting in order to survive in the competitive political environment of contemporary health work.NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper What is public health advocacy? The focus of this Discussion is on ‘policy-focused’ public health advocacy, i.e., activities that attempt to contribute to health promoting systemic change by influencing policy processes. While there are many available definitions of public health advocacy,2-4 these share key common elements, including: an emphasis on collective action to effect desired systemic change; a focus on changing “upstream factors like laws, regulations, policies, institutional practices, prices and product standards;”5 and an explicit recognition of the importance of engaging in political processes to effect desired policy changes. Public health advocacy is often defined as the process of gaining political commitment for a particular goal or program, and identified by some as a critical population health strategy.2,6Target audiences tend to be decision-makers, policy-makers, program managers, and more generally, those that are in a position to influence actions that affect many people simultaneously.4,7,8 Public health advocacy strategies espouse an upstream approach, recognizing that ‘individual’ and ‘personal’ problems are often reflective of social conditions. This approach involves situating ‘individual’ health issues within the broader context of social determinants external to individuals. It also recognizes the societal breadth of many public health problems, and the logistical and resource challenges inherent in approaching these challenges at the individual level.NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper While downstream health promotion activities (such as primary or secondary smoking prevention, community-level interventions and provider education) play an important public health role and should be continued, “…to some they resemble fixing with a pick and shovel what is being destroyed with a bulldozer.”9Engaging in public health advocacy acknowledges the explicitly political aspects of public health, and the importance of addressing social determinants of health as a key component of a strategy for improving the health of populations. Put another way, public health advocacy is an important strategy for creating environments supportive of health.10 If the goal of public health is to reduce the societal burden of health problems, then effective interventions must “…alter the societal forces that foster these problems.”11 Ignoring the social and political dimensions of health has the effect of relegating public health practice to the “…prevention and promotion of individual risk factors.” Advocacy strategies draw from a range of tactics. These can involve “…creating and maintaining effective coalitions, the strategic use of news media to advance a public policy initiative and the application of information and resources to effect systemic changes that change the way people in a community live. It often involves bringing together disparate groups to work together for a common goal.”13 It can also involve gathering and presenting an evidence-base for desired changes, although it is worth noting that scientific evidence alone is rarely enough to achieve desired political support for public health goals. Evidence is often a necessary – but rarely sufficient – factor for influencing policy processes. The Ontario Health Promotion Resource System categorizes advocacy activities as low, medium, and high profile.NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper Low profile activities could include quiet negotiation, meetings with civil servants, sharing information, and the development of non-public briefs. Medium profile activities include on-going negotiation, development of public briefs, ‘feeding’ the opposition, giving deputations at committees, participating in meetings with elected officials, forming strategic alliances with other groups, and writing letters to elected officials or newspapers. High profile activities include public criticism, public relations activities, advertising campaigns, information distribution, letter writing, and participation in demonstrations and rallies.14Within this categorization system, many activities (e.g., meeting civil servants, sharing information) may fall within any of these categories, depending on the nature of the activity and its intended result. There are many examples of successful public health advocacy efforts, and “…every branch of public health can point to the critical role of advocacy in translating research into policy, practice and sea changes in public opinion.”15 To date, public health advocacy has been used to advance policies in several public health areas, including gun control, injury prevention, and tobacco control.13 In spite of the importance of this work, Chapman argues that “…advocacy remains a Cinderella branch of public health practice. Advocacy is often incandescent during its limited time on stage, only to resume pumpkin status after midnight. Routinely acknowledged as critical to public health, it is seldom taken seriously by the public health community, compared to the attention given to other disciplines.”16 The lack of attention paid to public health advocacy is reflected in the limited body of research literature on public health advocacy research or practice. Advocacy skills Engaging in policy advocacy requires a diverse set of skills. Comm et al. identify three core skills required for successful public health advocacy: 1) the ability to work collaboratively with multiple stakeholders, 2) strategic use of media, and 3) ability to conduct strategic analysis.17This latter skill requires a focus on three central questions (what is the problem? what is the desired solution? who is the target for change?) Although sometimes overlooked as a skill, being able to identify a policy solution is as important as being able to identify the problem in public health advocacy.18The ability to frame issues effectively is identified as a key component of public health advocacy. Chapman argues that “.NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper What is Population Health Advocacy? Advocacy represents the strategies devised, actions taken and solutions proposed to influence decision-making on a particular cause/issue. The purpose of advocacy is to create positive change for people and their environments. Individuals, organizations, businesses and governments can all engage in advocacy activities. As seen in Appendix 1, advocacy efforts range from those on behalf of an individual to efforts directed at bringing about policy change. Population health advocacy is directed at actions to improve the overall health of a population. Generally, this is done through addressing the many social conditions that impact the health of populations, such as early child development, income, education, gender, etc. These conditions are often referred to as the non-medical or social determinants of health . The Enhancing the Role of Hospitals in Improving Population Health (EHPH) Learning Center was established to support the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s (RWJF) efforts to expand the number of hospitals and health systems active promoting healthy communities and committed to a Culture of Health. The EHPH Learning Center is focused on learning systematically across the field and is exploring ideas to transform health and health care and advance community health and well-being. The EHPH Learning Center is located at the NYU Langone Department of Population Health and staffed by Leora Horwitz, MD MHS, Jim Knickman, PhD and Carol Chang, MPH MPA. Leora is an associate professor and director of the Center for Healthcare Innovation and Delivery Science. Her recent research has focused on better coordination of hospitals and communities during the patient discharge process. Jim is the Derzon Chair in Health and Public Affairs with appointments at the Department of Population Health and NYU Wagner. He has many years of philanthropy experience, most recently as the president of the New York State Health Foundation. Carol is directing the EHPH project and is a former RWJF staff member who developed early grant making focused on population health including overseeing the Foundation’s Health and Society Scholars Program.NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper The finite and generally scarce nature of available resources for population health improvement creates an imperative for focusing on those policies and programs that have been shown to be most effective. However, because tight resources also limit the quantity and quality of evidence on any given policy or program, it can be very challenging for those working to improve health to determine the best course of action. Fortunately, a growing number of online resources help point to recommended policies and programs. Policies can be implemented at many different levels, from an individual school or worksite to municipalities, regions, states, and even the national level. Examples of effective health policies include smoking bans, excise taxes on cigarettes and alcohol, seat belt laws, water fluoridation, and restaurant menu labeling. There is an increasing call for a “health in all policies” approach among population health academic and practice leaders. Emerging in response to a growing understanding and recognition of the many different factors that influence health, “health in all policies” underscores the need for policymakers in various sectors such as education, housing, transportation, agriculture, development, environment, and others to carefully examine the health implications of the policies they put into place. NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper Programs aimed at population health improvement are extremely diverse and address the full range of health determinants/factors. They not only encompass efforts to improve access to health care and individual behavior but also work to create healthy options and opportunities in the environments where people live, learn, work, and play. Population health, a field which focuses on the improvement of the health outcomes for a group of individuals, has been described as consisting of three components: “health outcomes, patterns of health determinants, and policies and interventions”. [1] Policies and Interventions define the methods in which health outcomes and patterns of health determinants are implemented. Policies which are helpful “improve the conditions under which people live”. [2] Interventions encourage healthy behaviors for individuals or populations through “program elements or strategies designed to produce behavior changes or improve health status”. [3] Policies and interventions are needed due to the inequalities among st populations and the inconsistent way care is administered. Policies can include “necessary community and personal social and health services” [2] as well as taxes on alcohol and soft drinks and implement smoking cessation policies. Interventions can include therapeutic or preventative health care and may also include actions taken by the individual or by someone on behalf of the individual. The application of population health is determined by the policies and interventions which can be implemented within an organization, city, state or country.NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper ORDER NOW FOR PLAGIARISM-FREE NURSING PAPERS Public policy frameworks for improving population health Four conceptual frameworks provide bases for constructing comprehensive public policy strategies for improving population health within wealthy (OECD) nations. (1) Determinants of population health. There are five broad categories: genes and biology, medical care, health behaviors, the ecology of all living things, and social/societal characteristics. (2) Complex systems: Linear effects models and multiple independent effects models fail to yield results that explain satisfactorily the dynamics of population health production. A different method (complex systems modeling) is needed to select the most effective interventions to improve population health. (3) An intervention framework for population health improvement. A two-by-five grid seems useful. Most intervention strategies are either ameliorative or fundamentally corrective. The other dimension of the grid captures five general categories of interventions: child development, community development, adult self-actualization, socioeconomic well-being, and modulated hierarchical structuring. (4) Public policy development process: the process has two phases. The initial phase, in which public consensus builds and an authorizing environment evolves, progresses from values and culture to identification of the problem, knowledge development from research and experience, the unfolding of public awareness, and the setting of a national agenda. The later phase, taking policy action, begins with political engagement and progresses to interest group activation, public policy deliberation and adoption, and ultimately regulation and revision. These frameworks will be applied to help understand the 39 recommendations of the Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health, the Sir Donald Acheson Report from the United Kingdom, which is the most ambitious attempt to date to develop a comprehensive plan to improve population health.NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper Towards the end of the last century, health improvement strategies (such as the World Health Organization’s seminal Health for all by the year 2000 ) tended to use phrases like ‘protecting and promoting health’. In more recent years, the vocabulary has broadened out to place an emphasis on well being as well as health. Today the phrase ‘population health’ is used to convey a way of conceiving health that is wider still. It includes the whole range of determinants of health and well being – many of which, such as town planning or education, are quite separate from health services. Referring to ‘population health’ rather than the more traditional phrase ‘public health’ also helps avoid any perception that this is only the responsibility of public health professionals. Population health is about creating a collective sense of responsibility across many organizations and individuals, in addition to public health specialists. Confusingly, the phrase ‘population health management’ is also widely used, with a specific meaning that is narrower in focus than population health. Population health management refers to ways of bringing together health-related data to identify a specific population that health services may then prioritize. For example, data may be used to identify groups of people who are frequent users of accident and emergency departments. This way of using data is also sometimes called ‘population segmentation’. Throughout all these changes in vocabulary, one element has consistently been essential: an emphasis on reducing inequalities in health, as well as improving health overall. This continues to be important in population health NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper Medicalization And Health Policy A century ago, policy interventions addressing health vulnerability often reflected a broad view of the causes of vulnerability and the conditions that needed to be addressed through public action. The specific etiology of most illnesses and diseases was poorly understood. However, given the large and obvious statistical association between poverty and illness, health status vulnerability was readily seen as a consequence of socioeconomic vulnerability. 3 As a result, public health activities in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries focused on “upstream” causes of poor health, including poor sanitation, overcrowded and squalid housing conditions, work-related hazards, food security, and nutrition. 4 Interventions in these realms are believed responsible for sharp mortality declines across age groups in the United States. 5NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper Concurrent with these public health improvements, a sea change was under way in biomedical science, with an increasing focus on individual causes and manifestations of illness and disease. This increasingly individualized perspective fostered a tendency to medicalize health and illness. 6 Irving Zola defines medicalization as the expansion of medicine as an institution and the use of a medical lens to view human processes and behavior. 7 A medicalized perspective tends to define health problems as the result of individual failures of biology, hygiene, and behavior, with the implicit or explicit belief that the primary strategy for addressing these problems is through biomedical treatments delivered to individuals by physicians and other providers. 8 Multiple economic, social, and political factors fueled the growth and dominance of individualistic, medicalized perspectives regarding public health, although a detailed analysis of this topic is outside of the scope of this essay. 9 Michael Katz argues that individualized accounts of illness and vulnerability strongly resonated with Americans’ historic ambivalence toward disadvantaged individuals and groups, with accompanying moral and ideological distinctions between citizens deemed worthy and unworthy of assistance. 10NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper As health status and health vulnerability became more medicalized throughout the twentieth century, discourse and decisions regarding policy priorities changed as well. Given an increasingly medicalized view of health vulnerability, public policy became focused on expanding access to individualized medical care. 11 The federal government was providing personal health services to certain populations (such as merchant seamen and Native Americans) before 1900. However, as the problems of vulnerable populations became more medicalized, policies and initiatives focusing on health care access proliferated across populations and across a range of pertinent medical services. Given this policy emphasis on medical care, a piecemeal, categorical, and separatist approach to providing health care services to vulnerable populations emerged. Throughout the twentieth century, the making and buying of health care services through government policy created facilities, systems, providers, financing arrangements, and bureaucracies that exist outside the mainstream health care delivery system and operate specifically for vulnerable populations. Examples abound, including community and migrant health centers, Title X family planning clinics, local public health clinics, Medicaid managed care, Medicaid expansions for pregnant women, the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program, and the State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP).NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper The Limits Of Medicalized Policy Responses Current public policy responses to health vulnerability focus primarily (although not exclusively) on the procurement of medical care services, with a reduction in access barriers proffered as the central benchmark for success. Although policies that address financial and geographic barriers to health care bring important services to populations in need, many such policies establish and reinforce a two-tier “safety-net” system in which vulnerable populations primarily go to separate institutions or providers for their health care. These separate programs are viewed as necessary as a result of the dominant system’s failure to provide adequate access for those who are marginalized and vulnerable. These programs, however, are not well funded, and the services provided are neither adequately paid for nor completely covered. 12 This leaves safety-net providers and programs plagued by financial pressures and often unable to deliver high-quality medical care to the populations they serve. 13 A second, less noticed consequence of medicalized perspectives is a conflation between health status disparities and health care disparities. Medicalization encourages the view that one can solve socioeconomic and racial/ethnic health status disparities through initiatives and policies that reduce disparities in health care access, use, and quality. This conflation, for example, can be seen in some aspects of the Health Disparities Research Plan of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and also in the National Action Agenda of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Office of Minority Health. 14NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper In turn, when health vulnerability and disparities are medicalized, health care access becomes overvalued and overemphasized as the most promising policy path. It is also an easier path, politically, than are fundamental social and economic reforms. The result is our current situation, in which an estimated 95 percent of U.S. health services spending goes toward direct medical services, and only 5 percent is invested in population or community approaches for prevention and health status improvement. 15 Medicalized framing of health vulnerability can be an effective strategy to defend policy benefits/transfers to the disadvantaged by sidestepping social and political debates over the deservingness or worthiness of vulnerable populations. The Supplemental Security Income and Social Security Disability Insurance programs are examples of how a medicalized approach to complex social problems can bring valuable income support and other benefits to people living with disabilities. 16 Similarly, the Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency (CARE) Act provides housing and social services that extend beyond the domain of medical care to people living with HIV and AIDS. In addition, Medicaid provides a funding umbrella under which many states finance expanded services and social supports that extend beyond medical treatment and care. Nonetheless, these types of social services and interventions tend to become available only after a person is diagnosed as sick or disabled, and they focus on individuals and families rather than on the social and economic conditions of communities that are the fundamental drivers of poor health over the life course.NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper Health policy refers to decisions, plans, and actions that are undertaken to achieve specific health care goals within a society. An explicit health policy can achieve several things: it defines a vision for the future which in turn helps to establish targets and points of reference for the short and medium term. It outlines priorities and the expected roles of different groups; and it builds consensus and informs people. National health policies, strategies, plans National Health Policies, Strategies and Plans play an essential role in defining a country’s vision, policy directions and strategies for ensuring the health of its population. The development of National Health Policies, Strategies and Plans is a complex and dynamic process. Its precise nature varies from State to State according to the political, historical and socio-economic situation prevailing in the country. There is a renewed focus on strengthening countries’ capacity to develop robust National Health Policies, Strategies and Plans that can respond to the growing calls for strengthening of health systems and the renewal of Primary Health Care: universal coverage, people-centered care, emphasis on public health and health in all policies; serve to guide and steer the entire, pluralist health sector rather than being command-and-control plans for the public sector; go beyond the boundaries of health systems, addressing the social determinants of health and the interaction between the health sector and other sectors in society.NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper WHO has a long track record of supporting Member States in to develop National Health Policies, Strategies and Plans through country-level technical cooperation, facilitation of national policy dialogue and inter-country exchange, as well as through normative work and high level international policy frameworks. Health policy can be defined as the “decisions, plans, and actions that are undertaken to achieve specific healthcare goals within a society”. [1] According to the World Health Organization, an explicit health policy can achieve several things: it defines a vision for the future; it outlines priorities and the expected roles of different groups; and it builds consensus and informs people. [1] There are many categories of health policies, including global health policy, public health policy, mental health policy, health care services policy, insurance policy, personal healthcare policy, pharmaceutical policy, and policies related to public health such as vaccination policy, tobacco control policy or breastfeeding promotion policy. They may cover topics of financing and delivery of healthcare, access to care, quality of care, and health equity. [2 Healthcare Policies Health policy refers to decisions, plans, and actions which were undertaken to achieve specific health care goals within a society. An explicit health policy could achieve several things that include defining a vision for the future which in turn helps to establish targets and points of reference for the short and medium term. It outlines priorities and the expected roles of different groups and also builds consensus and informs people.NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper There are many categories of health policies, including personal healthcare policy, pharmaceutical policy, and policies related to public health such as vaccination policy, tobacco control policy or breastfeeding promotion policy. They may cover topics of financing and delivery of healthcare, access to care, quality of care, and health equity. What are some examples of healthcare policies that are implemented as a result of regulatory or legislative requirement? Does this include the Affordable Care Act? Healthcare Policies: Healthcare policies are created by legislation to improve the health of the public and to reach specific health goals. Factors involved in healthcare policies include socioeconomic status, social and physical environments, access to medical services, and lifestyle behaviors. Answer and Explanation: The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) is a healthcare policy put into place by President Obama in 2010. This policy expanded Medicaid, required people to have health insurance coverage, created more flexible options for health insurance, and removed preexisting conditions as a reason to be denied coverage.NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper There are different types of healthcare policies that affect different aspects of organizations, employment, patient rights, and medical equipment. Regulatory health policies standardize and control the behavior of specific groups by monitoring and enforcing consequences when not followed. An example includes hospitals being required to complete an accreditation process through different organizations to make sure their health practice is meeting standards. Allocate health policies try to provide a benefit to different groups of people, often by choosing one group of people over another. Examples are the use of medical research funded by the government, and taxing one group of people to provide more affordable health insurance to those who cannot afford it such as Medicaid.NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper ORDER NOW FOR PLAGIARISM-FREE NURSING PAPERS Public Health Africa Policy Forum This project aims to provide evidence-based policy options for relevant and appropriate sustainable health solutions in Africa. Despite the notable progress made in improving population health outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa over the past two decades, considerable health challenges remain throughout the region. Significant health inequalities, a large burden of diseases including major outbreaks in recent times, coupled with limited capacity and capability of a skilled health workforce, poor resource allocation and insufficient coordination, cohesion as well as accountability have compounded the difficulties of sub-optimal access to basic healthcare services.NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper Whilst existing regional and global partnerships and initiatives have produced some progress within the region, African governments, policymakers and key stakeholders continue to search for sustainable public health policy options that are relevant and appropriate to the population of the region. The Chatham House Public Health Africa Policy Forum aims to facilitate the development of evidence-based policy options that are relevant and appropriate to sustainable health developments in Africa – for consideration by governments, health partners and wider public health stakeholders. With strong asset-based ethos of working in partnerships with governments, leading experts, policy institutions and relevant stakeholders in Africa, the forum aims to provide well-informed and credible research, analysis and policy options that take into account the region’s social, economic and intellectual assets as a means to achieving sustainable health solutions. The forum will create an enabling platform that will serves as a nexus for strengthening research translation al capabilities for informing better public health po

Zodiac Signs and Personality Characteristics Essay Paper Zodiac Signs and Personality Characteristics Essay Paper The sky is the most mysterious part of our everyday experience. Familiarity may make the amazing events going on at ground level seem almost ordinary. Plants and animals grow and die, rain falls, rivers flow. We feel we understand that.Horoscopes are not just randomly thought up each day by the writer. Astrology is the study of how events in people’s daily lives correspond. Horoscopes are carefully researched, interpreted, and written by analyzing the placement of the stars and planets on a given day. The growth of astrology, and the resulting knowledge, is closely tied to the study of constellations. Astrology has grown from the past and by researching the history of astrology and constellations one can infer that they have a similar history and future to the world. The concepts of astrology became more widely used and understood, many ancient civilizations.Zodiac Signs and Personality Characteristics Essay Paper Permalink: https://nursingpaperessays.com/ zodiac-signs-and…tics-essay-paper / ? Astrology is the study of positions and aspects of celestial bodies in the belief that they have an influence on the course of natural earthly occurrences and human affairs. Have you ever wondered what the signs of the Zodiac mean? When we turn on the TV^ it seems we always see an advertisement on horoscope predictions. People call in and get the predictions they have been looking for. When the newspaper first arrives, some people go to the horoscope section first. Zodiac signs are based off the astrological constellations that are divided into twelve sections. Each sign has its own special meaning according to what constellation a birthday falls on, and all have names. The names of the Zodiacs are Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Capricorn, Leo, Libra, Virgo, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Pisces, and Aquarius. Each of these signs has an element, in example: Earth, Water, Fire, and Air. The Earth signs are Capricorn, Taurus, and Virgo. The Water signs are Cancer, Scorpio, and Pisces. The Fire signs are Aries, Leo, and Sagittarius. The Air signs are Libra, Aquarius, and Gemini (Zodiac Signs, Characteristics, and Meanings). Earth signs are considered to be “grounded”, conservative and realistic, also very loyal and reliable. Water signs are the most emotional bunch of the signs, are considered to be overly emotional and ultra-sensitive, but always support friends and family, while having a keen interest in philosophy and intimacy. The Fire signs are passionate and very temperamental, but are said to be creative, realistic, and very intelligent. Finally, The Air signs are the most rational of the signs, very social and love to communicate; are said to be the best in relationships due to a range of communication skills and relaxed nature. The Zodiacs all have one ‘s own place, and tend to sometimes not get along with interfering elements (Zodiac Signs, Characteristics, and Meanings). There are no incompatible signs of the Zodiac.Astrology is the study of planetary influences and their affect on the world and everything in it. Astrology is usually limited to human beings–their nature, and their affairs, although a chart can be drawn up for just about any event. The horoscope is a blue print or pattern of the solar systemcast for a particular moment of time. It is from this that the astrologer bases the interpretation or delineation as indicated by the nature of the sun, moon, and planets. The natal horoscope is a chart drawn at the moment of birth to see and understand the nature and makeup of the soul of the newborn as it takes residence in the physical vehicle or body. The human soul is a focal point of cosmic energy, and the pattern of the heavens, as charted in the horoscope, is the means the soul comes to know itself and its destiny. Astrology points the way to soul development and growth. The soul’s strengths and weaknesses are noted in the horoscope. Life is an opportunity given to soul for further enhancement. Zodiac Signs and Personality Characteristics Essay Paper The zodiac calendar is an astrological theory that divides the path that the sun seems to follow around the earth into twelve equal sections, each of which are associated with a sign, a symbol and a personality type. John Gardner embraces this astrological theme in his parallel novel, Grendel, by connecting each of the twelve chapters to its coinciding zodiac. Grendel’s astrological journey starts out with Aires. The beginning of this new Zodiac cycle disturbs Grendel because of how cyclical. Aires’s symbol, the ram, disgusts Grendel because it repeats the same motions that it had repetition without even realizing that fate is repeating itself. Although Grendel possesses the physical attributes of a beast, he doesn’t succumb to the same anomalistic urge to mount anything. The ram’s stupidity and lack of dignity separate Grendel from the community of beasts. In chapter two, while innocently adventuring, Grendel traps his foot in a crack between two old trees and, suddenly, a bull defending a calf begins to attack Grendel. After one successful stab at his knee, Grendel finds an easy way to avoid nearly all of the bull’s lunges. Before long, the repetitive, mechanical bull hardly even phases Grendel. The bull, unlike Hrothgar and his men, incompetently flings itself at Grendel’s tree the same way it would fight anything Like the ram, the bull’s stupidity contrasts Grendel from the common beast that doesn’t “even know that the calves they defend are theirs.” (20) The bull’s “brute enmity” (22) is compared to mankind’s competence when Hrothgar and his men attack Grendel.Zodiac Signs and Personality Characteristics Essay Paper Astrology has been around 2300 BC (). Philosophers and Astrologers wheeled their lives around man and star relations. Astrology started of how the sun, moon, planets, and stars, are supposedly related to life events (). The key word supposedly. Astrology is nothing more than a psychological addiction of beliefs in the zodiac, horoscope and signs. The possibility that the stars can tell the future of a person is a hoax, the belief that the influences of the heavenly bodies and the practice of diving events from the astronomical observations (). Back in the Roman Empire time astrology made its way into observation of future predictions of roman emperors, through out time astrologers took scientific principles and placed them into the understanding that every person has one future. Now in modern day time astrology found its way away from the stars and to the newspapers. Planets, stars, and weather, there is no answer or related suspicions that the heavenly body and celestrial phenomenon can determine the way people act, and speak. Astrology came as a religion you can believe or disbelieve. Astrology made its way around the world in its own way. It originated in ancient Babylonia, although records only were dated back to 2500 BC. In china was the earliest record of any astrology dating back to 2300 BC. Greek astrology arose about the same time and then India astrology came to be. It was claimed that astrology came to be because of Greek contact (). Astrology spread much like a religion consuming astrologers in every country making of it what they could. During the 2500 BC astrology became a form of prediction, staring in china (). This was the start of the early days of the impact on the modern day entertainment. Rulers of countries took their fate and placed it in the hands of astrology. It would predict their fate and the fate of their country, weather it be war, peace, famine, or plenty (). Zodiac Signs and Personality Characteristics Essay Paper They base the entire day or entire week on the report they get. It seems that this phenomenon is something all new, or is it? Astrology has been around since ancient times, even dating back to biblical days. Astrology has a long line of history and a bright future. The signs of the Zodiac include: Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius and Pisces. Astrologers also claim the planets play a role in many key factors. We will also look at astrology as a science; a way to predict and control our life and our destiny. Although many people refer to astrology as just being superstitious others say the predictions are not worth the paper they are written on. Astrology is a phenomenon that dates back to biblical days. There is an ancient legend, that Adam received the doctrines and mysteries of astrology direct from his Maker and thus by foreknowing that the earth was to be destroyed first by fire and afterwards by water. Astrology has played an important role in our civilisation. Starting with Adam and even being present in today’s society. Different civilisations seemed to be practicing astrology independently. People noticed the Sun in particular had a change on how crops grew. Many people viewed astronomy and astrology as a similar science until the 1500s.Zodiac Signs and Personality Characteristics Essay Paper People knew by looking at the sun or what the size of the moon was when to plant crops or even when a baby was going to be born. These early astrologers were searching for their place in life. A place where they fit into the universe. They believed that every component of the universe was linked together and everyone had their own place. Every aspect of one’s life was based on the planets and the stars. Even behaviour was blamed on the position of the sun! Astrology is widely practiced today. Even today most farmers have a Farmer’s Almanac. This book tells you when to plant your crops, and many people have success. Some won’t even think about planting crops without this information. This is a form of astrology, although many people do not realise it. A popular form of astrology is the Physic Friends Network. This is a 900 number you can call in to see what your sign is and how this affects you. The astrologers on the Physic Friends Network always seem to know what has happened in the past and what will occur in the future. Everyone who says they are astrologers obviously are not and it’s up to us to use our own judgement to decide. When you hear people talk about signs of the Zodiac you often wonder what does that mean? Ancient astronomers noted that the sun makes a yearly journey across the celestial sphere, part of which is represented in the picture by the blue band. The ancient astronomers associated dates with the constellations in this narrow belt (which is known as the Zodiac), assigning to each constellation of stars the dates when the sun was in the same region of the celestial sphere as the constellation. Each Zodiac sign belongs to four different elements: Fire, Air, Earth and Water. Fire is a positive element; this element focuses on changing energy from one form to another. Air is also a positive element that is associated with the spiritual part of life. Earth on the other hand is a negative element that is solid and approves of people on earth. The last element is water this is to a negative element that tends to be mysterious.Zodiac Signs and Personality Characteristics Essay Paper Astrologers say they can predict your life through this sign but often you can be very similar to other zodiac signs. Astrologers say that the best way to explain zodiac signs is to ‘imagine that your divine spirit is imprisoned in an earthly form, much like animals in a cage.’ They can predict what moods you will be in, what type of person you will marry or even the sports you like to play! These kinds of predictions may or may not come true. Not all astrologers can understand or interpret your true readings. Even if you do not believe in astrology, you can still have a good time. When you pay a minimal charge to find out what the future holds for you, you always want to hear good news. Although sometimes there will be bad news as well. It is believed that planets tend to affect our lines in many ways. They play an important role in our universe. Research has been done to prove that the weather and earthquakes can be determined through a close look at the planets. The developments are still in the first stages. The future of astrology could be significant in the predictions of dangerous hurricanes and earthquakes. These facts may aid in saving lives. Astrologers served in the king’s court in early times to predict many things. When a battle was going to take pace or even the fate of their kingdoms. Many astrologers held influential and well paid positions. But the sky is beyond comprehension. Two great objects travel through it, one hot and constant, the other cold and changeable. In the daytime it is moody; there may be blazing sun, or racing clouds, or darkness followed by thunder and lightning. And yet on a clear night the sky is the very opposite – predictable, if you look hard enough, with recognizable groups of stars moving in a slow but reliable manner.For many years everyday people have looked up to the night sky: studying it, looking for constellations, or just enjoying its beauty. Astrologists look up to the night sky to find their various predictions on life. Numberless years ago, Native Americans looked up to the night sky to figure out when to hunt and fish. Today, people open up their newspaper to read their daily horoscope. The conclusions made in astrology are based on the movements of the planets and stars in the sky. Astrology can predict the future and explain the personality traits of a person based on when they were born. The results made about astrology are accurate and astrologists work hard to figure out these predictions. I find astrology very interesting and think the predictions made are true. For one, my zodiac sign is the air element, Libra, balanced and creative, while my best friend is a Gemini, which is also an air element. The Libra sign and Gemini sign are known to get along very well. I am also supposed to get along with the Aquarius sign, and I do have a few good friends who are an Aquarius. Some of the traits of a Libra are extroverted, analytical, unbiased, secretive, and will collapse in the face of conflict. I think most of those traits describe me well.Zodiac Signs and Personality Characteristics Essay Paper The Aztec, Mayan, and Incan cultures first discovered astrology. But the Babylonians developed western astrology, the astrology based on when an individual was born (Grabianowski 7). Years ago, Native Americans used astrology to figure out the weather, when to plant and harvest crops, when to hunt, fish, make war, make peace, and make love. Astrology was also used to tell when to travel by sea, and used to tell myth and legend stories (Grabianowski 7). Many years later people still used astrology to figure out how to find food and survive, but “in Roman times practicing astrology was punishable by death” (“Astrology” 1). Ultimately, Astrology is based on the movements of planets, stars, sun, moon, etc. in the sky. “The position of the sun, stars, moon, and planets at the time of one’s birth is said to shape their personality, affect romantic relationships, and predict economic fortunes, among other divinations.” (Grabianowski 2). The locations of the planets can change the way people with certain zodiac signs act, which is how astrologists predict horoscopes (Grabianowski 2). Astrology is said to predict or explain the changing of seasons, wars, economic hardship. There are twelve zodiac signs. Each sign has a constellation in the night sky. The zodiac constellations that are visible in the night sky change throughout the four seasons (Gurshtein 1). One’s sign is determined by which constellation the sun was in when they were born. The twelve zodiac signs are Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, and Pisces. Each zodiac sign has different personality traits, a planet, and a symbol. Some of the traits of the planets come from the Greek Gods (Bakich 1). The zodiac can also be called the “circle of animals” because most of the zodiac symbols are animals. Astrology can be used to predict the future of an individual and the compatibility between two people. The zodiac signs’ compatibility is based on what their element is. The four elements are fire, earth, air, and water. Signs of the same element are known to get along.The fire elements are Aries, Leo, and Sagittarius. The earth elements are Taurus, Virgo, and Capricorn. The air elements are Gemini, Libra, and Aquarius. The water elements are Cancer, Scorpio, and Pisces. Fire and air elements are known to not get along, while earth and water elements are known to not get along (Grabianowski 4). I do have friends who are Aries, who I do get along with very well. But, I’m not as close to them as I am with my Gemini friends, which proves the compatibility of astrology. Each zodiac sign acquires different personality traits. Some signs are known to be more loyal in relationships than others. Libra, Capricorn, and Gemini are the most loyal. Aquarius and Pisces are least loyal. Some signs possess more traits that would lead to marriage than others. Cancer, Libra, and Taurus possess more traits that would lead to a happy marriage. Gemini and Sagittarius possess more traits that would lead to a divorce or avoiding marriage (Reichardt 1). In a survey I conducted, 68% of the people said the personality traits for their sign did or somewhat did describe them (James 1). Certain signs are more likely to develop a disease or illness. Aquarius and Pisces are most likely to develop schizophrenia. Capricorn, Aquarius, and Pisces are known to have the worst bipolar disorder. Virgo is likely to not develop schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Gemini, Cancer, Leo, and Virgo are likely to have dyslexia (Hayden 1). Consequently, some people think astrology is a science, others think it is a religion, and some think it is all made up. Astrology can also be thought of a superstition or even magic. In a survey I conducted, 73% of the people thought astrology was a superstition (James 1). Astrology has faced loads of criticism over the years. A lot of the criticism comes from churches and the “scientific community” (“Astrology” 1). “The Bible specifically warns against astrology” (Astrology 1), so many religious people do not believe in it. Some scientists think “ the idea that planetary bodies billions of miles away can somehow affect human behavior is absurd” (“Astrology” 1). Even though all the criticism encountering, Astrology is still very popular today. “Never have the principles of science and rational thinking been more clearly understood than today, and yet 84 million Americans believe in astrology” (Bakich 1). Many people still read their daily horoscopes in the newspaper and astrology “helps in-force the idea that our lives are not random, but meaningful and purposeful” (“Astrology” 1). Astrologists use the planets and stars in the sky to predict the future and make assumptions. Astrology has been used for countless years and still remains to be widely used today. There is a reason that astrology has not died out over the years, and that is because it actually works: the predictions, personality traits, and compatibility. Even astrologists still don’t understand exactly how astrology works — but that it definitely does. Man’s interest in the sky is at the heart of three separate stories – astronomy, astrology and the calendar. . Astronomy is the scientific study of sun, moon and stars. Astrology is a pseudo-science interpreting the supposed effect of the heavenly bodies on human existence. In early history the two are closely linked. The sky is the home of many of the gods, who influence life on earth. And the patterns in the sky must surely reflect that influence.Zodiac Signs and Personality Characteristics Essay Paper If you have been asked to write a research paper about the topic of zodiac signs then you may be wondering what kind of titles you can use. If you’re interested in horoscopes and astrology then you may well have a few ideas already that you might like to use; however, if this isn’t the kind of thing that you would normally be interested in, then you may be struggling to think of something to write about for your essay. In order to help you think of good ideas for your research paper, the following provides a range of suggestions that can help you to learn and understand more about zodiac signs, and how you can base an academic paper on this topic. Reading horoscopes in newspapers To give you a better understanding of how zodiac signs and horoscopes work, including details relating to the different dates used for different zodiac signs, then it can be a good idea to read the relevant sections found in newspapers and magazines. As well as getting a better understanding of different dates, you’ll be able to understand more about how the different signs work, such as which ones are the water and fire signs, amongst others. Researching on the Internet As well as looking for horoscopes that have been printed in various publications, you may wish to look online for further details about zodiac signs. As well as being able to get a better understanding of what sort of content is used in various horoscopes in connection with zodiac signs, you will also be able to research more accurately about details relating to how the various zodiac signs relate to one another as well.Zodiac Signs and Personality Characteristics Essay Paper Once you have a better understanding, having read newspapers and researched online, you will be able to put this information to good use when thinking of a good topic. Alternatively, before you start looking at these various sources, you may wish to take a look at the ideas below. Is there any truth to horoscopes? An in-depth analysis of horoscopes and how accurate they are Why do people believe in horoscopes? Can zodiac signs be responsible for self-fulfilling prophecies? A comparison of the number of people who identify different zodiac signs throughout the population? A history of zodiac signs An analysis of world leaders and their zodiac signs What role does the astronomy play in relation to zodiac signs? How were zodiac signs discovered or invented? An analysis of the different categories of zodiac signs Astrology is an elaborate system of knowledge and there are voluminous treatises containing very intricate calculation based on the position of stars and planets and the inter-relation existing between them and the various phenomena on earth including human life.When I was little, I really didn’t know what astrology was or what your zodiac sign was. When I was growing up, I finally figured out what it all meant and how it worked. From that point on I was instantly clicked. I loved reading my horoscope and when ever I did read it, nine out of ten times it would be right, and that’s why I loved reading my horoscope. It was just something I did every morning, and then I would go throughout my day. Then at night when I would be back on the computer, i would reread them, and realize that most of the time those things did happen, or I did feel that type of emotion. When I was little, I really didn’t know what astrology was or what your zodiac sign was. When I was growing up, I finally figured out what it all meant and how it worked. From that point on I was instantly clicked. I loved reading my horoscope and when ever I did read it, nine out of ten times it would be right, and that’s why I loved reading my horoscope. It was just something I did every morning, and then I would go throughout my day. Then at night when I would be back on the computer, i would reread them, and realize that most of the time those things did happen, or I did feel that type of emotion. “Astrology does not offer an explanation of the laws of the universe, nor why the universe exists. What it does, to put it in simplest terms, is to show that there is a correspondence between macrocosm and microcosm. In short that there is a rhythm to the universe, and that man’s own life partakes of this rhythm.” (Miller, 2006) My belief is that the nature of our behavior is based on astronomy; hence the reason that people who share the same zodiac sign have very similar characteristics, and sometimes a combination of people with certain zodiac signs cannot get along or are very compatible. Sometimes I can tell from a person’s sign because of their behavior, and likes and dislikes. Learning more about astrology and the zodiac signs helps us to understand people and their actions. Many argue that it is coincidence, but the odds are too high to be that.Zodiac Signs and Personality Characteristics Essay Paper Astrology’s major focus is the zodiac which help in determine the characteristics of a person and the events that may take place. Therefore, at this point it becomes impertinent to cast a glance at zodiac signs, The Zodiac The zodiac is the term used to describe the circle of twelve 30° divisions of celestial longitude that are centered upon the ecliptic – the path of the sun. The term zodiac derives from Latin zōdiacus, which in its turn comes from a Greek word, meaning “circle of animals”. Studying Zodiac signs and the personality traits that are associated with these signs is a great way to quickly improve your vocabulary related to personality. Each sign begins with a short overview of the main characteristics of the sign. Aries is the first sign of the Zodiac and associated with fresh vigor and new beginnings. Individuals born under this sign are said to have an enthusiastic, adventurous, aggressive, humorous, passionate, and pioneering character but one which is also prone to selfishness, boastfulness, intolerance, impulsiveness, and impatience. Positive Adventurous and energetic Pioneering and courageous Enthusiastic and confident Dynamic and quick-witted Negative Selfish and quick-tempered Impulsive and impatient Foolhardy and daredevi Self-indulgent and greeD Gemini is the third sign of the Zodiac and associated with youth and versatility. Individuals born under this sign are thought to have a sociable, fun-loving, versatile, lively, communicative, liberal, intelligent, mentally active and friendly character but one which is also prone to moodiness, inconsistency, superficiality, restlessness and laziness. Positive Adaptable and versatile Communicative and witty Intellectual and eloquent Youthful and lively Negative Nervous and tense Superficial and inconsistent Cunning and inquisitive Cancer is the fourth sign of the Zodiac and associated with family and domesticity. Individuals born under this sign are thought to have a kind, emotional, romantic, imaginative, sympathetic, nurturing, and intuitive character, but one which is also prone to changeability, moodiness, hypersensitivity, depression, and clinginess. Positive Emotional and loving Intuitive and imaginative Shrewd and cautious Protective and sympathetic Negative Changeable and moody Overemotional and touchy Clinging and unable to let go Leo is the fifth sign of the Zodiac and is associated with the keywords magnanimous, generous, hospitable, caring, warm, authoritative, active and open. Leos are typically pictured as very dignified and regal. They are hard-working, ambitious and enthusiastic, however they are prone to laziness and can often take “the easy way out.” They are known to be exuberant, extroverted, generous with a natural dramatic flair and very creative. They are typically very self-assured, and love taking center-stage in whatever arena they are in. Positive Generous and warmhearted Creative and enthusiastic Broad-minded and expansive Faithful and loving Negative Pompous and patronizing Bossy and interfering Dogmatic and intolerant Virgo is the sixth sign of the Zodiac, a set of astrological signs, and associated with purity and service. Individuals born under this sign are thought to have a diligent, analytical, self-sufficient, controlled, orderly, and modest character but one which is also prone to fussiness, perfectionism, harsh criticism, coldness, and hypochondria. Positive Modest and shy Meticulous and reliable Practical and diligent Intelligent and analytical Negative Fussy and a worrier Overcritical and harsh Perfectionist and conservative Libra is the seventh sign of the Zodiac and associated with justice. Individuals born under this sign are thought to have a pleasant, articulate, charming, charismatic, fair, artistic, social, refined, diplomatic, even-tempered and self-sufficient character, but on the negative side, are also thought to be indecisive, flirtatious, extravagant, lazy, analytical, frivolous, impatient, envious, shallow, aloof, and quarrelsome. Positive Diplomatic and urbane Romantic and charming Easygoing and sociable Idealistic and peaceable Negative Indecisive and changeable Gullible and easily influenced Flirtatious and self-indulgent Scorpio is the eighth sign of the Zodiac and associated with intensity, passion, and power. Individuals born under this sign are thought to have a complex, analytical, patient, keenly perceptive, inquisitive, focused, determined, hypnotic, and self-contained character, but one which is also prone to extremity, jealousy, envy, secretiveness, possessiveness, cruelty and cunning. In terms of anatomy,Zodiac Signs and Personality Characteristics Essay Paper Positive Determined and forceful Emotional and intuitive Powerful and passionate Exciting and magnetic Negative Jealous and resentful Compulsive and obsessive Secretive and obstinate From the earliest of times, the zodiac has been universally used to predict or reflect characteristics of personality, whether from the Chinese, Mesopotamian, Indus Valley, Egyptian or any other culture, echoing the ancient philosophy ‘As above – so below’… what we today call astrology. The zodiac further categorizes into the planets and the elements which consist or represent the 12 zodiac signs, also known as the Sun signs: Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius and Pisces. Zodiac Signs The Zodiac signs, also known as the Sun Signs, represent the 12 equal divisions of the topical zodiac which begins with the positions of the Sun. The twelve signs have the same names as the 12 segments of the constellations. The dates for each sign is determined by the Sun passing one sign to another. The dates are as follows: Glyph Sign Birthdates Symbol ♈ Aries (the Ram) March 21 – April 20 ♉ Taurus (the Bull) April 21 – May 21 ♊ Gemini (the Twins) May 22 – June 21 ♋ Cancer (the Crab) June 22 – July 22 ♌ Leo (the Lion) July 23 – August 23 ♍ Virgo (the Virgin) August 24 – September 23 ♎ Libra (the Balance) September 24 – October 23 ♏ Scorpio (the Scorpion) October 24 – November 22 ♐ Sagittarius (the Archer) November 23 – December 21 ♒ Capricorn (the Goat) December 22 – January 20 ♒ Aquarius (the Water-Bearer) January 21 – February 19 ♔ Pisces (the Fish) February 20 – March 20 Aries Element: Fire Ruling Planet: Mars Symbol: The Ram Psychological Need: To be self-confident and free; to lead Best Quality: Leadership Key Traits: self-esteem, initiative, activity, pioneering, ambition, enterprise, courageous, energetic, impulsive, optimistic, egotistical, innovative, original, strong drive, leader, enthusiastic, extroverted, competitive, self-reliant, self-assured Downside: egotistical, quick tempered, aggressiveness, hatred of restraint, officiousness (minding other people’s business, meddling) Aries is a Fire sign whose ruling planet is Mars. This planet represents action, anger, energy and sex. This is considered a masculine sign, positive, extrovert.Zodiac Signs and Personality Characteristics Essay Paper Aries is the first sign of the zodiac, and also represents spring. The personality characteristics of this signs are as follows: • This sign has a “me first” attitude • Are courageous and have an energetic drive to get the work done and to achieve goals • Pure honesty is expected by an Aries personality • Independence is a keyword of Aries personalities of astrology signs. • The Aries person has a tendency to be quick-tempered, opinionated, and critical. • Labelled as intolerant, selfish, cruel, and arrogant. • Aries personalities of astrology si

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