Criminal Law

You will submit one research paper during this course. Paper will consist of the analysis of criminal justice theory OR criminal justice policy and it is your choice on the topic (it could be on Drugs, Incarceration, Juvenile, Police and Policing, CJ in general, and more). Paper topics MUST be based on class discussed issues and those covered in text book. Do not try submitting papers you already have previously submitted with other class, the turnitin will detect it and treat as plagiarized. I will NOT do any pre-review of any drafts; this is your final class and it expected you write an excellent paper. The expected length of your paper is ten (10) pages, excluding title and bibliography pgs.  It should be typed in  MS WORD, Times New Roman 12-point font, with double-spacing and one-inch margins.  Any references should be cited using the APA format.  Citation guidelines are available at the library and on the Internet.

Write a 6 page double spaced paper APA on the provided templet (not including the title page, abstract and reference page). The topic for the assignment is: Cyber Threat Intelligence in the United States (use this for the title). The paper must be written in a conservative pro intelligence community prospective. The paper must incorporate a Biblical Worldview Perspective. Please follow the provided templet… make sure the abstract is at least 150 words with keywords. Also, make sure the introduction is a full paragraph with at least 150-200 words. The literature review portion must be at least 3 pages in content. The discussion section of the paper must be at least 1 full page. Finally make sure the conclusion is also at least 150-200 words. In all the paper should be at least 6 full pages of double spaced content in APA format. Please use the provided templet.

You have just been named Police Chief of Las Cruces. Congratulations. The Las Cruces Police Department is undergoing the largest reform in its history and has chosen you to lead this endeavor. You will implement new policies to address current law enforcement. The purpose of the final exam is to allow you to not only obtain information and knowledge about major theoretical approaches to understanding the causes of crime, but also transition you into thinking about what you do with this knowledge. You will write a (7-10 pages double-spaced) persuasive/argumentative essay. A persuasive/argumentative essay uses reason to show that one idea is more legitimate than another idea. It attempts to persuade a reader to adopt a certain point of view or to take a particular action. This type of essay must present evidence, facts, empirical data, statistics, theories, or examples, in order to defend one’s claims. You are required to use information you have gathered from your readings over the course of the semester. Outside research is welcomed, but you will be graded on how well you summarize, integrate, and utilize information from the required readings from this course. You may use any theoretical framework covered in class: Classical School, Positive School, Chicago School, Differential Association, Anomie Theory, Subculture Theory, Labeling Theory, Conflict Theory, Social Control Theory, Gender-Based Theory, Rational Theory, Critical Criminology.

4-5 page paper o the broken windows the Rory and broken windows policing and how does the broken windows policing affect police legitimacy in a neighborhood

Below are two questions that should be answered in a MINIMUM of five sentences/full paragraph -Many crime scenes will have a DVR (digital video recorder) present with surveillance video that depicts the crime that occurred. Knowing how to download these files is important. There are many different DVRs on the market and many different file types that video can be downloaded in. Pick a DVR brand and determine what file types that DVR records in. -In addition to traditional computers, there are many types of devices that contain data that can be analyzed by a digital forensic examiner. Name one of these devices and list some evidence that can be obtained from that device that could be useful in an investigation. Can you think of any other types of data that could come from that device?

Imagine you are tasked with conducting a new research study on the topic on Wrongful Convictions and DNA Exonerations.  Discuss the design of your study by identifying the research method you would use, as well as the participants for your study and the procedures (i.e. what would you do during your study?).  This is the one originally used. Observational Research on Wrongful Convictions The observational research design used in the study is a pre-existing data model. The data I will collect will examine the leading causes of wrongful convictions and their consequences. I will collect data from the information presented online on Australian cases concerning wrong conviction and the consequences in the past ten years. The hypothesis of my study would be to determine the leading causes of wrongful conviction. I would define my variables of interest-based on the previous cases presented. I choose the research design since I believe it will give me accurate data on these cases’ patterns. The meta-analysis that has already been collected online provides a basis for the study. Also, the information presented online is comprehensive since it is collected across the state. The advantage of this model is that information is readily available. The internet provides a variety of cases on wrongful convictions and exonerations. Therefore, it makes it easier for me to access data on the topic of research. However, it may present bias information. Since the data present online already has the authors’ opinions, it may influence the research. The meta-analysis presented has already been analyzed; thus, I might make pre-determined conclusions based on them. Also, the analysis presented online may influence me such that I might collect data to fit into my pre-determined hypotheses. Since the readings might influence my thinking, I might conclude what I want the data to reflect instead of researching. The results of the study presented false evidence presented by the eyewitness. In many cases, wrong information by the eyewitness resulted in a 90% conviction of innocent individuals (Dioso-Villa et al., 2016). The main reason associated with the wrongful conviction is the witness’ influence on judges’ decision. Eyewitnesses influence the outcome of a court case as they affect the judges’ decision.  The study also highlighted that despite the presence of DNA exonerations, most victims end up in jail from wrongful convictions (Hessick, 2017). They are rarely exonerated as they are few appeal cases in the state (Dioso-Villa et al., 2016). Also, lack of finance affects the victims’ ability to appeal their cases (Hessick, 2017). They cannot afford to conduct a forensic study on the evidence; thus, they end up being convicted wrongly. I was surprised that falsified information is the main reason for the conviction of individuals. I always believed that tampered evidence in the crime scenes might be the leading cause as the victim’s DNA would be present in the background. I am surprised at how hard it is to get an appeal case in Australia. As a developed state, I believed that it would be easier to gain justice.  The research taught me that wrongful convictions are mainly based on falsified information presented by a witness. I learned that DNA exonerations are possible. However, victims can be limited by the limited possibility for appeal cases and inadequate capital to finance the DNA investigations. I did not notice any problems with the validity of the information presented as I used peer-reviewed articles.        References Dioso-Villa, R., Julian, R., Kebbell, M., Weathered, L., & Westera, N. (2016). Investigation to exoneration: A systemic review of wrongful conviction in Australia. Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 28(2), 157-172. Hessick, C. B. (2017). DNA Exonerations and the Elusive Promise of Criminal Justice Reform. Ohio St. J. Crim. L., 15, 271.

Routine Activities: A person’s activities or daily patterns impact the risk of being a crime victim. For example, a person’s routine activities increase the probability they will contact motivated offenders.   Principle of homogamy: According to this principle, the more frequently a person comes into contact with persons in demographic groups with likely offenders, the more likely the person will be victimized. A summation between the chapters will provide full credits…   Child Maltreatment and Elder abuse Child Maltreatment can take two major forms: abuse and neglect. Abuse coccus when a person harms a child (a person under the age of majority in a state, usually 18 years). It consists of actions done to a child rather than what a person fails to do for a child. Types of child maltreatment: 1. Physical abuse:     Deliberate attempt to harm a child. It can be distinguished from discipline by one question. Is the action intended to teach the child right from wrong or create a life of fear for the child?  Examples: Hitting, Burning, Slapping 2. Emotional abuse:     Damaging to the child’s mental health candor social development often leaves      psychological marks.   Examples: Belittling, shaming, and humiliating a child      Name-calling and making negative comparisons to others     Telling a child he or she is “no good,” “worthless,” “bad,” or “a mistake      Frequent yelling, threatening, or bullying      Ignoring or rejecting a child as punishments using the silent treatment      Withholding hugs, kisses, and other forms of physical contact from       the child.  Exposing the child to violence or the abuse of others. 3. Neglect      Parents or caregivers do not provide the child’s basic needs, such as adequate      food, clothing, hygiene, and supervision.      Examples: Physical failure to provide necessary food or shelter or lack of      appropriate supervision      Medical: failure to provide necessary medical or mental health treatment   Educational: failure to educate a child or attend education needs.   Emotional: inattention to a child’s emotional needs, failure to provide    psychological care, or permitting he child o use alcohol or other drugs 4. Sexual:   Rape, sexual assault, molestation, prostitution, or sexual exploitation of a child; also includes incest with children. Involving children in sexually explicit conduct or simulation to produce a visual depiction of conduct is also child sexual abuse.  Who are Victims of Child Maltreatment: Based on reports to child protection service agencies, the “typical” victim of child maltreatment is quite young. In fact, victims from birth to 1-year-old had the highest rate of victimization. About 70% of children who died from child maltreatment were under the age of 3. Female children are more likely than male children to be victims of child sexual abuse. On the other hand, male children are at greater risk of dying from child maltreatment than are female children.  Who Perpetrates Child Maltreatment: To understand the causes of child maltreatment, it is particularly instructive to identify the perpetrator of the abuse. Data from the NCANDS show that biological parents are the most likely perpetrators of chidden maltreatment reported to child protective services. More than 90% of child maltreatment victims in 2014 were victimized by one of both sexual cases of abuse.  Individual Risk Factors: Factors specific to the individual are also related to the risk of child abuse. According to social learning theory, abusive behavior is learned behavior. In this way, people abuse or neglect their children because they experienced or witnessed such behavior when they were younger.  Assignment: The two youngest individuals convicted of Murder: The youngest to be executed for Murder A fight over some strawberries that summer had prompted Hannah to kill 6-year-old Eunice Bolles, the daughter of a prominent New London family, historians say.  The hanging is the last documented execution of a female in Connecticut. Hannah also bears the unfortunate distinction of being the youngest female ever put to death in this country, says a leading expert on the death penalty. According to Streib’s research, an angry Hannah lured her young victim into a wooded area on July 21, 1786, by offering her a piece of calico. Once out of view, Hannah pummeled Eunice with a stone and strangled her to death. According to various historical accounts cited by Streib, she then covered the body with stones from a nearby wall to make Eunice’s death appear to be an accident. Investigators arrested Hannah the next day. She burst into tears and confessed after being forced to view the young victim’s body. According to the historical accounts, abandoned by her mother at an early age and believed to be retarded, Hannah seemed unconcerned about her fate during her trial. While spectators wept, the judge found the heinous nature of Hannah’s crime outweighed any mental incapacity. “You have killed, and that in a barbarous and cruel manner, an innocent, helpless and harmless child,” said the judge, identified only as Judge Law in Streib’s published account of the case. Hannah seemed unmoved about her death sentence until the day of her execution when a visitor informed her of her fate. Witnesses reported that Hannah said little as she stood on the scaffold awaiting her punishment.  She “appeared greatly afraid and seemed to want somebody to help her.” Lionel Tate, the youngest person to be convicted of Murder:   Lionel Alexander Tate (born January 30, 1987) is the youngest American citizen ever sentenced to life imprisonment  (Links to an external site.)  without the possibility of parole  (Links to an external site.) . In January 2001, when Tate was 13, he was convicted of first-degree murder  (Links to an external site.)  for the 1999 battering death of six-year-old Tiffany Eunick in Broward County, Florida  (Links to an external site.) . On July 28, 1999, Tate was left alone with Eunick, being babysat by Tate’s mother, Kathleen Grossett-Tate. While the children were playing downstairs, Tate’s mother called to them to be quiet. Tate came up 45 minutes later to say that Eunick was not breathing. He said that while they were wrestling, he had her in a headlock and the child’s head hit a table. Although some considered this to be an accident, this was acknowledged as murder.    Reflection Assignment Instructions: In previous chapters, we have read that people become victims because of routine activities and there are motivated offenders preying on those individuals. Now that you have read the youth’s stories, please answer the following questions with a short response. Did you recognize any similarities in their characteristics, parental absences, and ADA disabilities? Are youth victims? Or Motivated Offenders? 

https://www.phillypolice.com/ois/index.html  Analyze 15 incident summaries from Philadelphia Police Department’s officer-involved-shootings from the Department’s website (https://www.phillypolice.com/ois/index.html). As a social scientist, what catches your attention? Are there patterns or commonalities between incidents as they are reported in the summaries? Consider analyzing aspects like the language used in the summaries, officers’ actions prior to or after shooting, descriptions of individuals involved, individuals’ actions before and/or after being shot. Please be aware that these summaries frequently reference shooting, injury, and death. Also, be mindful that as a social scientist, it is necessary to remain unbiased; this means that you should describe what you observe about the summaries, but your descriptions should not pass judgment onto the individuals or summaries.

Police Agencies & Patrol Worksheet Part 1: Agencies and Levels As you have been learning and discussing, policing has many variables that span on multiple levels. A career in policing might occur at the local or municipal, state, or federal level. In this part of the assignment choose an agency at each level and share what you have learned. Answer each of the following questions in 45 to 90 words minimum. Use your sources to support your points. 1. Identify police agencies at the federal, state and local levels. 2. Explain the difference between the scope and responsibilities for each agency you identified. Provide an example that illustrates the scope and responsibilities of each agency. Sources Used:   Part 2: Patrol Patrol work is considered the backbone of policing as patrol officers interact with the public throughout their shifts.  Answer each of the following questions in 45 to 90 words minimum. Use your sources to support your points. 1. Explain the difference between patrol and other roles within a police department. What are three functions of patrol work? Provide an example of each.  2. Describe different types of patrol and how each impacts crime and community relations.  3. Identify at least two improvements or innovations that have been incorporated to aid in patrol. How does each improve police patrol work? 

– Research and share a law that is challenging to enforce in Georgia. – What makes it so challenging? – What would you do to police that law?