Summarize the ethical issues

Summarize the ethical issues ORDER NOW FOR CUSTOMIZED AND ORIGINAL ESSAY PAPERS ON Summarize the ethical issues When you develop a research proposal, you must consider the ethical issues related to it. Summarize the ethical issues Determine the ethical considerations related to your research question . My research question is: What strategies can be used to promote good emotional health among nurses in emergency and trauma centers? Consider the seven main principles of ethical research introduced in this week’s learning activity, Research Ethics Guidance: • Social and clinical value • Scientific validity • Fair subject selection • Favorable risk-benefit ratio • Independent review • Informed consent • Respect for potential and enrolled subjects Summarize the ethical issues related to your topic in one of the following formats: • 18- to 20-slide presentation • 875-word paper Cite at least one peer-reviewed and one evidence-based resource in APA format. research_question.docx research_ethics_guidance.docx Research Topic Assessing Strategies to promote emotional health among nurses in emergency and trauma centers Research Problem The nursing profession is filled with numerous stressors that these professional are exposed each and every day. These range from the social, psychological and physical stressors that their line of duty exposes them to each and every single day. As scholars Akbar, Elahi, Mohammadi and Khoshknab (2016) indicate stressors in the workplace have a negative effect on an individual and could adversely affect them as well as their performance. Nurses who work in emergency and trauma centers are no exception and they face the same challenges and stressors that other nurses do. However in comparison they get to see a lot of human suffering and injuries which come with both physical and psychological pain. In order for this group of professional to effectively perform their jobs, they must be able to deal with these stressors and maintain good emotional health. Despite this fact more often than not these professionals fail and it can negatively affect their emotional health. This paper aims to determine the strategies which can be employed to promote good emotional health among them. This is necessary and important because these professional form the largest part of the healthcare profession and contribute immensely towards the healthcare outcome of patients. Research Question What strategies can be used to promote good emotional health among nurses in emergency and trauma centers? References Akbar, R. E., Elahi, N., Mohammadi, E. and Khoshknab, M. F. (2016). What Strategies Do the Nurses Apply to Cope With Job Stress?: A Qualitative Study. Glob J Health Sci. 2016 Jun; 8(6): 55– 64. doi: 10.5539/gjhs.v8n6p55. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4954913/ Patient Recruitment Ethics in Clinical Research Ethical Guidelines The goal of clinical research is to develop generalizable knowledge that improves human health or increases understanding of human biology. People who participate in clinical research make it possible to secure that knowledge. The path to finding out if a new drug or treatment is safe or effective, for example, is to test it on patient volunteers. But by placing some people at risk of harm for the good of others, clinical research has the potential to exploit patient volunteers. The purpose of ethical guidelines is both to protect patient volunteers and to preserve the integrity of the science. The ethical guidelines in place today were primarily a response to past abuses, the most notorious of which in America was an experiment in Tuskegee, Alabama, in which treatment was withheld from 400 African American men with syphilis so that scientists could study the course of the disease. Various ethical guidelineswere developed in the 20th century in response to such studies. Some of the influential codes of ethics and regulations that guide ethical clinical research include: • • • • • Nuremberg Code (1947) Declaration of Helsinki (2000) Belmont Report (1979) CIOMS (2002) U.S. Common Rule (1991) Using these sources of guidance and others, seven main principles have been described as guiding the conduct of ethical research: • • • • • • • . Summarize the ethical issues Social and clinical value Scientific validity Fair subject selection Favorable risk-benefit ratio Independent review Informed consent Respect for potential and enrolled subjects Social and clinical value Every research study is designed to answer a specific question. Answering certain questions will have significant value for society or for present or future patients with a particular illness. An answer to the research question should be important or valuable enough to justify asking people to accept some risk or inconvenience for others. In other words, answers to the research question should contribute to scientific understanding of health or improve our ways of preventing, treating, or caring for people with a given disease. Only if society will gain useful knowledge — which requires sharing results, both negative and positive — can exposing human subjects to the risk and burden of research be justified. Scientific validity A study should be designed in a way that will get an understandable answer to the valuable research question. This includes considering whether the question researchers are asking is answerable, whether the research methods are valid and feasible, and whether the study is designed with a clear scientific objective and using accepted principles, methods, and reliable practices. It is also important that statistical plans be of sufficient power to definitively test the objective, for example, and for data analysis. Invalid research is unethical because it is a waste of resources and exposes people to risk for no purpose Fair subject selection Who does the study need to include, to answer the question it is asking? The primary basis for recruiting and enrolling groups and individuals should be the scientific goals of the study — not vulnerability, privilege, or other factors unrelated to the purposes of the study. Consistent with the scientific purpose, people should be chosen in a way that minimizes risks and enhances benefits to individuals and society. Groups and individuals who accept the risks and burdens of research should be in a position to enjoy its benefits, and those who may benefit should share some of the risks and burdens. Specific groups or individuals (for example, women or children) should not be excluded from the opportunity to participate in research without a good scientific reason or a particular susceptibility to risk. Favorable risk-benefit ratio Uncertainty about the degree of risks and benefits associated with a drug, device, or procedure being tested is inherent in clinical research — otherwise there would be little point to doing the research. And by definition, there is more uncertainty about risks and benefits in early-phase research than in later research. Depending on the particulars of a study, research risks might be trivial or serious, might cause transient discomfort or long-term changes. Risks can be physical (death, disability, infection), psychological (depression, anxiety), economic (job loss), or social (for example, discrimination or stigma from participating in a certain trial). Has everything been done to minimize the risks and inconvenience to research subjects, to maximize the potential benefits, and to determine that the potential benefits to individuals and society are proportionate to, or outweigh, the risks? Research volunteers often receive some health services and benefits in the course of participating, yet the purpose of clinical research is not to provide health services. Independent review To minimize potential conflicts of interest and make sure a study is ethically acceptable before it even starts, an independent review panel with no vested interest in the particular study should review the proposal and ask important questions, including: Are those conducting the trial sufficiently free of bias? Is the study doing all it can to protect research volunteers? Summarize the ethical issues Has the trial been ethically designed and is the risk–benefit ratio favorable? In the United States, independent evaluation of research projects is done through granting agencies, local institutional review boards (IRBs), and data and safety monitoring boards. These groups also monitor a study while it is ongoing. Informed consent For research to be ethical, most agree that individuals should make their own decision about whether they want to participate or continue participating in research. This is done through a process of informed consent in which individuals (1) are accurately informed of the purpose, methods, risks, benefits, and alternatives to the research, (2) understand this information and how it relates to their own clinical situation or interests, and (3) make a voluntary decision about whether to participate. There are exceptions to the need for informed consent from the individual — for example, in the case of a child, of an adult with severe Alzheimer’s, of an adult unconscious by head trauma, or of someone with limited mental capacity. Ensuring that the individual’s research participation is consistent with his or her values and interests usually entails empowering a proxy decision maker to decide about participation, usually based on what research decision the subject would have made, if doing so were possible. Respect for potential and enrolled subjects Individuals should be treated with respect from the time they are approached for possible participation—even if they refuse enrollment in a study—throughout their participation and after their participation ends. This includes: 1. 2. 3. 4. Respecting their privacy and keeping their private information confidential. Respecting their right to change their mind, to decide that the research does not match their interests, and to withdraw without penalty. Informing them of new information that might emerge in the course of research, which might change their assessment of the risks and benefits of participating. Monitoring their welfare and, if they experience adverse reactions, untoward events, or changes in clinical status, ensuring appropriate treatment and, when necessary, removal from the study. 5. Informing them about what was learned from the research. Most researchers do a good job of monitoring the volunteers’ welfare and making sure they are okay. They are not always so good about distributing the study results. If they don’t tell you, ask Sources: For more information about what makes clinical research, we refer you to: Ezekiel J. Emanuel, MD, PhD; David Wendler, PhD, and Christine Grady, PhD. “What Makes Clinical Research Ethical? ” Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 283, No. 20, May 24, 2000, pp. 2701-2711. Copy on this website is based largely on this article, on an interview with Dr. Grady, and on Dr. Emanuel’s PowerPoint presentation, “What makes research ethical,” available online: http://www.bioethics.nih.gov/slides/10-2903-Emmanuel.pdf (132.99 KB) Dr. Grady is acting chief of the Bioethics Department and head of the Section on Human Subjects Research. Dr. Wendler heads the Unit on Vulnerable Populations. Dr. Emanuel was chief of the CC Bioethics Department 19962011. … Get a 10 % discount on an order above $ 100 Use the following coupon code : NURSING10