Chemistry

The order of the report sections should be title, abstract, introduction, experimental, results, sample calculations (if needed), discussion, conclusion, bibliography, and attachment (if needed). Formal reports must be typed including the results section and data tables. See Lab Report section at the end of each experiment in the lab manual for specific requirements.

C9: Nuclear Chemistry Read the Topics: – 9.1 – How was Radioactivity Discovered? – 9.2 – What is Radioactivity? – Watch the Video: https://youtu.be/dY10s71rv80 – 9.3 – What happens when a Nucleus emits Radioactivity? – see Figures 9-1, 9-2, 9-3 – Alpha, Beta and Gama Emission – Watch the Video: https://youtu.be/c9WfZJYUWv0 – Example 9.2 – 9.4 – Nuclear Half-Life – see Table 9-2 – Watch the Video: https://youtu.be/opjJ-3Tkfyg – Example 9.5 this research paper has to be about nuclear chemistry, above i have placed some topics from the chapter

The air that we breathe is the most common gas in the world. It is something that is being harmed to an extreme extent. What is the air quality in your local area? Be sure to include your thoughts on why you consider your air quality to be above or below the worldwide average air quality. In what ways do you think your local air quality could be maintained (if good) or improved (if poor)? Some websites that can help you answer these questions include: World’s Air Pollution: Real-Time Air Quality Index U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Outdoor Air Quality Data: Interactive Map of Air Quality Monitors Your journal entry must be at least 200 words in length. No references or citations are necessary.

Discussion Question 1 What is lactated dehydrogenase, and how is it used in the reduction of carbonyl groups? Explain the manner in which the isoenzymes of LDH can be used as diagnostic tools. Choose one other diagnostic test not using LDH isoenzymes that might be used for the same application and explain what advantages and disadvantages exist over using LDH isoenzymes.  Discussion Question 2 Explain how neurotransmitters work. Distinguish between neurotransmitters and hormones, and discuss one example of each found in the human body, describing how each works.

The goal of your Signature Assignment is to show that you can compute properties of solutions and analyze and interpret data. You will create a PowerPoint presentation that shows the process of going through an acid/base titration like you would if you were in a physical lab. You will prepare a sample of an unknown acid to titrate using a known concentration of base. You will set-up a burette filled with a known concentration of base and use proper titration techniques to reach an end-point to the titration. You will then calculate the concentration of the unknown acid on your own. For Part I: Create a PowerPoint presentation (4-6 slides) that covers the lab scenario above. Include your thoughts on why understanding acid/base titration is important to your future career, and how you will use this concept as you complete your degree. Your presentation must consist of more than merely a series of bullet points to earn full credit. Use the Notes section for each slide to fully explain your answers. For Part II: Your instructor will provide guidance and examples for completing calculations for titration. This assignment should be in current APA Style with both a title slide and a reference list that includes all of the sources used. At least two scholarly sources should be used (your textbook can be one of the sources). See rubric for specific grading criteria.

The drug and is properties Chemical name, proprietary name, if any. Chemical structure. Identify the functional groups present Boiling point/Melting point, if applicable Any other know properties. Symptoms the drug used for. Brief history of the drug- What was used before the drug became available. Who developed the drugs first. When did it become available. Why is the drug the choice for use for the symptom. Any previous drug it has replaced and why. Mechanism of action How is the drug sold (solid, liquid, over the counter/prescribed or none). What is the constituent of the formulation, if applicable (liquid, solid. gas and any non-active ingredients). Side effects of the drug. Any alternative drugs in the market for the same symptom. References (if using wikipedia, make sure to reference the original ar- ticles quoted, and in order of appearance in the the presentation) Prepare a 3-5 page report with figures and references on the material used for presentation. The font size should not be more than 12 and spacing should not exceed 1.5. number all the figures and references. Provide short description figures, highlighting the message the figure conveys.

CHE 205 HOME ASSIGNMNET ON CHPATER 5 POINTS 3• SHOW ALL THE CALCULATIONSOF ALL THE QUESTIONS AND SUBMIT AS ONE FILE ONLY.• Choose or solve• SEPARATE PHOTOS OF THE DOCUMENT IS NOT ALLOWED AND NO POINTS WILL BE GIVEN FOR THE SAME.1. The volume of 350. mL of gas at 25°C is decreased to 125 mL at constant pressure. What is the final temperature of the gas?2. A balloon filled with helium gas at 20°C occupies 2.91 L at 1.00 atm. The balloon is immersed in liquid nitrogen at -196°C, raising the pressure to 5.20 atm. What is the volume of the balloon in the liquid nitrogen?A) 0.15 LB) 2.1 LC) 4.0 LD) 58 L3. If the number of moles of gas is doubled at constant temperature and volume, the pressure of the gasA) is halved.B) is doubled.C) is quadrupled.D) remains the same.4. One mole of which gas has the greatest density at STP?A) ArB) N2C) COD) All three gases have the same density.5. Which of the following would have a density of 1.21 g/L at 7.0°C and 0.987 atm?A) ArB) N2C) NeD) O26. Chloroform is a volatile liquid once commonly used in the laboratory but now being phased out due to its ozone depletion potential. If the pressure of gaseous chloroform in a flask is 195 mm Hg at 25°C and its density is 1.25 g/L, what is the molar mass of chloroform?A) 10.0 g/molB) 76.3 g/molC) 119 g/molD) none of the above7. Assume that you have a sample of gas in a cylinder with a moveable piston, as shown in diagram (1). The initial pressure, number of moles, and temperature of the gas are noted on the diagram. Which diagram (2)-(4) most closely represents the result of doubling the number of moles of gas while keeping the pressure and temperature constant?A) diagram (2)B) diagram (3)C) diagram (4)8. . If 30.0 L of oxygen are cooled from 200ºC to 1°C at constant pressure, what is the new volume of oxygen?9. . A sample of N2 gas occupies 2.40 L at 20°C. If the gas is in a container that can contract or expand at constant pressure, at what temperature will the N2 occupy 4.80 L?A) 10°C B) 40°C C) 146°C D) 313°C E) 685°C10. Calculate the density, in g/L, of CO2 gas at 27°C and 0.50 atm pressure.A) 0.89 g/L B) 1.12 g/L C) 9.93 g/L D) 46.0 g/L E) 2.17 kg/L11 . What is T in the table below?V Tinitial: 91.8 mL 365 Kfinal: 45.8 mL T12. . What is the pressure (in atmospheres) of the sample of gas trapped in the closed-tube mercury manometer shown below if h = 23.6 cm?NSWER ————————-13. How many grams of N2O, nitrous oxide, are contained in 500. mL of the gas at STP?14. A sample of nitrogen gas has a volume of 32.4 L at 20°C. The gas is heated to 220ºC at constant pressure. What is the final volume of nitrogen? SHOW THE CALCULATIONA) 2.94 L B) 19.3 L C) 31.4 L D) 54.5 L E) 356 L15. What is final P in the table below? Temperature and number of moles kept constantP Vinitial: 14 atm 1.0 Lfinal: ————- 50. L

Summarize how chemistry is related to God’s creation.

Dispersion Forces One of the three van der Waals forces is present in all condensed phases, regardless of the nature of the atoms or molecules composing the substance. This attractive force is called the London dispersion force in honor of German-born American physicist Fritz London who, in 1928, first explained it. This force is often referred to as simply the dispersion force. Because the electrons of an atom or molecule are in constant motion (or, alternatively, the electron’s location is subject to quantum-mechanical variability), at any moment in time, an atom or molecule can develop a temporary, instantaneous dipole if its electrons are distributed asymmetrically. The presence of this dipole can, in turn, distort the electrons of a neighboring atom or molecule, producing an induced dipole. These two rapidly fluctuating, temporary dipoles thus result in a relatively weak electrostatic attraction between the species—a so-called dispersion force. Dispersion forces that develop between atoms in different molecules can attract the two molecules to each other. The forces are relatively weak, however, and become significant only when the molecules are very close. Larger and heavier atoms and molecules exhibit stronger dispersion forces than do smaller and lighter atoms and molecules. F2 and Cl2 are gases at room temperature (reflecting weaker attractive forces); Br2 is a liquid, and I2 is a solid (reflecting stronger attractive forces). Trends in observed melting and boiling points for the halogens clearly demonstrate this effect, as seen in Table 1. Table 1. Melting and Boiling Points of the Halogens Halogen    Molar Mass    Atomic Radius    Melting Point    Boiling Point fluorine, F2    38 g/mol    72 pm    53 K    85 K chlorine, Cl2    71 g/mol    99 pm    172 K    238 K bromine, Br2    160 g/mol    114 pm    266 K    332 K  iodine, I2    254 g/mol    133 pm    387 K    457 K astatine, At2    420 g/mol    150 pm    575 K    610 K The increase in melting and boiling points with increasing atomic/molecular size may be rationalized by considering how the strength of dispersion forces is affected by the electronic structure of the atoms or molecules in the substance. In a larger atom, the valence electrons are, on average, farther from the nuclei than in a smaller atom. Thus, they are less tightly held and can more easily form the temporary dipoles that produce the attraction. The measure of how easy or difficult it is for another electrostatic charge (for example, a nearby ion or polar molecule) to distort a molecule’s charge distribution (its electron cloud) is known as polarizability. A molecule that has a charge cloud that is easily distorted is said to be very polarizable and will have large dispersion forces; one with a charge cloud that is difficult to distort is not very polarizable and will have small dispersion forces.

1. Using condensed structural formulas write an example of a hydrogenation reaction of an alkene and of an alkyne. Are there different reagents you need to use for an alkene or an alkyne? Is it possible to stop a reaction of an alkyne at an alkene and if so, how. Can we control the stereochemistry of the hydrogenation of an alkyne? Explain. 2. Find an organic compound that contains an aromatic functional group that is not benzene. Describe why the organic compound you chose is considered to have an aromatic functional group. No Benzene! 3. Find any asymmetric alkene structure. Write the hydrohalogenation reaction for the alkene that you chose. Write all the possible products and circle the product that is favored. Draw a reaction mechanism showing how the favored product was formed.