Chemistry

Length: At least two pages double spaced minimum of ~ 600 words minimum (your paper will not be graded on length but it will be graded on how well it answered the following questions) Topic: Pick a genetic disease. This disease can be an inherited disease (example: sickle cell anemia, type 1 diabetes) or it can be a disease such as cancer which results from a mutation of a gene (example chronic myeloid leukemia). Try not to pick a disease that is not well understood or that is caused by a complex set of genetic mutations. You will need to get approval for the topic by your instructor. The paper should clearly answer the questions in the pathophysiology section and the Citations: The paper needs to have at least 3 citations in the format of your choice. The sources must be from a reputable source (Wikipedia is generally an ok source. It is not great. If you search the disease on Wikipedia, make sure to check the primary sources. General note on citations: You are not an authority on this topic, so you must cite your source of information if you are summarizing or quoting information that you read from a source. Your textbooks often don’t cite their sources for their information, but this is not the correct way to write a scientific review. You must provide citations so the reader can reference the source material. See the next page for the requirements for the paper: Figures and pictures: • Figures and pictures are welcome in this paper. A single picture can often save whole paragraphs of laborious explanation • If you use a figure or picture from the internet make sure to cite the source! Plagiarism is a serious offense and you can avoid it by using a simple citation.

The goal of your Signature Assignment is to show that you can compute properties of solutions and analyze and interpret data. You will create a PowerPoint presentation that shows the process of going through an acid/base titration like you would if you were in a physical lab. You will prepare a sample of an unknown acid to titrate using a known concentration of base. You will set-up a burette filled with a known concentration of base and use proper titration techniques to reach an end-point to the titration. You will then calculate the concentration of the unknown acid on your own. For Part I: Create a PowerPoint presentation (4-6 slides) that covers the lab scenario above. Include your thoughts on why understanding acid/base titration is important to your future career, and how you will use this concept as you complete your degree. Your presentation must consist of more than merely a series of bullet points to earn full credit. Use the Notes section for each slide to fully explain your answers. For Part II: Your instructor will provide guidance and examples for completing calculations for titration. This assignment should be in current APA Style with both a title slide and a reference list that includes all of the sources used. At least two scholarly sources should be used (your textbook can be one of the sources). See rubric for specific grading criteria.

This was an example The Professor wanted it to look like and represnt.! I am doing my project on Ambien. (Zolpidem)I already have the drawling done.  Thyroxine: a key hormone molecule in human metabolism Bobbi Parker, Edith James, and Mayra Gillingham The molecular formula of thyroxine is C15H11I4NO4 and this hormone molecule contains a number of functional groups. This molecule is unusual in that it contains four iodine atoms, and two aromatic rings. The official name of thyroxine is tetraiodothyronine (abbreviated as T4). The Lewis structure is shown for thyroxine T4 in Figure 1, with the functional groups each boxed or circled, and labeled. There are 10 functional groups present on the molecule, although only four of the groups are polar. The ball-and-stick model of the molecule is shown in Figure 2 below. The colors of the balls in the model figure are detailed in the caption for Figure 2. Polarity and water vs. octanol solubility The thyroxine molecule is considered polar because it contains 4 polar functional groups, mixed into a total of 15 carbon atoms. This ratio matches the typical description of a polar organic molecule, which has no more than 4 C atoms per polar functional group on the molecule. There are nonpolar parts of the thyroxine molecule, namely the two aromatic 6-C rings and the iodine atoms off of these rings (where the C-I bonds are nonpolar covalent bonds). This molecule is considered insoluble in water. It has polar functional groups that can form ‘good’ attractions to water molecules, but not that many groups for the chain length or mass of the molecule. Thyroxine is on the edge of what is usually considered soluble in water for organic molecules, in terms of its ratio of polar functional groups to number of carbon atoms in the molecule. The molecule also contains 4 iodine atoms, and these large atoms cause the thyroxine molecule to prefer to form attractions (dispersion forces) to itself. The attractions of a thyroxine molecule to smaller sized water molecules, also via dispersion forces, is weaker than the thyroxine-thyroxine attractions. The thyroxine molecule is soluble in the nonpolar solvent 1-octanol. The large molecule here can form ‘decent’ dispersion force attractions to the solvent octanol molecules(which are a mainly nonpolar carbon chain), using its two aromatic rings and their attached iodine atoms. The thyroxine molecule can form hydrogen bonding attractions to water molecules. The carboxylic -OH group, the alcoholic -OH and the amine group (-NH2) can all accept or donate in hydrogen bonding to water molecules. In addition, the O atom of the ether linkage (between the two aromatic rings) and the doubly bonded oxygen atom of the carboxylic group, can each accept hydrogen bonding attractions from water molecules. The carboxylic group has a pKa value of 0.27, meaning that at physiological pH (near 7.4) this group is deprotonated (no H atom on the -COOH group). The alcohol functional group has a pKa of 7.4, which means the -OH is in equilibrium equally with an O- at this position off the 2nd ring in the molecule. The amine group has a pKa of 8.4. This means that at physiological pH the amine nitrogen atom is not often protonated (i.e. charged). Functional groups and reactions The molecule thyroxine does have a number of different reactivities due to its functional groups. The carboxylic group on the end of the molecule can undergo reactions of the neutralization (reacts with a base) or reduction (to form an aldehyde group, -CHO) types. This carboxylic group is acidic, in that it can donate a proton (H+) in reactions with other base molecules to form products of a salt and water. In addition, the carboxylic group could react with a provided alcohol molecule, in a dehydration reaction to form an ester product (RCOOR). The amine functional group is another location that is a reactivity center on the thyroxine molecule. This amine group is basic, in that it can accept an H+ ion in the reaction of the thyroxine molecule with another molecule, such as the acid HCl. This would be neutralization reaction and would protonate the N atom of the amine group, to form an ionic form of the thyroxine molecule. The amine group on the thyroxine molecule could also react with a provided alcohol molecule, to form an amide where a ‘new’ C-N bond forms (as well as a water molecule as a product). The alcohol functional group (-OH) off the 2nd aromatic ring in the structure of the thyroxine molecule can be part of an oxidation reaction. This would form a ketone group at this position (C=O) of the ring. The ether functional group can be cleaved to form a halogenated product and a 2nd product having an additional alcohol functional group, by reacting thyroxine with HBr molecules for example. But we have not studied this type of reaction in ch112 or the extreme conditions needed for the reaction to occur. Thyroxine as a drug Thyroxine is considered a drug and not an essential nutrient. It is needed for proper levels of metabolism in the body but is synthesized in the body (in most people). It is true that thyroxine is essential for good health, but it is not usually required to be taken into the body via a person’s diet. In fact, thyroxine is not found naturally in foods. Essential nutrients are substances that your body can’t make on its own, but that you can take into to your body in foods, beverages, or supplements you consume. Examples of an essential nutrients include the molecule vitamin C or citric acid, and the minerals iron and calcium. A drug is a molecule taken into the body, that the body does not make, that is used to treat a particular disease that the person has found they have via diagnosis. Thyroxine is considered a drug in that it is a molecule that can be taken by patients whose thyroid gland does not produce any or very little thyroxine. The version of the molecule taken as a drug is called levothyroxine. The structural differences of levothyroxine versus ‘regular’ thyroxine will be detailed in the final report when discussing the physiological role of thyroxine in metabolism of cells.   Figure 1. A Lewis structure drawing of the molecule thyroxine. The lone pairs of electrons are shown on the drawing as pairs of dots, on specific N, O, or I atoms in the molecule. The functional groups are each boxed or circled and labeled. Polar functional groups have a red colored box or circle around them in the drawing, while the two aromatic rings are have a blue circle drawn around them in the structure. Figure 2. A ball-and-stick model of the structure of a thyroxine molecule. In the model, the carbon atoms are grey colored spheres, the hydrogen atoms are white colored, the oxygen atoms are red colored, the nitrogen atom is blue colored, and the four iodine atoms are shown as purple colored balls. Double bonds are shown on the aromatic rings, as two rods that connect the two bonded atoms. References: 1. 3. 4. Evert, HE The solubility of I-thyroxine (Na) in the presence of phosphate buffer and Thyroid hormone toxicity. (accessed on 11/15/2020) Kuehn, F.S. and Lozada, M.P. neutral salts. J. Phys. Chem. 1960, 64(4), 478–480. 2. Grozinsky-Glasberg S, Fraser A, Nahshoni E, Weizman A, Liibovici L Thyroxine- triiodothyronine combination therapy versus thyroxine monotherapy for clinical hypothyroidism: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2006, 91(7), 2592–2599. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/819692-overview Thyroid Hormones: Functions, Related Diseases and

Ethics is the study of normative values and principles that govern our behaviors. Ethical reasoning is a deliberative process of identifying, evaluating, refining, and acting upon ethical values and principles. Ethical studies help us improve our ability to identify ethical values embedded in the beliefs and practices of ourselves and others. As a student in science or engineering, you are taking classes to gain new knowledge. The University and Colleges have standards for maintaining academic integrity in these classes that includes rules on conduct and plagiarism (see syllabus for resources). In your courses, you are also learning how to be a professional in your field of study. Being a professional means that you must uphold the ethical values of honesty, fairness, objectivity, openness, trustworthiness, and respect for others. These ethical values apply to your everyday life, coursework, and research. Ethical literacy and decision making are not easy but through resources provided to you, one can begin to become a more ethical individual. If you want to dig into what the term “Ethics” means, the Rock Ethics Institute at Penn State has a fantastic summary: http://rockethics.psu.edu/everyday-ethics/what-is-ethics. Ethical decision making can be broken down into seven steps as follows: 1. State the problem. What is the ethical issue? 2. Check the facts. For each ethical issue there will be facts that are important. What facts are relevant for this issue? 3. Identify relevant issues. Who are the stakeholders (i.e. who is affected by this case)? What are the ethical values relevant to the case? (See the PSU values.)(https://universityethics.psu.edu/penn-state-values) 4. List the options. What can be done to solve the ethical dilemma? (Do nothing is always an option!) 5. Consider each option: What are the consequences to the difference choices? How is each stakeholder impacted? 6. Chose the best option. There may be no “right” or “best” answer. Usually, though, there are clearly wrong answers. 7. What can be done in the future to avoid the problem? I want you to browse news outlets for recent articles (let’s say in the last 18 months) for a story that can be assessed through an ethical lens that pertains to chemistry. There should be a “problem” that has ethical implications for the environment, human or animal life, or society (e.g. use of plastics, PFOS in water, etc.). Believe it or not, the Twitter feed for some periodicals can be a good place to start your search (Chemical & Engineering News, Scientific American, NYT Science, etc.). You will post a short description and analysis of steps 1-4 to a discussion board in canvas (details below) considering the relevant stakeholders, values, and possible solutions. Please post a short description and analysis of steps 1-4 of the 7-step ethical decision making process considering the relevant stakeholders, values, and possible solutions. Provide a link to the article you found. I would also like you all to respond to two issues with some feedback – is there something else the writer should consider? Other stakeholders? Other possible solutions? Maybe you know of a resource that could be helpful.

Molecular Formulas Molecular Formula Calculate the molecular formula from the, given, empirical formula. Empirical formula is CH2O with a mass of 90g Empirical formula is CH2 with a mass of 84g Empirical formula is CH4O with a mass of 192g Empirical formula is CH with a mass of 78g Empirical formula is NO2 with a mass of 92g Calculate the molecular formula for the following: 6. A compound is 40.0% C, 6.7% H and 53.3% O.  The mass of the compound is 60g/mol. 7. A compound is 44.4% C, 6.21% H, S 39.5% and 9.89% O with a mass of 162g/mol 8. A compound is 19.8% C, 2.5% H, 11.6% N and 66.1% O with a mass of 120g. 9. A compound is 17.900g C, 1.680g H, 4.225g O, 1.228g N with a mass of 285g. 10. A com pound contains 94.1g O and 5.9g H with a mass of 34g.

Go to this website, and watch it. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p79D6u-6pN4&feature=emb_title or you can search title like “Let Food Be Thy Medicine” on youtube. It’s about 1 hour 20 min to watch. Write two–three page essay for the video. Format your title like the title at the top of this page. The title should use 14 point bold, and everything else 12 points regular, as is done here. Lines should be spaced at 1.5 spaces and paragraphs should be indented.

In a minimum of a 200-word short essay, Explain how the concept of the atom economy can be applied to pollution prevention and environmental protection.

Length: min. 1,200 words (4 typewritten pages) plus illustration of process. References: use a minimum of 5 references: any information taken from websites must be reputable and abide by standard of APA. All information like date, author, publisher, etc., must be provided. Report or Essay format, with a minimum of five complete and credible references. Brief description and rationale of assignment: You are asked to use description, reflection and analysis to discuss: (a) your personal impact on the environment, (b) your chosen profession’s impact on the environment. (c) explain and illustrate a current scientific or technological process associated with a resource used either in your profession or in your personal life, and (d) propose an alternative process which offers a more positive solution to the environmental concerns you have described Assignment details and guide questions: Part (a) Find an environmental/carbon/eco footprint calculator online and calculate your environmental footprint. In approximately 250 to 300 words, discuss the general results of your eco footprint, and comment, now that you have had an opportunity to think about it, what, if anything, you would change in your own lifestyle. Were you surprised? Dismayed? Part (b) Introduce your industry (your chosen profession or vocation) and the resources it uses. In other words, what kind of environmental impact does have on the world and its resources? Discuss an environmentalimpact you think is most preoccupying and that deserves attention. Explain why you think this deserves priority, and support your assertions with statistics, concepts, and ideas that are not general knowledge. During your research, you may find specific or general information about your industry’s footprint. You may also find that the information you seek is incomplete, inconsistent, or non-existent. If the latter is the case, research your topic to the best of your ability and decide to either deepen your search or to choose another topic. Part (c) Explain a scientific or technological process that relates to your industry. Use plain, understandable language, and use an illustration to enhance your explanation. For example, show what is involved in extracting a raw material from the ground and what it takes to transform that raw material, even on a molecular level– to the product you or your industry use today. Describe the negative impact of this product or this process on the environment by tracing the life cycle of the product from the time it is created, to the process of disposal. Part (d) Identify or propose an alternative scientific or technological process which offers a more positive solution to the environmental concerns you have described in (b) and/or (c). What processes and systems assist it to run better, more efficiently? Find both positive and negative comments on this process and explain why you think the alternative is better than what exists now. Note, solutions can generally fall into 4 different categories.1. Behavioural: solutions that change individual behaviours 2. Regulatory: solutions implemented by government policy 3. Market-based: solutions based on pricing mechanisms or markets 4. Technological/Scientific: solutions based on the introduction of a new technology or scientific method For this assignment I want you to introduce TECHNOLOGICAL/SCIENTIFIC based solutions AND one BEHAVIOURAL solution. You can also include regulatory or market-based solutions, and it would likely benefit your paper to include them, however you must include at least one technological/scientific based solution (as science is a key theme to the course) AND one behaviour based solution (as we have discussed throughout the course that technology alone is not sufficient to reduce the impacts we are having on our environment, contributing to climate change). Objectives Part (a) your personal impact on the environment Part (b) your profession’s impact on the environment Part (c) explain and illustrate a current scientific or technological process associated with a resource used either in your profession or in your personal life Part (d) propose an alternative process to the environmental concerns you have described Description *Description of personal footprint *Local and world comparisons *Discussion of final result *Reflection of impact on the environment *Rationale for personal choices and lifestyle changes *Introduce your industry and its general use of natural resources *Discuss general and specific impacts on the environment *Discuss one specific environmental concern attributable to your industry’s impact *Explain why you believe this deserves priority and support with specific data *Explain a scientific or technological process relevant to your industry currently in place =4 marks *Recommend and describe an alternative scientific/technological process and a behaviour change approach that promotes environmental justice and sustainability =5 marks *Include an illustration (of scientific or technological process) to enhance your explanation =1 mark

The project will be a paper on an actual accident involving a chemical(s), chemical plant, or explosion in a manufacturing plant. There is not a page limit on the paper, but it must be at least 10 pages, double-spaced, with references, and must be plagiarism free. Therefore, please ensure all quotes and sources are noted. APA 7th edition formatting is to be used. Incidents that are off-limits: SC chlorine release (for an example of that report click the link) and the Bhapal, India Methyl Isocyanate release.