Psychology

People react to and cope with stress in their lives in a variety of ways. Consider your midterm and final exams as an example. How stressful an experience are these for you? What are the physiological, emotional, behavioral, and cognitive reactions you usually encounter before and during your exams? In other words, what changes do you notice in your body, emotions, behavior, and thoughts? Psychologists recommend several strategies to cope with stress, including emotional, behavioral, cognitive, emotion-focused, and problem-focused methods. Which strategies do you currently use during exam time? Which methods would you consider incorporating in the future?In at least a Four-Page essay, first describe your physiological, emotional, behavioral, and cognitive reactions to the stressor of taking exams (5 pts). Discuss two strategies (emotional, behavioral, or cognitive, emotion focused, or problem focused) or methods that you currently use to cope more effectively, explain your coping skills in terms of the strategies listed above (10 pts). Describe at least two other coping strategies you would be willing to try to alleviate the stress you experience. Again, explain these other methods in terms of the strategies listed above (10 pts). Be sure to include details from class materials, readings, and research to support your discussion. Cite your resources.

Use 2 attached articles (1. News article: School Year Means Sleep Challenges for Kids of All Ages) and (2. Research article: Sleep problems in university students – an intervention) for this assignment.Follow these Instructions:1. Write an essay (between 600-700 words) that:2. Describes these psychology topics (The Sleep and Waking cycle, Biological Rhythms and Sleep, The Nature of Consciousness) in enough detail that you can draw conclusions about the topic3. Summarizes the contents of both attached articles (news article and research article)4. Compares and contrasts the two articles in terms of content, style, and purpose5. Critically examines whether the news article accurately described the topic6. Includes in-text citations and an APA formatted reference list

Option 1: Media and Mental IllnessFind a source of information in the media (e.g., newspaper, talk shows, TV programs, films, etc.) that deal directly with mental illnessYou will need to cite this media source in your References pageDiscuss the quality of the coverage, the accuracy/inaccuracy of the images presented, the assumptions made about mental illness, and an overall evaluation of the coverage.Be scientific, back up your arguments with the research literature. How does this coverage affect those suffering from the particular form of mental illness covered?Could you present the information in a better way? How?Your paper will need to be 2 to 5 pages in APA format, not including a title page and reference page. The rubric will be posted on Canvas.MUST include a Title pageMUST include a References page – site the media article, TV show, movie, documentary, magazine article, website pageRefer to the APA Purdue Owl website

Carl Rogers theorized that there can be a discrepancy between a person’s self-concept and aspects of his or her experience (incongruence). Individuals who are congruent understand their self-concept and are able to perceive themselves and events in their world much as they really are, they are open to new experiences.In what way ha your self-concept contributed to areas in your life such as school, work, and social relationships? In what way has the theory of congruence and incongruence in your self-concept impacted you?Journal ExpectationsThe best journal entries will demonstrate thoughtfulness and clearly applies the relevant concepts and terminology. This is your opportunity to thoughtfully explore your understandings and applications of the course content.Type your entry directly into the journal (or copy and paste if you need).

5 Question Paper (500 Words)1. What abilities define our concept of an intelligent person in the United States? What abilities do you think would define the concept of an intelligent person in rural Africa?2. Make a case for why one would want to use heuristics for solving problems and making decisions and judgments.3. Give an original example of an ill-structured and a well-structured problem.4. Describe the stages that children go through as they develop language and give an example of each. If you wanted to raise a bilingual child, how do you think you could best accomplish this?5. Examine the theories of multiple intelligences that you read about in this chapter. Are there any types of intelligence that you feel were overlooked in these theories? Why or why not?

Discussion 1Qualitative MethodologiesQualitative methodologies involve collecting non-numerical data, usually through interviews or observation. There are many approaches to qualitative research and no fully agreed upon “list” of methodologies. The text (Malec and Newman, 2013) describes six approaches in Section 3.1. The Frank and Polkinghorne (2010) article also describes three main qualitative approaches. The best way to learn about a variety of qualitative research methods is to read reports or articles of research around a topic you are interested in.Instructions:For your initial post, choose two articles that use a qualitative research method to answer a research question on your topic of interest. Remember that qualitative research is exploratory in nature, and is used to go deeper into issues of interest and explore nuances related to the problem at hand. Common data collection methods used in qualitative research include group discussions, focus groups, in-depth interviews, and uninterrupted observations. Data analysis typically involves identifying themes or categories, or providing in- depth descriptions of the data. Use the Anderson (2006) and Lee (1992) articles to obtain a better understanding of what qualitative research includes.Briefly describe the particular qualitative research approach/methodology utilized in each of the two articles you selected (e.g. case study, ethnographic study, phenomenological study, etc.).Refer to the week’s readings (or recommended articles) to help you explain.Compare and contrast the two qualitative methods used:What is the same and what is different and why?Does either methods seem a good fit to explore your topic of interest?Why/why not?Post should be at least 300 words. Respond to at least two of your classmates’ postings.

Qualitative ValidityMany researchers, particularly those from the hard sciences like mathematics or physics, consider quantitative research, with the ability to determine “statistical significance,” as more rigorous than qualitative research. Qualitative research does not lend itself to such mathematical determination of validity, rather it is highly focused on providing descriptive and/or exploratory results. However, this does not relieve the qualitative researcher from designing studies that are rigorous and high in “trustworthiness,” often the word used to describe validity in a qualitative study. There is no agreed upon set of criteria for ensuring a quality qualitative study, but there are a number of models of quality criteria.Instructions:After reading the assigned articles by Shenton (2004) and Freeman, deMarrais, Preissle, Roulston, and St. Pierre (2007), discuss at least three things a qualitative researcher can consider to increase the validity of a study’s results.Give at least one example from one of the qualitative study articles you have found on your own topic of how a claim (reported result) is supported.How does that article report on the validity of the study’s results?Do the authors do a good job of demonstrating validity? If not, what could/should they have done differently?Post should be at least 300 words.

1) Find an article in the popular press (e.g., New York Times, Psychology Today, Men’s Health, Women’s Health) that describes a bivariate correlation. (Most research is more complex than a simple correlation, so there may be other findings among your article. Feel free to find an article that has additional work). Make sure to provide me the source you found.(2) Describe the nature of the bivariate correlation in your own words. Make sure to include important aspects, such as the direction and the strength (along with other components that are important in understanding the relationship in the real world.(3) Go to PsycINFO and find an empirical article that discusses the same (or a similar) relationship. Make sure to provide me an APA citation for this article.a. Provide me 1/2 page to 1 page summary of the research findings in your own words.b. Describe the differences between the popular press article and the scholarly, empirical article. (Hint: the empirical article probably gave a lot more specifics).c. How would the introduction of an outlier potentially change the relationship? (Be specific to your variables). What about a restriction of range?d. Discuss why the bivariate correlation findings were not sufficient in determining cause and effect.

For the final project, we will be conducting an experiment on gender and leadership.For this first component of your final paper, you will be submitting the title page,introduction, and reference page for the final paper. The following steps should be followed:1. The first step of the theory data cycle is to start with a theory.This requires understanding of the previous research that has been published on the topic. So, you will be utilizing the college’s library database to find empirical articles that can help you create an informed hypothesis. This research will have to be reviewed within the Introduction. You should find the five articles below AND FIND ONE EXTRA OF YOUR OWN (that will be unique to your paper) on the topic so 6 in total but 5 are already given.a. “Gender Bias in Leader Selection ?Evidence from a hiring Stimulation study”by Janine Bosak and Sabine Sczesnyb. “Gender Bias and Substantive Differences in Ratings of Leadership Behavior: Toward a New Narrative” by Robert B. Kaiser and Wanda T. Wallacec. “Breaking the Glass Ceiling: For One and All?” by Francesca Manzi and Madeline E. Heilmand. “Gender and Perceptions of Leadership Effectiveness: A Meta-Analysis of Contextual Moderators” in the Journal of Applied Psychologye. “Effects of Sexism and Job-Applicant Match on Leadership Candidate Evaluations” published in 2020f. Article of your choice based on the topic2. Once you find your articles, you should review them all and write a literature review which is embedded in your Introduction. This provides a theoretical basis for your study.3. Based on the literature you read, consider what the purpose of the study can be and what hypotheses you would expect to find in that proposed study. (This will act as a first draft and is likely to change once we develop the research design as a class).4. In addition to the Introduction, you should appropriately format a title page, with a unique title and other important information, and a reference page, with your six sources

In 1,350-1,500 words, answer the following questions about possible research options.Create a research question in the field of psychology that you are interested in researching. Write questions clearly. Include a brief background of the problem you are proposing and why it is important to the field of psychology.State the null and alternative hypothesis (in both words and statistical notation) need to address the research question.Choose which statistical test would be used to conduct the study and support it with research.Describe the type of data needs to be collected to conduct the study and what techniques are best for collecting data.Use three to five scholarly resources to support your explanations.Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the 7th APA Style Guide.