Psychology

Critically read all responses and respond to at least two other classmates’ postings. In 100-150 words, you should challenge or expound upon his/her initial post — not just a “well done” phrase or “I agree.” Consider points of agreement, disagreement, assumptions, and value judgments. You should provide new insight or constructive comments. If someone else has responded to the same post, you must take into account response in your response, as well. RESPOND TO : As our world turns to revolve around technology more and more each year, we see increased opportunities to radically change our known ways of perceiving life. A critically important aspect of our lives is learning; our actions and responses to stimuli are results of our learned behavior, in combination with our biological nature. Learning is a process where humans obtain and absorb knowledge or information from social, cultural, and academic experiences. This definition does not specifically address the by product of learning, or the other have of the two way association. Associative learning can occur in two ways, but both involve recognizing the response or the consequence of a stimulus. Yes, the definition of learning I provided addresses the basics of the acquisition of knowledge, but nevertheless, it does not include the brain processes involved in grasping a concept.  The brain can grasp a concept in many different ways, and remember it to a variety of extents. For many people, online learning has been very difficult because of the distractions in their room and house, the blue light’s effect on health, and lack of interaction. However, this article speaks to why it may be a good thing and can potentially broaden the scope of learning strategies for teachers. I have had many teachers at RE who have many different teaching styles. I would like to point out my history class last year where we rarely had in person tests or quizzes, but surely had a ton of take home assignments/assessments as well as essays. I never liked this because the questions were always so hard, so analytical- the answers were never in my notes, the textbook, or on google. However, I now realize that this truly helped me develop a strong, in depth understanding of the subject because of how much I had to think about it and develop my own arguments. On the other hand, there are teachers who work simply off of memorization, in which case students study hard, take the assessment, and forget everything they learned the following week. I think what COVID19 has done is force educators into a lane closely related to the first class I mentioned. This is because teachers cannot monitor student resources while they take tests alone in their room and there is simply a different effect overall. This type of conditioning allows students to learn more effectively. Online learning has the potential to be very effective due to the pressure on not giving plain old tests and quizzes. Teachers are being forced to find other ways to assess students’ attainment of knowledge. In school each day every student attends class not only to learn the material but also to experience brain development, memory techniques, and other life skills. Our school fosters an environment of growth mindsets. We, as students, can be taught algebra and vocab words, but we learn moral and ethical values through real life experience. Learning to me is ongoing throughout life, you do not have to be engaged in classes to learn. As we read, we learn from experience, any experience that is. Whether it is cognitive or behavioral, learning is a necessary part of life.   Patel states in the article “ there is no reason why remote and online teacher education cannot achieve principles of effective learning design in teacher education such as an orientation to pupil outcomes, differentiation for teacher starting points, support for high quality collaboration and reflective practice.” (Patel 2020)  To what extent do you agree with this claim? Do you think online learning is as effective as in person school? Are there other factors influencing our ability to learn right now?   Dewall, C. N., & Myers, D. G. (2018). Myers’ psychology: For the AP course. New York, NY:  Bedford, Freeman & Worth High School Publishers. Patel, H. S. (2020, September 24). Research concludes that remote learning might not be a bad thing. Phys.org. https://phys.org/news/2020-09-remote-bad.html.  – other persons comment on this discussion post already that u must take into account ——— Amazing response, Rachel. I really loved how you decided to defend the article and go into depth about online school benefits. I also thought it was really effective that you listed the downsides and then compared them to online learning positives. Although you made some good points about the positives, I think the negatives outweigh the fact that learning may be more analytical just because teachers can also do that in school. If you look at online learning as a whole, it is not as effective because people, especially younger people, need social interactions that are not available when stuck at home all day. I believe it is also not good to mix the home environment with the school environment because, at least in my experience at the end of the last school year, it was tough and frustrating staying at home all day for weeks. I felt like I was stuck, and that had a negative impact on my mental health. Not only does in-person school allow for social interactions, but I also think it is also easier to build relationships with your teachers if you are present in class. Lastly, I think it has been a struggle for some teachers to work online and with technology because, in some of my other classes, a lot of time has been wasted due to technical issues or teachers not knowing how to do a certain task online.  To answer your questions, I believe there is a way for online learning and teaching to work, but I do not think it is the most effective way. All of my reasons in the paragraph before explain why I believe it is not as effective, but there are plenty of other factors contributing to its ineffectiveness. Additionally, I concentrate more in class because distractions are not easily accessible (AKA, my phone), and loud noises like my dog barking would never occur in school.  SECOND RESPONSE to respond to :   To define learning, we have to consider all the kinds of learning mentioned in our textbook: associative learning, observational learning, abstract learning, latent learning, and insight learning. By looking at their similarities, I would define learning as a change in behavior, to keep it as broad as possible. The reasons for that change don’t have to be defined, so that it can be adapted to different experiences. Still, experiences are pretty key to the changes in behavior.      Conceptually, measuring learning should not be difficult, since you can just look at changes in behavior. Schools apply this through testing and homework, where you can obtain measured results. Still, testing experiences vary from person to person, and do not always accurately show how much was learned.  In those cases, projects and essays might better reflect their learning, since they aren’t timed and allow outside resources while still demonstrating individual thought. I would think that at its core, the function of school is to teach students basic knowledge so that they can benefit society. Our educational system was built around that, and has focused on academics over art and creativity for that reason. I think this makes it difficult to change how we educate students today. School learning mostly applies operant conditioning, although other kinds of learning can fit too. Through grades, schools positively reinforce good effort from students. Depending on the teacher, praise can also be an application of that positive reinforcement. Some teachers might apply punishment by scolding students for misbehavior, especially with younger students. Classical conditioning can be applied to people individually. I have seen people use a certain perfume or chew gum before a test because they believed that it resulted in better scores.      I agreed with the general idea of the article, but think it only applies to specific situations. Hasan Patel said that “there is no reason why remote and online teacher education cannot achieve principles of effective learning,” but I don’t think that’s true. As long as a teacher’s general teaching style is mostly lecture-based, then the transition to online lectures would not make a big difference. With other teachers, the impact might be greater. The issue that the article should have mentioned is attention. It is harder to pay attention to a screen for extended periods of time, and our devices offer a lot of options to get distracted. Worse yet, a student could unintentionally apply operant conditioning, by associating the distraction on their laptops with their class. The distraction could become a reward, and develop into a habit of inattention.      Another issue with online learning can be participation, especially if it isn’t enforced. How can operant conditioning be applied to getting students to participate verbally or through chat functions?  References Patel, S., H. (2020, September 24). Research Concludes that Remote Learning Might not be a Bad Thing. PhysOrg.     https://phys.org/news/2020-09-remote-bad.html. – response from other peer already on this one that u must take into account——–  I like that you define learning broadly, as a “change in behavior” because I think that is a clever way to sum up the idea of learning generally. However, maybe learning itself isn’t the change, but rather what causes or leads to the change. Additionally, yes learning can be shown in testing and assessments, but, as you mentioned, testing is not always an accurate representation of learned information or behavior. Oftentimes tests provoke anxiety and stress which impedes our ability to perform well. Projects and essays have a greater opportunity to demonstrate depth of knowledge. To add to your definition of a school’s purpose, I think it is important to acknowledge that we need more than just facts to contribute to society. School gives us real life social experience and interaction, so we can learn how to work with others and develop our character. Also, you say that a teacher whose class is mostly lecture based won’t have trouble transitioning to online learning. I disagree with that claim because of two things- first is that the teacher cannot read the room and so it is hard to adapt their teaching style to feedback they receive. Second is that students have much greater freedom to daze off and be distracted by things in their room that are not present in a classroom. However, as you asked, I think more operant conditioning and positive/negative reinforcement can be in a remote environment to improve it. This could be rewards for actively engaging in the class. Maybe this could take shape by implementing a participation grade; the more the student intellectually contributes to the class, the higher their participation grade will be. All students want a good grade, therefore it is a reward.  PLEASE DO 150 words for each response because thats what i paid for even thoug she gives option to respond with 100 words. Im a senior in highschool but i put college level because our teacher expects us to write like that

Directions: Answer ALL of the following 10 short essay questions worth 10 points each (100 points possible). Answers can be found in chapters 5, 8, 9, 11, 13, and 14 of the Wade, Tavris, and Garry textbook (7th Edition). As a guideline, each question should be about one full page on double-spaced, typed pages with one inch margins and 12-font lettering. Use proper citations (APA Style) where appropriate. You MUST cite textbook pages in your written answers. When turned in your paper should have an APA Style title page and a Works Cited page. You may also use other sources but they must also be cited in your answers and included on the Works Cited page. You will submit this in the Assignment Submission Folder as a Word Document attachment on Blackboard.  1. Define and explain the principles of classic conditioning known as extinction, higher-order conditioning, and stimulus generalization & stimulus discrimination. Then provide an example of how classical conditioning can take place in forming preferences and avoiding fearful stimuli. Specifically, evolutionary psychologists note that humans are primed to be susceptible to certain kinds of acquired fears. Explain why this would be adaptive.  2. Although large numbers of people report that they are dieting, there have been dramatic increases in the number of overweight individuals. What are some of the environmental reasons for this epidemic of overweight and obesity? Describe the eating disorders that occur when women (and some men) become obsessed with weight and dieting in order to avoid becoming “fat.” What causes eating disorders?  3. Six aspects of the work environment have been found to increase job involvement, worker motivation, and job satisfaction. List and describe these conditions. Give examples and illustrations from personal work experiences.  4. Facial expressions do not always reveal the emotions underneath. The villain in Shakespeare’s Henry VI said, “Why, I can smile, and murder while I smile; and cry content to that which grieves my heart; and wet my cheeks with artificial tears, and frame my face to all occasions.” How did Paul Ekman and his colleagues distinguish between authentic and false facial expressions of emotion? Describe Paul Ekman’s research regarding the expression of emotion.  5. There are some tragedies that appear out of the blue and can’t be solved. But even if a problem cannot be fixed, your textbook authors describe three ways that have proven effective in helping people thrive as the result of a crisis. Name and examine each of these effective cognitive coping methods.  6. The obedience study conducted by Stanley Milgram has become world famous. Explain, in detail, the procedures that Milgram used in his study and then evaluate his results. What conclusions did Milgram reach? How have critics reacted to his research?  7. What is cognitive dissonance? Provide an example that illustrates how cognitive dissonance can lead people to change their attitudes. Make sure to explain the cause of the cognitive dissonance in your example.   8. The standard reference manual used to diagnose mental disorders is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM – 5) published by the American Psychiatric Association. The DSM has had an extra ordinary impact worldwide, however, because of the DSM’s powerful influence, it is important to be aware of its limitations. List and Analyze the four limitations discussed in the textbook, and give your opinion on the strengths and weaknesses of each.  9. Major depression involves emotional, behavioral, cognitive, and physical changes severe enough to disrupt a person’s ordinary functioning. Describe the vulnerability-stress explanation of depression. Provide examples of upsetting events that could trigger a depression. Describe the research findings that emphasize the role of genetics and brain chemistry in the development of depression.  10. Describe the four main classes of drugs used in the treatment of mental and emotional disorders, including the benefits and drawbacks of each. For which disorders would each class be prescribed? The benefits of drug therapy are proclaimed in magazines and on television commercials, but there are some disadvantages, too. Discuss, in detail, the five limitations of drug therapy

After reading the article, “Acting Like a Tough Guy: Violent-Sexist Video Games, Identification with Game Characters, Masculine Beliefs, & Empathy for Female Violence Victims” in the weekly readings above, answer the following questions in your initial post: Where in the article was the research question stated? What was the hypothesis of this study? What was the research design of the study? How did the authors go about answering the research question? Be sure to describe this in your own words. Were you surprised by the results of the study? Why or why not? Would you design a different experiment to test the authors’ hypothesis? What would you do differently and why?

·         Adolescent Reaction Paper ·         Paper Organization Over 85% of Americans will become parents, but we do not “teach” young adults about how to become effective parents. Midway through the semester, you will be asked to submit a paper based on your reactions to a book of your choosing which addresses developmental, behavioral, or educational issues affecting adolescents. Use this course assignment as an opportunity to select an aspect of raising a tween/teen/young adult that interests you. For example, if you are interested in risk-taking, you could select a book on dealing with kiddos who are using drugs/alcohol. If you are interested in maximizing educational attainment, perhaps you select a book on educating young adults. Alternatively, it could be a book about treating this age group clinically (e.g., depression, anxiety, ADHD, autism, etc). Select your book, and take notes as you read the text. Using the suggested outline below AND the grading sheet, develop your book review Papers must have six or more good paragraphs and be 4+ pages long. IN ADDITION TO THE TITLE PAGE. STRICTLY FOLLOW THE INSTRUCTIONS BELLOW. Format: New Times Roman font, size 12 Page 1: Title Page (see grading sheet) Page 2: Start your page with the title, centered in the middle of the page (no bold) Paragraph 1- Describe the purpose of the assignment (use above description for clues). Describe the target audience, or who should read it. Then describe why you selected the book. Next, provide a brief overview of the book (e.g., this book educates parents about how to reduce ADHD symptoms at home instead of medication use). Paragraph 2- Describe preconceived notions you had about this age group and the book theme (e.g., about tweens and social media, early adults and depression, etc) Paragraphs 3 Select one major thing you learned and provide 3-5 good examples to support this idea. At least 2 of these ideas or facts should come from the book and be supported by research. Paragraphs 4 Select one major thing you learned and provide 3-5 good examples to support this idea. At least 2 of these ideas or facts should come from the book and be supported by research. Paragraphs 5 Select one major thing you learned and provide 3-5 good examples to support this idea. At least 2 of these ideas or facts should come from the book and be supported by research. Paragraph 6 Conclusion. THE SOURCES SHOULD BE AT LEAST 3: – THE COURSE BOOK. Kuther, T. (2020). Adolescence in Context: Lives in Context 1st ed. Sage. – THE BOOK CHOSEN FROM THE LIST BELOW – ANOTHER PEERED REVIEWD SORCES.  ·         Book List Select a book from below or propose (and get it approved) a similar book. 1.       Almost autism: Recovering children from sensory processing disorder: a reference for parents and practitioners 2.       Being me with OCD: How I learned to obsess less and live my life (obsessive compulsive disorder) 3.       Boy without instructions: Surviving the learning curve of parenting a child with adhd 4.       Don’t let your emotions run your life for teens: Dialectical behavior therapy skills for helping you manage mood swings, control angry outbursts 5.       Driven to distraction (revised): Recognizing and coping with attention deficit disorder 6.   My anxious mind: A teen’s guide to managing anxiety and panic 7.   No drama discipline (positive parenting) 8.   Parenting from the inside out (positive parenting) 9.   Parenting the strong willed child (positive parenting) 10.   Smart but stuck: Emotions in teens and adults with ADHD 11.   The explosive child: a new approach for understanding and parenting easily frustrated, chronically inflexible children 12.   Taking charge of ADHD, third edition: the complete, authoritative guide for parents 13.   The curse of the good girl: raising authentic girls with courage and confidence 14.   The reason I jump: The inner voice of a thirteen-year-old boy with autism 15.   The science of making friends: Helping socially challenged teens and young adults (aspergers)

As infants are developing, the parent is there to help and support the child’s growth and learning. Please answer both parts within your discussion posting.  1- What do you see as the most important things that parents can do to help their children at this point in their lives? 2- Next, classify those things from question one into operant or classical conditioning, habituation, and recovery, or imitation. Then describe how those activities support the child’s development?

1- How does socioeconomic status determine family functioning? 2- What is the role and effect of cultural values and public policies on the overall well-being of children and the family?

The written portion of this assignment must be computer-generated, double-spaced, 12 point font with 1-inch margins, and written in APA format. The final document should be 5-6 pages (1100-1200 words) with a word count shown at the end of the paper. This page count does not include the Title page or Reference page. The word count should not include the set of questions. A grading rubric is provided on the Canvas site for the class. This assignment must be submitted in Canvas and MUST generate a Unicheck score. Steps for writing the paper: Create a title page which includes: The title of the assignment, your name and your Instructor’s name. (3 pts). The body of the paper will focus on answering the questions below: Summary of the movie plot, in your own words (1/2 page maximum) (5 pts) Discuss all the possible psychological disorders that Conrad could be diagnosed with and justify your answers by linking the disorder to his symptoms. (10 pts) Based on the majority of symptoms that Conrad shows in the movie, choose the psychological disorder that you think Conrad was diagnosed with. (5 pts) Substantiate your answer with information from the film and your textbook. Make sure you cite the textbook in your answer. How does Conrad cope with his illness and what steps does he take to be treated? (5 pts) What impact does the treatment have on his life? (5 pts) Support your answer by citing specific examples from the movie. What type of therapy is Conrad’s therapist using? (5 pts) Describe specific techniques and evaluate their effectiveness for Conrad. (5 pts) What other therapy techniques might the therapist use? (5 pts) Substantiate your answer with information from the film and your textbook. Make sure you cite the textbook in your answer. How does Conrad’s illness impact his relationship with his mother and father? Make sure you discuss his mother and father separately! (5 pts) Conrad’s father goes to see the therapist himself. Evaluate the impact this had on his relationship with Conrad’s mother (5 pts) What impact on the family do you think it would have had if Conrad’s mother had agreed to go to therapy? How might the therapy have changed the ending of the movie? (5 pts) Apply the diathesis-stress model to explain how Conrad developed his disorder. What advice would you give to someone in the future who suffers from a trauma and/or disorder Similar to Conrad’s. Cite 4-5 concepts from the book to explain your answer. (15 pts) Reference page, reference citations, grammar/spelling, written communication (22 pts): Include an APA style reference page which includes the videos and your textbook. (10 pts) You must also cite the movie and textbook using APA style within the body of the paper and your paper will be graded for grammatical and spelling accuracy (8 pts) Finally your paper will be graded for written communication (4 pts)

In this course we distinguished between anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia, both of which affect our episodic memory. Based on what you know of memory processes, which long term memory processes would you expect to be affected by retrograde amnesia and which would you expect to be affected by anterograde amnesia? Provide a detailed explanation of your reasoning based on relevant theories and studies that were covered in this course.

Reaction Paper (15%): Write a 2-3 page paper in which you compare, contrast and critique two of the journal articles discussed in class this semester. The articles can be compared and contrasted in terms of multicultural application of results, findings and methods used.   Due date: 11/05/2020 by 11:59pm. Submit paper via blackboard. Please email me in advance if you need an extension so we can discuss and agree on a new due date.   Format: I am very flexible with the format for this paper. All is asked is for students to use Times new roman 12pt and double space. You can also use APA style.     Take the following steps:   Select two of the articles we covered in class so far. You can select two articles from module 1, 2 or 3. Keep in mind that some of the readings such as “Corey & Corey”, “Feminist Theory” & “Summer & Flanagan” are book chapters and may not have a methods or result section. In that case, you can talk about the purpose of the articles, the different topics and multicultural implications. Answer the guiding questions below and provide your own insights/opinions. Reach out to me (professor) if you need any assistance with this paper. Submit the paper by using the “reaction paper link” that will be located in “Module 4”.   Guiding Questions:   1.     What is the main purpose of each article? What are the authors trying to explore/discuss? a.     For example: The Corey & Corey chapter main purpose was to provide us with an overview of the different theoretical orientations.   2.     What research methods did the author/s used? Qualitative or ethnographic methods? If the   method is not listed, you can take a guess and explain your response.     3.     Did the results/conclusion match the purpose of the articles? Please explain. If the results did not match the main purpose of the articles please explain why you think it did not match.   a.     For example: If the article main purpose or argument is “The therapeutic relationship is linked to therapy success” does the data collected support this or not.   4.     What kind of participants or population did the articles focused on?   a.     Example: adults, kids, people of color, women ect.   5.     Do you think the information discuss in the articles was biased? Yes or No? Please explain your answer.   6.     Did the article discuss any multicultural implications?   a.     For example: did the author discuss any multicultural implications or need for multicultural research. Multicultural refers to diverse culture, populations, religions, social class, disability, LGBTQ ect.   Please discuss areas for future research? Based on this research article, do the authors make recommendations for future research? Do you have any suggestions for future research? Did you find any of this articles informative? Did you learn anything new from these articles? Yes or No? Please explain     Note: These questions are just a guide to help you write this paper. Feel free to discuss anything else that I missed with my guiding questions. This is a reaction paper meaning that students are encouraged to provide their own insight and opinions.

what are Approach Goals? What are Avoidance Goals? Give an example of each. Lastly, explain what “SMART” goals are and provide three examples. What is one “SMART” goal you can set for yourself as the semester begins to wind down? (300 words)