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NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Nurses can play an integral part in population health, but leadership and technology training needs to be a larger part of nurse training. That’s according to a Robert Wood johnson Foundation (RWJF) study released in September 2017. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper The report finds that public health nursing at local and state agencies, in community and ambulatory settings, and in schools will continue to grow as population health strategies help identify where the biggest healthcare gaps exist. Permalink: https://nursingpaperessays.com/ nurs-4210-role-o…th-essay-paper / ? How nurses benefit population health initiatives Many population health strategies include looking at patients holistically, including social, economic, and cultural determinants, and nurses are already trained in those areas to deliver patient care, according to the study. Paul Kuehnert, DNP, RN, FAAN, assistant vice president for RWJF Program staff, “Nurses are trained to think holistically, to consider the context of a patient’s life and how that impacts his or her health,” says Paul Kuehnert, DNP, RN, FAAN, assistant vice president for RWJF Program staff, who commissioned the study. Whole care also means assessments of the patient’s healthcare environment, which can include acute, ambulatory, home, behavioral health and community interventions. “Because of the nature of their roles, nurses often spend more face-to-face time with patients, which allows them to gain insight into the community and societal factors that impact patients’ lives and health. Armed with this insight, nurses can work with primary care physicians to help connect patients to resources within the community that can improve their overall well-being.” NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper How to better utilize nurses 1. Encourage collaboration and dialogue Unfortunately, nurses aren’t trained for leadership positions and are rarely a part of population health strategy development, the study finds. Kuehnert says that scope of practice regulations that vary based on the state, often restrict nurses’ time and ability to expand their roles. “Culturally and historically, nurses—unless they hold formal leadership roles—tend not to view themselves as leaders. Nurses must understand, internalize, and act on the knowledge that nurses can be and are leaders, irrespective of their titles—and that by collaborating with policymakers, businesses, health systems, and more, nurses can exponentially increase the impact they have, well beyond the healthcare setting,” Kuehnert says. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper 2. Help them use data to focus efforts Increasing nurses’ capacity to make data-driven decisions is another part of the future of population health nursing. According to the study, nurse care coordination for low-risk patients that utilize healthcare services the most has been found to be the most cost-effective way to improve outcomes. Of all patients with high healthcare utilization, 60% to 75% can be classified as low-risk populations. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper “We’ll also need to better prepare nurses for key evolving population-focused nursing roles in fields that include care management, chronic disease management, and population data analysis. These roles require core clinical knowledge and understanding combined with skills and abilities to identify and evaluate community resources, make and track referrals to community-based services, and measure outcomes,” Kuehnert says. 3. Increase their technology literacy Rapid advancements in health, EHRs and mobile devices are a part of clinical care, prevention, and health communications that will continue to integrate into daily use for clinicians. “Education should provide students with the technical skills they need to compile and analyze population and community data in order to understand the impact of the community conditions on patients’ health,” Kuehnert says. “And how they, as nurses, can influence change within their communities to improve health.” Kuehnert says the insights nurses gain about patients’ life circumstances need to be systematically shared to inform care by the entire multidisciplinary team. “We need to share bright spots of nursing leadership for population health improvement and spread them widely,” he says. “Widespread adoption of population-focused nursing practice will likely take place over the next five to 10 years as mindsets and expectations shift in nursing and healthcare.” NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper most important public health problems and concerns The CDC’s National Center for Injury Prevention and Control updated its Prevention Status Reports Monday, which ranks the biggest public health issues in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. The Prevention Status Reports organize information on state public health policies and practices in a format that is easy to use for public health professionals, community leaders and policy makers. The reports allow these individuals to understand their state’s status and identify improvement areas. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper According to the reports, the 10 most important public health problems and concerns are (listed alphabetically): Alcohol-related harms Food safety Healthcare-associated infections Heart disease and stroke HIV Motor vehicle injury Nutrition, physical activity and obesity Prescription drug overdose Teen pregnancy Tobacco use The Nurse’s Role in Community Health In the past, caregivers journeyed on horseback to the homes of their neighbors to provide medical services. These caregivers were crucial to reducing the mortality rates in their communities. After the civil war, hospitals were built. This began the implementation of organized healthcare. Today, nurses practice in a variety of settings and community health is again re-emerging as an integral part of providing care to everyone. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper What Is Community Health Nursing? Community health nursing is a discipline that incorporates evidenced-based research along with advances in science and new approaches for improving the health The practice takes into consideration the cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds of the people in the community to ensure appropriate interaction and sensitivity when working with them. A community is a group of people in a specific location, which includes places where people live, work and go to school. Most people belong to multiple types of communities. Community health nursing is commonly practiced in geographic locations like cities and rural areas. What Is the Goal of Community Health Nursing? The goal of community health nursing is to promote, protect and preserve the health of the public. Community health nursing involves these basic concepts: Promote healthy lifestyle Prevent disease and health problems Provide direct care Educate community about managing chronic conditions and making healthy choices Evaluate a community’s delivery of patient care and wellness projects Institute health and wellness programs Conduct research to improve healthcare What Is the Role of a Community Health Nurse? NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper The primary role of community health nurses is to provide treatment to patients. Additionally, community health nurses offer education to community members about maintaining their health so that they can decrease the occurrence of diseases and deaths. They plan educational assemblies, hand -out fliers, conduct health screenings, dispense medications and administer immunizations. Nurses also may distribute health-related items like condoms and pregnancy tests. Examples of some health issues that community health nurses try to control or eliminate are: Infectious and sexually transmitted diseases Obesity Poor nutrition Substance abuse Smoking Teen pregnancy Where Do Community Health Nurses Work? NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Community health nurses work in hospitals, community centers, clinics, schools and government health agencies. Community health nurses are important to regions where healthcare is not easily accessible, so they can travel to remote places and isolated areas of a city. How Do You Become a Community Health Nurse? To become a community health nurse you must first work as a registered nurse. If you only have an associate degree you might want to consider completing a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) degree program. Many schools like Northeastern State University (NSU) offer RN to BSN programs. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper NSU has an online RN to BSN program that includes the course Community Health Nursing. This course examines the theory and research used in nursing and the public health practice, which promotes and preserves the health of communities. Students are given the opportunity to apply their current knowledge and what they learn in the course. They are paired with a community and other healthcare professionals to experience community health nursing. Nursing care should be available to every American. Throughout the country, there are entire communities of people prone to chronic illnesses, infectious diseases and economic hardships. Community health nurses have the ability to improve the welfare of individuals and their communities. They are at the forefront of bringing quality patient care to the most vulnerable and under served members of society. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Community Health Nurse Roles and Functions Planner/Programmer Identifies needs, priorities, and problems of individuals, families, and communities Formulates municipal health plan in the absence of a medical doctor Interprets and implements nursing plan, program policies, memorandum, and circular for the concerned staff personnel Provides technical assistance to rural health midwives in health matters Provider of Nursing Care Provides direct nursing care to sick or disabled in the home, clinic, school, or workplace Develops the family’s capability to take care of the sick, disabled, or dependent member Community Organizer Motivates and enhances community participation in terms of planning, organizing, implementing, and evaluating health services Initiates and participates in community development activities Coordinator of Services Coordinates with individuals, families, and groups for health related services provided by various members of the health team Coordinates nursing program with other health programs like environmental sanitation, health education, dental health, and mental health Trainer/Health Educator Identifies and interprets training needs of the RHMs, Barangay Health Workers (BHW), and hilots Conducts training for RHMs and helots on promotion and disease prevention Conducts pre and post-consultation conferences for clinic clients; acts as a resource speaker on health and health related services NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Initiates the use of trio-media (radio/TV, cinema plugs, and print ads) for health education purposes Conducts per-marital counseling Health Monitor Detects deviation from health of individuals, families, groups, and communities through contacts/visits with them Role Model Provides good example of healthful living to the members of the community Change Agent Motivates changes in health behavior in individuals, families, groups, and communities that also include lifestyle in order to promote and maintain health Recorder/Reporter/Statistician Prepares and submits required reports and records Maintain adequate, accurate, and complete recording and reporting Reviews, validates, consolidates, analyzes, and interprets all records and reports NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Prepares statistical data/chart and other data presentation Researcher Participates in the conduct of survey studies and researches on nursing and health-related subjects Coordinates with government and non-government organization in the implementation of studies/research PUBLIC HEALTH NURSE Public health nurses have been working as community advocates, educators, and providers of critical public health services since 1893. One of the first public health nursing practices was the Henry Street Settlement in New York City where Lillian Wald and other nurses provided home visits, health education, and community development support to immigrant communities on the Lower East Side. The Henry Street Settlement later became the Visiting Nurse Service of New York, a non-profit organization that continues to provide public health nursing and healthcare services to all New York residents. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Public health nurses are the largest group of providers of public health services. They provide a variety of essential services to the communities in which they work. Public health nurses are qualified to deliver clinical services such as immunizations, well-baby care, senior home visits, and school health visits. They also work in teams that monitor community health trends and risk factors, help communities set local health priorities, and design and implement health education programs to minimize health risks. Advanced practice public health nurses may serve as leaders of community and state health departments and have responsibilities for planning and implementing programs to support the health of the population. The U.S. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act passed in 2010 expands public health and prevention programs to support communities and individuals. This law also establishes a National Prevention and Public Health Council to provide coordination across all federal agencies and government programs concerned with public health, health education and disease prevention services. The emphasis on public health in this legislation signals a significant federal commitment to support the work of health departments and public health professionals throughout the United States. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Roles: The primary role of the public health nurse is to work within the community to support population health and deliver preventive health care services. Public health nurses use their skills to support population health in eight domains of practice: Analysis and assessment of communities using available data and collecting additional data to provide the information necessary to assess, plan, implement and evaluate community health. Program planning and policy development to support the health of communities, families and individuals. Communication with community stakeholders, families and individuals to determine knowledge and attitudes about needed and available health and health services. Cultural competency that enables effective practice with diverse individuals, families, and groups within the community of care. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Community dimensions of practice including health service planning, advocacy, and program effectiveness evaluation within and for the community. Public health sciences including the utilization of available research, the design and implementation of new research, and the use of epidemiology and other research methods to understand the distribution and determinants of disease in the community. Financial management and planning skills to support careful budget management and use of public resources. Leadership and systems thinking skills to enable professional practice and development of the public health team. Specialties: Public health nursing is recognized as a specialty nursing area and is supported by the Quad Council of Public Health Nursing Organizations composed of: The Association of Community Health Nurse Educators (ACHNE); The Association of State and Territorial Directors of Nursing (ASTDN); The American Public Health Association, Public Health Nursing Section (APHA), and The American Nurses Association’s Congress on Nursing Practice and Economics (ANA). The Quad Council of Public Health Nursing Organizations (Quad Council) provides voice and visibility for public health nurses, sets a national policy agenda on issues related to public health nursing and advocates for excellence in public health nursing education, practice, leadership, and research. National certification as an advanced public health nurse, board certified (APHN-BC) is available from the American Nurse Credentialing Center. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper The Role of a Community Nurse More and more patients are treated outside a traditional hospital setting. As their numbers grow, the ability of the NHS to provide medical and nursing services is also changing and community nurses (also known as district nurses) play a vital role in this increasingly important aspect of our healthcare system. What does a community nurse do? Working in a variety of environments, from clinics and health centers to residential accommodation and patients’ own homes, community nurses help the NHS meet the needs of elderly, disabled or vulnerable patients who may not be able to easily visit the hospital. Community nurses are trained to perform a variety of nursing procedures which may include: basic care – such as checking temperature, blood pressure and breathing administering injections assisting doctors with examinations and medical procedures cleaning and dressing wounds setting up intravenous drips and monitoring ongoing care Community nurses also provide an important educational and advisory service for patients and families , offering information on various aspects of healthcare. In some situations, community nurses may be expected to provide emergency care – where patients have had accidents or suffered complications, such as cardiac arrest. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper The role is more than a way to relieve the UK’s busy hospitals and GP surgeries: community nurses offer their patients a level of emotional support and specialize in ‘joint care management’ for situations in which social services or wider care program mes may be involved. What skills does a community nurse need? Community nursing jobs can be high pressure: nurses work in environments which change from day to day and lack many of the resources available in a hospital. Given the demanding nature of the role and the spectrum of patients they are required to treat, community nurses should possess excellent communication and listening skills, while demonstrating sensitivity towards the specifics of each unique situation. Before taking an available nursing post a community nurse must be a qualified and registered nurse (usually with two years’ practical experience) – and will also need additional, degree level training as a ‘specialist practitioner’. Specialist practitioner training courses usually last no less than one academic year but trainees may be able to shorten that training period by counting previous experience towards their qualification. Courses, which can be taken on a full or part time basis, are split into practical and theoretical elements – and focus on four key areas: NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper clinical nursing care and program me management clinical practice development clinical practice leadership Community Health Nursing Community health nursing incorporates several basic concepts, including the promotion of healthy living, prevention of disease and health problems, medical treatment, rehabilitation, evaluation of community health care delivery and prevention systems, and research to further community health and wellness. A community nurse may provide direct care, educate individuals or the public, advocate for health improvements and perform research in community health. She might also lead or collaborate with other health care professionals, organizations, political figures and members of the community to promote health for her community. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Public Health Nurses Public health nurses are often the most visible group in a community health improvement setting. They might be specialists in disease prevention with a focus on preventing infectious disease, work with mothers and children to improve nutrition, operate immunization clinics or lead efforts such as smoking cessation, preventing excessive sun exposure and water safety. Like the nurses who worked in Kentucky many years ago, these nurses might provide prenatal health care or teach mothers how to care for their new babies. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Community public health nursing is not entirely different in nursing practice with that of clinical nursing confined in the four corners of the hospital. It also promotes wellness and prevents illness through education and health teachings, provides comfort and care through its delicate nursing care interventions, and emphasizes curative and rehabilitative interventions through individualized efficient approaches. But its peculiarity involves not only caring a single client but by extending thru the whole family and the community. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Roles and Responsibilities of a Community Health Nurse 1. The main focus of community health nurse is health promotion. Programmer/Planner Identifies the needs and concerns of individuals, groups, families, and the community Formulates health plans, especially in the absence of a community physician Interprets and implements nursing plans and programs Assists other health team members in implementing health programs in the setting Health Educator/Trainer/ Counselor Acts as resource speaker on health and health related services Advocates health programs in the community through dissemination of IEC or Information Education and Communication materials Conducts advocacy educations concerning premarital, breastfeeding, and immunization counselings Organizes orientation/ training of concerned groups like pregnant mothers Identifies and interprets training needs of health team members and formulate appropriate training program for them Conducts and facilitates necessary training or educational orientation to other health team members in the community 2. The recipient of care of community public health nursing practice is extended not only the individual but also to benefit the whole family and community. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Community Organizer Promotes self- reliance of community and emphasizes their involvement and participation in planning, organizing, implementing and evaluating of health services Initiates and implements community development activities Coordinator of services Coordinates health services with concerned individuals and families through the community health team members, government organizations and non- government organizations Coordinates nursing plans and programs with other health programs 3. Community health nurse are generalists in terms of their practice through life’s continuum. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Provider of Nursing Care Renders direct care to various clients with different needs, may it be at home, in school, clinics or work settings Involves the family in the care of the sick or dependent individual, i.e. sick child 4. Continuity of care with the client, family or and the community extends for a longer time involving individuals of all ages and health needs. Health Monitor Monitors and detects presence of health concerns in the community through contacts or home visits. Utilizes various effective data gathering techniques in keeping an eye on the health status of all recipients of care. Records and reports health status and presence of health problems in the community 5. The nature of nursing practice in the community needs the knowledge of biological and social sciences, ecology, clinical nursing, and community organizing, for it to be effective. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Researcher Follows a systematic process of monitoring the health status of the community through the conduct of surveys and home visits Conducts researches concerning the health of the community Coordinates with government and non- government organizations in the conduct and implementation of studies Statistician Records data systematically and ensures its validity through accurate and complete data gathering Reports prepared reports to concerned organizations i.e. government organization for immediate necessary plans or programs Consolidates and reviews reports efficiently. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Analyzes and interprets consolidated data for monitoring the development in the health matters of the whole community 6. This field of nursing practice utilizes a dynamic process (assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation) in the provision of continuous care until termination is implicit. Change Agent Promotes and motivates change in the community in their health practices and lifestyle behaviors for them to promote and maintain good health, be knowledgeable and has initiative in accessing health services Inculcates self- reliance to brought about development and improvement in the community NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper My apologies for I only have included a short list of the roles and responsibilities . A community health nurse could still develop other sorts of roles while working in the setting. It may not be evident because of its vast and intricate tasks. What is important is the impact it produces in those individuals who needed the care of a community health nurse. Paper works, like the graphs and pie charts shown the community health center are not enough to say that a nurse accomplished her work because a much bigger responsibility is laid in front of her – the community. So, despite the short description of the roles and responsibilities of community public health nursing my hopes are up that some of us would like to be one, too or if not, recognize the hardships and efforts of our own nurses in the community in delving with the issues in health in the community. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper The Role of the Nurse in Preventative Health Care Preventative health care has become an increasingly popular area of the health care sector. Using a variety of methods to educate populations and avoid illnesses, this type of health care works to improve the overall wellness of Americans. Preventative health care informs populations, promotes healthy lifestyles and provides early treatment for illnesses. In the industry, the emergence of health care reform and an increased number of individuals suffering from chronic conditions has led to an amplified role for nurses in disease prevention. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Preventative Health Care Nurses in preventative health care are tasked with improving the health of patients through evidence-based recommendations while encouraging individuals to receive preventative services such as screenings, counseling and precautionary medications. Through public health education, nurses can inspire a larger group of people to engage in healthy lifestyles and ultimately live longer lives. Preventative health care nurses encourage: Regular exercise: Nurses promote regular activity (preferably 30 minutes of exercise at least five days a week) to combat heart conditions, high blood pressure and other diseases such as stroke, diabetes and arthritis. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Weight management: Exercise also encourages weight management. Preventative care includes maintaining and controlling weight with exercise and healthy eating habits to prevent diseases such as obesity, cardiovascular disease and osteoarthritis. Avoidance of smoking and drug abuse: Aside from the addiction threat associated with smoking and drug use, there is the risk of lung cancer, emphysema and other forms of cancer. Moderated alcohol use: Education about the effects of alcohol consumption, as well as early screening for diseases such as liver disease, stroke or high blood pressure, can significantly increase the chances of illness prevention. Control of existing diseases: Nurses involved with preventative health care work to identify existing conditions in the early stages. Modifying an individual’s behaviors can control or minimize the effects of a particular ailment. Preventative care encompasses a wide range of techniques to identify, educate, prevent and treat diseases in populations. There are three types of prevention that nurses take part in on a regular basis depending on their position in health care facilities or organizations: primary, secondary and tertiary. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Primary Prevention The U.S. Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF) describes primary prevention as the measures taken to provide individuals with knowledge to prevent the onset of a targeted condition. In this type of prevention, nurses play the part of educators that offer information and counseling to communities and populations that encourage positive health behaviors. From providing immunizations to reinforcing the use of seat belts, programs are designed to avoid suffering and illness in patients, as well as avoid any type of cost supplementary to disease treatment. Primary prevention is typically the most economical method of health care. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Secondary Prevention Secondary prevention, a form of early disease detection, identifies individuals with high risk factors or clinical diseases through screenings and regular care to prevent the onset of disease. Once identified, nurses work with these patients to reduce and manage controllable risks, modifying the individuals’ lifestyle choices and using early detection methods to catch diseases in their beginning stages when treatment may be more effective. Regular screenings, conducted by a preventative health care nurse, are the most common method of secondary prevention and can dramatically diminish the development of certain illnesses. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Tertiary Prevention The third tier of prevention, tertiary prevention, is slightly different. This method involves the treatment of existing diseases in patients. At this point of care, nurses are tasked with helping individuals execute a care plan and make any additional behavior modifications necessary to improve conditions. As the primary and secondary methods have been unsuccessful, this stage encompasses methods of minimizing negative effects and preventing future complications. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Examples of Disease Prevention Traditionally, health care systems were focused on cures for diseases. Today’s system is more focused on effective prevention techniques. Approximately 1.7 million Americans die each year from chronic diseases, including heart disease, cancer, stroke, diabetes and obstructive pulmonary disease. Nurses and other health care professionals are constantly working to prevent such illnesses through a variety of approaches. NURS 4210 – Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health Essay Paper Heart Disease As the leading cause of death in the United States, heart disease is the focus of many health care professionals. There are many prevention programs in place and most employ the foll

NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper Advocacy plays a key role in building strong health systems. It gives people a voice in the decisions that affect their lives and health and helps hold governments accountable for meeting the health needs of all people, including marginalized groups. Health policies developed with broad participation help governments and institutions provide better healthcare.NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper In the fields of HIV, family planning and reproductive health (FP/RH), and maternal health, advocacy occurs throughout the policy process. Advocates detect problems and raise awareness of those problems. They participate in policy dialogue and contribute to designing policy solutions, then marshal support to adopt those solutions. Their work doesn’t end with the passage of policy measures. Instead, they help ensure equitable and effective implementation of health policies, monitor the impact of those policies, and identify gaps and challenges. To do all this successfully requires a specialized set of skills and knowledge.NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper Permalink: https://nursingpaperessays.com/ nurs-5050-policy…signment-paper / Advocacy has often been described as a key strategy for the achievement of health promotion aims, but multiple and conflicting definitions and usages exist. The concept itself may be unnecessarily intimidating. Advocacy work can take place at the level of both ‘cases’ and ‘causes’. Two main goals underpin health advocacy—protection of the vulnerable (representational advocacy) and empowerment of the disadvantaged (facilitation al advocacy). This paper attempts to integrate existing models and definitions into a conceptual framework for considering the role of advocacy in addressing health inequalities. It argues that we need to pay some attention to the diversity of values and goals of health promotion if we are to understand which models and approaches to health advocacy apply and in what context. This paper concludes that advocacy for health fulfills two functions: as a form of practice and as a useful strategy for a discipline which has to be self-promoting as well as health-promoting in order to survive in the competitive political environment of contemporary health work.NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper What is public health advocacy? The focus of this Discussion is on ‘policy-focused’ public health advocacy, i.e., activities that attempt to contribute to health promoting systemic change by influencing policy processes. While there are many available definitions of public health advocacy,2-4 these share key common elements, including: an emphasis on collective action to effect desired systemic change; a focus on changing “upstream factors like laws, regulations, policies, institutional practices, prices and product standards;”5 and an explicit recognition of the importance of engaging in political processes to effect desired policy changes. Public health advocacy is often defined as the process of gaining political commitment for a particular goal or program, and identified by some as a critical population health strategy.2,6Target audiences tend to be decision-makers, policy-makers, program managers, and more generally, those that are in a position to influence actions that affect many people simultaneously.4,7,8 Public health advocacy strategies espouse an upstream approach, recognizing that ‘individual’ and ‘personal’ problems are often reflective of social conditions. This approach involves situating ‘individual’ health issues within the broader context of social determinants external to individuals. It also recognizes the societal breadth of many public health problems, and the logistical and resource challenges inherent in approaching these challenges at the individual level.NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper While downstream health promotion activities (such as primary or secondary smoking prevention, community-level interventions and provider education) play an important public health role and should be continued, “…to some they resemble fixing with a pick and shovel what is being destroyed with a bulldozer.”9Engaging in public health advocacy acknowledges the explicitly political aspects of public health, and the importance of addressing social determinants of health as a key component of a strategy for improving the health of populations. Put another way, public health advocacy is an important strategy for creating environments supportive of health.10 If the goal of public health is to reduce the societal burden of health problems, then effective interventions must “…alter the societal forces that foster these problems.”11 Ignoring the social and political dimensions of health has the effect of relegating public health practice to the “…prevention and promotion of individual risk factors.” Advocacy strategies draw from a range of tactics. These can involve “…creating and maintaining effective coalitions, the strategic use of news media to advance a public policy initiative and the application of information and resources to effect systemic changes that change the way people in a community live. It often involves bringing together disparate groups to work together for a common goal.”13 It can also involve gathering and presenting an evidence-base for desired changes, although it is worth noting that scientific evidence alone is rarely enough to achieve desired political support for public health goals. Evidence is often a necessary – but rarely sufficient – factor for influencing policy processes. The Ontario Health Promotion Resource System categorizes advocacy activities as low, medium, and high profile.NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper Low profile activities could include quiet negotiation, meetings with civil servants, sharing information, and the development of non-public briefs. Medium profile activities include on-going negotiation, development of public briefs, ‘feeding’ the opposition, giving deputations at committees, participating in meetings with elected officials, forming strategic alliances with other groups, and writing letters to elected officials or newspapers. High profile activities include public criticism, public relations activities, advertising campaigns, information distribution, letter writing, and participation in demonstrations and rallies.14Within this categorization system, many activities (e.g., meeting civil servants, sharing information) may fall within any of these categories, depending on the nature of the activity and its intended result. There are many examples of successful public health advocacy efforts, and “…every branch of public health can point to the critical role of advocacy in translating research into policy, practice and sea changes in public opinion.”15 To date, public health advocacy has been used to advance policies in several public health areas, including gun control, injury prevention, and tobacco control.13 In spite of the importance of this work, Chapman argues that “…advocacy remains a Cinderella branch of public health practice. Advocacy is often incandescent during its limited time on stage, only to resume pumpkin status after midnight. Routinely acknowledged as critical to public health, it is seldom taken seriously by the public health community, compared to the attention given to other disciplines.”16 The lack of attention paid to public health advocacy is reflected in the limited body of research literature on public health advocacy research or practice. Advocacy skills Engaging in policy advocacy requires a diverse set of skills. Comm et al. identify three core skills required for successful public health advocacy: 1) the ability to work collaboratively with multiple stakeholders, 2) strategic use of media, and 3) ability to conduct strategic analysis.17This latter skill requires a focus on three central questions (what is the problem? what is the desired solution? who is the target for change?) Although sometimes overlooked as a skill, being able to identify a policy solution is as important as being able to identify the problem in public health advocacy.18The ability to frame issues effectively is identified as a key component of public health advocacy. Chapman argues that “.NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper What is Population Health Advocacy? Advocacy represents the strategies devised, actions taken and solutions proposed to influence decision-making on a particular cause/issue. The purpose of advocacy is to create positive change for people and their environments. Individuals, organizations, businesses and governments can all engage in advocacy activities. As seen in Appendix 1, advocacy efforts range from those on behalf of an individual to efforts directed at bringing about policy change. Population health advocacy is directed at actions to improve the overall health of a population. Generally, this is done through addressing the many social conditions that impact the health of populations, such as early child development, income, education, gender, etc. These conditions are often referred to as the non-medical or social determinants of health . The Enhancing the Role of Hospitals in Improving Population Health (EHPH) Learning Center was established to support the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s (RWJF) efforts to expand the number of hospitals and health systems active promoting healthy communities and committed to a Culture of Health. The EHPH Learning Center is focused on learning systematically across the field and is exploring ideas to transform health and health care and advance community health and well-being. The EHPH Learning Center is located at the NYU Langone Department of Population Health and staffed by Leora Horwitz, MD MHS, Jim Knickman, PhD and Carol Chang, MPH MPA. Leora is an associate professor and director of the Center for Healthcare Innovation and Delivery Science. Her recent research has focused on better coordination of hospitals and communities during the patient discharge process. Jim is the Derzon Chair in Health and Public Affairs with appointments at the Department of Population Health and NYU Wagner. He has many years of philanthropy experience, most recently as the president of the New York State Health Foundation. Carol is directing the EHPH project and is a former RWJF staff member who developed early grant making focused on population health including overseeing the Foundation’s Health and Society Scholars Program.NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper The finite and generally scarce nature of available resources for population health improvement creates an imperative for focusing on those policies and programs that have been shown to be most effective. However, because tight resources also limit the quantity and quality of evidence on any given policy or program, it can be very challenging for those working to improve health to determine the best course of action. Fortunately, a growing number of online resources help point to recommended policies and programs. Policies can be implemented at many different levels, from an individual school or worksite to municipalities, regions, states, and even the national level. Examples of effective health policies include smoking bans, excise taxes on cigarettes and alcohol, seat belt laws, water fluoridation, and restaurant menu labeling. There is an increasing call for a “health in all policies” approach among population health academic and practice leaders. Emerging in response to a growing understanding and recognition of the many different factors that influence health, “health in all policies” underscores the need for policymakers in various sectors such as education, housing, transportation, agriculture, development, environment, and others to carefully examine the health implications of the policies they put into place. NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper Programs aimed at population health improvement are extremely diverse and address the full range of health determinants/factors. They not only encompass efforts to improve access to health care and individual behavior but also work to create healthy options and opportunities in the environments where people live, learn, work, and play. Population health, a field which focuses on the improvement of the health outcomes for a group of individuals, has been described as consisting of three components: “health outcomes, patterns of health determinants, and policies and interventions”. [1] Policies and Interventions define the methods in which health outcomes and patterns of health determinants are implemented. Policies which are helpful “improve the conditions under which people live”. [2] Interventions encourage healthy behaviors for individuals or populations through “program elements or strategies designed to produce behavior changes or improve health status”. [3] Policies and interventions are needed due to the inequalities among st populations and the inconsistent way care is administered. Policies can include “necessary community and personal social and health services” [2] as well as taxes on alcohol and soft drinks and implement smoking cessation policies. Interventions can include therapeutic or preventative health care and may also include actions taken by the individual or by someone on behalf of the individual. The application of population health is determined by the policies and interventions which can be implemented within an organization, city, state or country.NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper Public policy frameworks for improving population health Four conceptual frameworks provide bases for constructing comprehensive public policy strategies for improving population health within wealthy (OECD) nations. (1) Determinants of population health. There are five broad categories: genes and biology, medical care, health behaviors, the ecology of all living things, and social/societal characteristics. (2) Complex systems: Linear effects models and multiple independent effects models fail to yield results that explain satisfactorily the dynamics of population health production. A different method (complex systems modeling) is needed to select the most effective interventions to improve population health. (3) An intervention framework for population health improvement. A two-by-five grid seems useful. Most intervention strategies are either ameliorative or fundamentally corrective. The other dimension of the grid captures five general categories of interventions: child development, community development, adult self-actualization, socioeconomic well-being, and modulated hierarchical structuring. (4) Public policy development process: the process has two phases. The initial phase, in which public consensus builds and an authorizing environment evolves, progresses from values and culture to identification of the problem, knowledge development from research and experience, the unfolding of public awareness, and the setting of a national agenda. The later phase, taking policy action, begins with political engagement and progresses to interest group activation, public policy deliberation and adoption, and ultimately regulation and revision. These frameworks will be applied to help understand the 39 recommendations of the Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health, the Sir Donald Acheson Report from the United Kingdom, which is the most ambitious attempt to date to develop a comprehensive plan to improve population health.NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper Towards the end of the last century, health improvement strategies (such as the World Health Organization’s seminal Health for all by the year 2000 ) tended to use phrases like ‘protecting and promoting health’. In more recent years, the vocabulary has broadened out to place an emphasis on well being as well as health. Today the phrase ‘population health’ is used to convey a way of conceiving health that is wider still. It includes the whole range of determinants of health and well being – many of which, such as town planning or education, are quite separate from health services. Referring to ‘population health’ rather than the more traditional phrase ‘public health’ also helps avoid any perception that this is only the responsibility of public health professionals. Population health is about creating a collective sense of responsibility across many organizations and individuals, in addition to public health specialists. Confusingly, the phrase ‘population health management’ is also widely used, with a specific meaning that is narrower in focus than population health. Population health management refers to ways of bringing together health-related data to identify a specific population that health services may then prioritize. For example, data may be used to identify groups of people who are frequent users of accident and emergency departments. This way of using data is also sometimes called ‘population segmentation’. Throughout all these changes in vocabulary, one element has consistently been essential: an emphasis on reducing inequalities in health, as well as improving health overall. This continues to be important in population health NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper Medicalization And Health Policy A century ago, policy interventions addressing health vulnerability often reflected a broad view of the causes of vulnerability and the conditions that needed to be addressed through public action. The specific etiology of most illnesses and diseases was poorly understood. However, given the large and obvious statistical association between poverty and illness, health status vulnerability was readily seen as a consequence of socioeconomic vulnerability. 3 As a result, public health activities in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries focused on “upstream” causes of poor health, including poor sanitation, overcrowded and squalid housing conditions, work-related hazards, food security, and nutrition. 4 Interventions in these realms are believed responsible for sharp mortality declines across age groups in the United States. 5NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper Concurrent with these public health improvements, a sea change was under way in biomedical science, with an increasing focus on individual causes and manifestations of illness and disease. This increasingly individualized perspective fostered a tendency to medicalize health and illness. 6 Irving Zola defines medicalization as the expansion of medicine as an institution and the use of a medical lens to view human processes and behavior. 7 A medicalized perspective tends to define health problems as the result of individual failures of biology, hygiene, and behavior, with the implicit or explicit belief that the primary strategy for addressing these problems is through biomedical treatments delivered to individuals by physicians and other providers. 8 Multiple economic, social, and political factors fueled the growth and dominance of individualistic, medicalized perspectives regarding public health, although a detailed analysis of this topic is outside of the scope of this essay. 9 Michael Katz argues that individualized accounts of illness and vulnerability strongly resonated with Americans’ historic ambivalence toward disadvantaged individuals and groups, with accompanying moral and ideological distinctions between citizens deemed worthy and unworthy of assistance. 10NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper As health status and health vulnerability became more medicalized throughout the twentieth century, discourse and decisions regarding policy priorities changed as well. Given an increasingly medicalized view of health vulnerability, public policy became focused on expanding access to individualized medical care. 11 The federal government was providing personal health services to certain populations (such as merchant seamen and Native Americans) before 1900. However, as the problems of vulnerable populations became more medicalized, policies and initiatives focusing on health care access proliferated across populations and across a range of pertinent medical services. Given this policy emphasis on medical care, a piecemeal, categorical, and separatist approach to providing health care services to vulnerable populations emerged. Throughout the twentieth century, the making and buying of health care services through government policy created facilities, systems, providers, financing arrangements, and bureaucracies that exist outside the mainstream health care delivery system and operate specifically for vulnerable populations. Examples abound, including community and migrant health centers, Title X family planning clinics, local public health clinics, Medicaid managed care, Medicaid expansions for pregnant women, the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program, and the State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP).NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper The Limits Of Medicalized Policy Responses Current public policy responses to health vulnerability focus primarily (although not exclusively) on the procurement of medical care services, with a reduction in access barriers proffered as the central benchmark for success. Although policies that address financial and geographic barriers to health care bring important services to populations in need, many such policies establish and reinforce a two-tier “safety-net” system in which vulnerable populations primarily go to separate institutions or providers for their health care. These separate programs are viewed as necessary as a result of the dominant system’s failure to provide adequate access for those who are marginalized and vulnerable. These programs, however, are not well funded, and the services provided are neither adequately paid for nor completely covered. 12 This leaves safety-net providers and programs plagued by financial pressures and often unable to deliver high-quality medical care to the populations they serve. 13 A second, less noticed consequence of medicalized perspectives is a conflation between health status disparities and health care disparities. Medicalization encourages the view that one can solve socioeconomic and racial/ethnic health status disparities through initiatives and policies that reduce disparities in health care access, use, and quality. This conflation, for example, can be seen in some aspects of the Health Disparities Research Plan of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and also in the National Action Agenda of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Office of Minority Health. 14NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper In turn, when health vulnerability and disparities are medicalized, health care access becomes overvalued and overemphasized as the most promising policy path. It is also an easier path, politically, than are fundamental social and economic reforms. The result is our current situation, in which an estimated 95 percent of U.S. health services spending goes toward direct medical services, and only 5 percent is invested in population or community approaches for prevention and health status improvement. 15 Medicalized framing of health vulnerability can be an effective strategy to defend policy benefits/transfers to the disadvantaged by sidestepping social and political debates over the deservingness or worthiness of vulnerable populations. The Supplemental Security Income and Social Security Disability Insurance programs are examples of how a medicalized approach to complex social problems can bring valuable income support and other benefits to people living with disabilities. 16 Similarly, the Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency (CARE) Act provides housing and social services that extend beyond the domain of medical care to people living with HIV and AIDS. In addition, Medicaid provides a funding umbrella under which many states finance expanded services and social supports that extend beyond medical treatment and care. Nonetheless, these types of social services and interventions tend to become available only after a person is diagnosed as sick or disabled, and they focus on individuals and families rather than on the social and economic conditions of communities that are the fundamental drivers of poor health over the life course.NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper Health policy refers to decisions, plans, and actions that are undertaken to achieve specific health care goals within a society. An explicit health policy can achieve several things: it defines a vision for the future which in turn helps to establish targets and points of reference for the short and medium term. It outlines priorities and the expected roles of different groups; and it builds consensus and informs people. National health policies, strategies, plans National Health Policies, Strategies and Plans play an essential role in defining a country’s vision, policy directions and strategies for ensuring the health of its population. The development of National Health Policies, Strategies and Plans is a complex and dynamic process. Its precise nature varies from State to State according to the political, historical and socio-economic situation prevailing in the country. There is a renewed focus on strengthening countries’ capacity to develop robust National Health Policies, Strategies and Plans that can respond to the growing calls for strengthening of health systems and the renewal of Primary Health Care: universal coverage, people-centered care, emphasis on public health and health in all policies; serve to guide and steer the entire, pluralist health sector rather than being command-and-control plans for the public sector; go beyond the boundaries of health systems, addressing the social determinants of health and the interaction between the health sector and other sectors in society.NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper WHO has a long track record of supporting Member States in to develop National Health Policies, Strategies and Plans through country-level technical cooperation, facilitation of national policy dialogue and inter-country exchange, as well as through normative work and high level international policy frameworks. Health policy can be defined as the “decisions, plans, and actions that are undertaken to achieve specific healthcare goals within a society”. [1] According to the World Health Organization, an explicit health policy can achieve several things: it defines a vision for the future; it outlines priorities and the expected roles of different groups; and it builds consensus and informs people. [1] There are many categories of health policies, including global health policy, public health policy, mental health policy, health care services policy, insurance policy, personal healthcare policy, pharmaceutical policy, and policies related to public health such as vaccination policy, tobacco control policy or breastfeeding promotion policy. They may cover topics of financing and delivery of healthcare, access to care, quality of care, and health equity. [2 Healthcare Policies Health policy refers to decisions, plans, and actions which were undertaken to achieve specific health care goals within a society. An explicit health policy could achieve several things that include defining a vision for the future which in turn helps to establish targets and points of reference for the short and medium term. It outlines priorities and the expected roles of different groups and also builds consensus and informs people.NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper There are many categories of health policies, including personal healthcare policy, pharmaceutical policy, and policies related to public health such as vaccination policy, tobacco control policy or breastfeeding promotion policy. They may cover topics of financing and delivery of healthcare, access to care, quality of care, and health equity. What are some examples of healthcare policies that are implemented as a result of regulatory or legislative requirement? Does this include the Affordable Care Act? Healthcare Policies: Healthcare policies are created by legislation to improve the health of the public and to reach specific health goals. Factors involved in healthcare policies include socioeconomic status, social and physical environments, access to medical services, and lifestyle behaviors. Answer and Explanation: The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) is a healthcare policy put into place by President Obama in 2010. This policy expanded Medicaid, required people to have health insurance coverage, created more flexible options for health insurance, and removed preexisting conditions as a reason to be denied coverage.NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper There are different types of healthcare policies that affect different aspects of organizations, employment, patient rights, and medical equipment. Regulatory health policies standardize and control the behavior of specific groups by monitoring and enforcing consequences when not followed. An example includes hospitals being required to complete an accreditation process through different organizations to make sure their health practice is meeting standards. Allocate health policies try to provide a benefit to different groups of people, often by choosing one group of people over another. Examples are the use of medical research funded by the government, and taxing one group of people to provide more affordable health insurance to those who cannot afford it such as Medicaid.NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper Public Health Africa Policy Forum This project aims to provide evidence-based policy options for relevant and appropriate sustainable health solutions in Africa. Despite the notable progress made in improving population health outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa over the past two decades, considerable health challenges remain throughout the region. Significant health inequalities, a large burden of diseases including major outbreaks in recent times, coupled with limited capacity and capability of a skilled health workforce, poor resource allocation and insufficient coordination, cohesion as well as accountability have compounded the difficulties of sub-optimal access to basic healthcare services.NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper Whilst existing regional and global partnerships and initiatives have produced some progress within the region, African governments, policymakers and key stakeholders continue to search for sustainable public health policy options that are relevant and appropriate to the population of the region. The Chatham House Public Health Africa Policy Forum aims to facilitate the development of evidence-based policy options that are relevant and appropriate to sustainable health developments in Africa – for consideration by governments, health partners and wider public health stakeholders. With strong asset-based ethos of working in partnerships with governments, leading experts, policy institutions and relevant stakeholders in Africa, the forum aims to provide well-informed and credible research, analysis and policy options that take into account the region’s social, economic and intellectual assets as a means to achieving sustainable health solutions. The forum will create an enabling platform that will serves as a nexus for strengthening research translation al capabilities for informing better public health policies and outcomes in Africa.NURS 5050 – Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Assignment Paper The forum will also focus on

Nursing

Psychological Studies That Give Insight into the Human Mind Essay Paper Psychological Studies That Give Insight into the Human Mind Essay Paper What Sparked the Study? This experiment was initiated by Stanley Milgrim, a psychologist at Yale University. His goal was to focus on the conflict between obedience to authority and personal conscience. He examined the defenses of “obedience” as justifications from WW2 and wanted to see how it correlated to the way humans act under an authoritarian. The Experiment Using an ad in the newspaper, Milgrim selected participants for the study. A participant was paired with another person (A person that knew about the experiment). They had a fixed drawing of straws to see who would be the “learner” and who would be the “teacher”. Because the draw was fixed, the participant was always the teacher. The learner was taken into a room next to the teacher and was strapped to electrodes. The teacher went into the next room and was greeted by an electric shock machine. The shock machine contained shocks from 15 volts-450 volts. In this experiment, there was also an experimenter, played by an actor.Psychological Studies That Give Insight into the Human Mind Essay Paper Permalink: https://nursingpaperessays.com/ psychological-st…mind-essay-paper / The teacher tells the learner a list of words and gives the learner a series of tests that included naming a word and asking the learner to recall its partner. The teacher was told to administer a shock every time the learner made a mistake, increasing the shock each time. The learner purposefully got the answers wrong to test the teacher. When the shocks got riskier and the teacher refused, the experimenter used four different means to urge the teacher to continue with the experiment. Academic and commercial researchers alike are aiming towards a deeper understanding of how humans act, make decisions, plan, and memorize. Advances in wearable sensor technology along with procedures for multi-modal data acquisition and analysis have lately been enabling researchers all across the globe to tap into previously unknown secrets of the human brain and mind. Before you write your essay it’s important to analyse the task and understand exactly what the essay question is asking. It is possible your lecturer will give you some advice – pay attention to this as it will help you plan your answer. Next conduct preliminary reading based on your lecture notes. At this stage it’s not crucial to have a robust understanding of key theories or studies, but you should at least have a general ‘gist’ of the literature. After reading, plan a response to the task. This plan could be in the form of a mind map, a summary table, or by writing a core statement (which encompass the entire argument of your essay in just a few sentences). Still, as emphasized by Makeig and colleagues (2009), the most pivotal challenge lies in the systematic observation and interpretation of how distributed brain processes support our natural, active, and flexibly changing behavior and cognition. We all are active agents, continuously engaged in attempting to fulfill bodily needs and mental desires within complex and ever-changing surroundings, while interacting with our environment. Brain structures have evolved that support cognitive processes targeted towards the optimization of outcomes for any of our body-based behaviors. All patients come to psychiatrists with basically the same problem: the sense of helplessness, the fear and inner conviction of being unable to cope and change things. One of the roots of this sense of impotence is some desire to partially or totally escape the pain of confronting problems because this continual battle of confronting and solving problems is a painful one, indeed. Fearing the pain involved, almost all of us, to a greater or lesser degree, attempt to avoid them like the plague. Its human, it’s understandable, and to some extent quite natural…but it is definitely not beneficial. This tendency of avoidance and the emotional suffering inherent in it is the primary basis of all human mental illness. Keeping this in mind, it is safe to say that almost all of us lack complete mental health—including psychologists themselves.Psychological Studies That Give Insight into the Human Mind Essay Paper That’s why psychotherapy is very helpful to anyone and everyone. It is a legitimate and courageous path to personal growth and freedom which bestows people with a lot of opportunities to become stronger and healthier than average. It helps bring forth the darkest and brightest parts of one’s own self in an atmosphere of utter honesty and non-judgment. Do we need to understand human nature, and particularly the nature of the human mind, to answer central questions in philosophy, theology and science? A powerful tradition in Western thought answered this question in the affirmative. For thinkers in this tradition, the greatest questions concerning morals, politics, and religion, and even a proper understanding of what is really involved when we “do” natural science, mathematics, and art, can be gained only from a position of knowledge concerning the actual nature of real human beings. But historically, this position on human nature was long held in abeyance by a rival tradition that re-conceived philosophy as the study of a priori truths. These circumstances have troubled scholars such as W.V.O. Quine, who famously declared that philosophers should quit their “make believe” and join forces with the natural sciences in trying to get a better handle on what the human world is really like. As part of this broader effort to gain fundamental insights into the place of human beings in the world, the Herzl Institute is home to an ongoing project in human nature studies entitled “Human Nature, Human Mind.” Since 2009, Institute scholars have hosted international conferences and a series of public lectures aimed at exploring the history of the human-nature tradition in Western thought, and to developing constructive contributions that human nature theory can make today to morals, political theory, and theology, as well as to seemingly more remote disciplines such as mathematics, logic, and natural science.Psychological Studies That Give Insight into the Human Mind Essay Paper People often make claims about “human nature.” For example — “It is a part of human nature to be egoistic.” “Human beings are naturally acquisitive.” “Cooperation is a natural human instinct.” “Human nature defines the way we learn language.” “Violence is natural.” What would human nature look like? To start with a preliminary definition, we might say that human nature is a relatively fixed set of characteristics of psychology, motivation, and cognition that are not the product of learning. Or, at a slightly greater remove from behavior, we might include innate capacities that can be triggered by appropriate experiences, but may also remain latent if those experiences are not encountered. (This is roughly the way that Noam Chomsky thinks about language competence in Aspects of the Theory of Syntax .) When people have identified some psychological characteristics as being part of human nature, they usually have had one of three things in mind. First, thinkers have sometimes held that there are “innate ideas” — beliefs and concepts that are hard-wired and are not learned through experience. For example, Kant holds that the ideas of space, time, and causality are a necessary part of any intelligent being’s mental equipment. Second, thinkers have sometimes postulated that there are certain visceral emotions that come with the normal human equipment — for example, fear of loud noises, love of infants, or empathy. And third, people sometimes assert that there are some fundamental dispositions to behavior that are a part of “human nature” — for example, being self-interested, being amenable to the appeal of fairness, being monogomous or its opposites.Psychological Studies That Give Insight into the Human Mind Essay Paper The logical contrary to the idea that there is a human nature, is the idea that human beings are simply general-purpose “learning machines,” equipped with a pretty impressive inference engine and neurophysiological computer; so all our beliefs, emotions, and dispositions to behavior are learned through experience. (Even on this approach there is something “fixed” in the human apparatus — the set of computational processes through which learning occurs. But everything else is variable and dependent upon the environment in which learning takes place.) This is the “tabula rasa” theory — the idea that the mind is a blank slate upon which experience inscribes specific knowledge and dispositions to behavior. On this approach, the mind consists of an extended inductive logic engine (permitting the acquisition of beliefs about the world); a “culture-acquisition device” (permitting the absorption of linguistic and normative practices from the surrounding community); and a “scenarios and actions” guidebook assembly kit (permitting the construction of a growing list of commands along the lines of “when such-and-so happens, do thus-and-so”). Altogether this being has the ability to gather empirical and causal beliefs, gain language and values, and acquire a set of guidelines about how to behave. And, according to the tabula rasa theory, the content of each of these attainments is governed only by the feedback of experience. Supply a different environment, and you get different knowledge, values, and behavior. It is evident that much of an adult’s mental makeup is the result of his/her history and the enveloping culture within which the individual has developed. Learning is a fundamental aspect of human life, and it occurs at virtually every level; modes of reasoning, self-control, willingness to cooperate with others, and definition of the appropriate distance of separation between two people in a conversation are all human performances that are culturally and individually variable. They are the outcome of social learning. Further, human culture fundamentally influences human behavior — and culture is only transmitted through lived experience.Psychological Studies That Give Insight into the Human Mind Essay Paper The question of human nature is whether there are any dispositions or behavioral outcomes that are largely independent from these learning and developmental processes. Are there any social behaviors, emotions, or impulses that are an innate part of the human mental system? The sociobiologists have offered one line of analysis on this question. They note that the human mental system — cognition, emotions, and the control of behavior — is embodied in an organ that is itself subject to natural selection and evolution, the central nervous system. So it seems logical to expect that this system will have acquired some socially specific characteristics through the evolution of hominids and modern human beings. Edward O. Wilson took a controversial stab at the question in On Human Nature . And Richard Dawkins tried to get a handle on the evolutionary biology of cooperation in The Selfish Gene . Each book has proven controversial over the decades since publication — largely on grounds of the complaint that they are somewhat reductionist in their disregard of the causal importance of culture in the behaviors they describe. (See, for example, Marshall Sahlins, The Use and Abuse of Biology: An Anthropological Critique of Sociobiology .) But surely the foundation of the approach is a valid one: the human brain has been shaped through natural selection; skill in social relationships is relevant to reproductive success; so it is logical to expect that there has been specialized brain development around the challenges of social interaction. Allan Gibbard’s Wise Choices, Apt Feelings: A Theory of Normative Judgment explores these ideas in some detail and in a way that is exempt from the accusation of reductionism. The strongest case for mental features that might be part of human nature concerns what might be referred to as the social emotions and the foundations of social cognition. The social emotions might include a disposition towards reciprocity, an innate responsiveness towards infants, and a deep grounding of empathy for the suffering of other human beings. It is not difficult to put together an analysis that would show that these psychological traits might have differential reproductive advantage for the individuals who carry these traits. And the foundations of social cognition also seem to qualify as candidates for features of human nature as well: the ability to recognize and remember faces, the ability to “read” emotions and mental states in the speech and behavior of others, and the ability to quickly apprehend a social setting, for example. Here too there seem to be the makings of a selection-based explanation of the proliferation of these traits through a population; these cognitive abilities surely confer some reproductive benefits on the individuals who possess them. Another example of a mental trait that might be an enduring component of human nature is the ability to plan future actions, considering alternatives and choosing a series of actions that brings about the future outcome that the individual has selected. The cognitive abilities that underlie planning would appear to confer substantial evolutionary advantage.Psychological Studies That Give Insight into the Human Mind Essay Paper What seems not to be justified is any form of simplistic “social Darwinism”, leading to the assumptions of narrow self-interest as a component of permanent human nature. Here the error is an over-quick inference from the proposition that “evolution favors organisms that out-reproduce their fellows at a given time” to the conclusion that “organisms that maximize local self-interest will out-reproduce their fellows.” This inference is unjustified, since we can readily describe models of populations in which reciprocity and altruism out-reproduce egoism and narrow self-interest. It was on a hike across Isla Del Sol in Bolivia a few years ago that I first wondered how many animals walk for pleasure – not to hunt or feed, not to find shelter or warmth, but to enjoy the act of walking itself. I asked the question on Quora to rather unsatisfying results. The question arose again on our recent Abel Tasman hike and led me to wonder what other characteristics are unique or largely restricted to humans. This in turn led me to an old issue of New Scientist magazine and a fascinating set of articles on the six things all humans do. Some are obvious, some are amusing. All trigger a flush of recognition and a sense of belonging. 1. BEING PLAYFUL You may have heard the fact that humans and dolphins are the only species that mate for pleasure. This, perhaps unsurprisingly, is not true. Several other animals have sex where reproduction is impossible or unlikely. What’s interesting is that few other species are as generally playful as humans. All mammals play, says New Scientist, but no other species pursues such a wide variety of entertainment or spends so much time enjoying themselves. We enjoy not only physical activities (sports, games, dancing and even tickling) but we also play with language (making jokes, creating music) and use our imaginations. We carry our childhood sense of playfulness right into adulthood, rare among other species. 2. BEING SCIENTIFIC As children, we learn to identify patterns. We might identify and group all the red Lego bricks together, or recognise that a two-piece brick slots above another two-piece brick. We find ourselves constantly sorting the world into categories, predicting how things work and testing our predictions. This, says New Scientist, is the very essence of science and is evident in everything from the establishment of time and calendars to our use of measuring units and our pursuit of cosmic knowledge. 3. BEING LEGISLATIVE Many animals adhere to simple behavioral rules (often around territory and hierarchy), but none have a sophisticated system of rules, taboos and etiquette like that of humans. Without studying every community in the world, we can’t say for certain whether each and every one has formal laws but humans, by nature, tend to have rules. These rules always involve governing behaviour in three key areas, a sign that legislating is fundamental to human nature. First is kinship: the rights, goods and status one is entitled to and also the obligation one has to their kin (e.g. a daughter inheriting land from her mother, or a father legally obligated to provide for his son). Second is safety: everyone worries about safety so every culture has rules that govern when someone can kill or hurt another person.Psychological Studies That Give Insight into the Human Mind Essay Paper Third is the use of objects: the definition of ‘private property’ is far from universal but societies everywhere have rules that govern who can and cannot use certain things at certain times. 4. BEING EPICUREAN To most animals, a meal is just a meal: a way to sustain their bodies so they can continue living. To humans, a meal can be a labour of love, a work of art, a vehicle for seduction, an event in and of itself. Friends gather to break bread while families share stories and squabbles over the dinner table. Of course, it’s not just our attitude towards food that sets us apart. Cooking, one of humanity’s greatest inventions, has made a huge difference. Primatologist Richard Wrangham at Harvard University says that cooked food, which offers more calories and less chewing, was the key innovation that allowed our ancestors to evolve into smart, social creatures. He notes that chimps spend more than six hours a day chewing; humans, less than one which leaves more time for culture and development. 5. BEING CLANDESTINE ABOUT SEX It was visiting the breeding centre on San Cristóbal in the Galápagos that changed my mind about tortoises. Until then, I saw them as wise and gentle creatures, slowly and carefully plodding through life. After the visit, they morphed into huge, horny creatures that had loud, grunting, unattractive sex in public. Of course, that makes them no different to any other creature except humans who prefer to have sex in private. One might say this is due to centuries of social conditioning, but academics suggest a deeper reason. Secret mating happens among species with a lot of inter-male competition, says Clive Wynne, a professor of psychology at the University of Florida. Donald Symons, anthropologist and author of The Evolution of Human Sexuality, says that men regard sex as a precious commodity and therefore enjoy it “covertly to avoid inciting covetousness”. Harvard professor Steven Pinker agrees: “This is for the same reason that during a famine anyone with food is likely to consume it in private.” In short, it’s not shame that drives clandestine copulation, but envy and competition instead.Psychological Studies That Give Insight into the Human Mind Essay Paper 6. BEING GOSSIPY There is a rather unkind comment a female columnist once made about British actress Keira Knightley: “If you want to befriend a woman, ask her the question, ‘What do you think of Keira Knightley?’ In the resulting torrent of bile and loathing, you will bond.” It’s true: humans use gossip to cement relationships, says Robin Dunbar, author of Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language. He believes that gossip is the human equivalent of primate grooming. We have too many relationships to maintain through time-consuming grooming so we engage in chat instead: “Gossip evolved for oiling the wheels of social interaction,” says Dunbar – a maxim that applies to everyone from schoolchildren to the most powerful leaders of the world. What’s interesting is that gossip isn’t negative by nature. In his research, Dunbar found that negative comments were far less common than innocuous observations about a subject. In essence, it’s not that we like to bitch; it’s just that we like to talk. Unless of course it’s about Keira Knightley. Past speakers in this series include: Thomas Ahnert (Edinburgh), Roger Ariew (South Florida), Lera Boroditsky (Stanford), David Chalmers (Australian National University), Steve Darwall (Yale), Gil Diesendruck (Bar-Ilan), Samuel Fleishacker (Illinois), Dan Garber (Princeton), Aaron Garrett (Boston University), Tamar Szabo Gendler (Yale), Raoul Gervais (Ghent), Michael Gill (Arizona), Knud Haakonssen (Sussex), James Harris (St. Andrews), Bennett Helm (Franklin & Marshall), Michael Heyd (Hebrew U.), Eli Hirsch (Brandeis), Daniel Jacobson (Michigan), Hilla Jacobson (Ben-Gurion), Aviv Keren (Hebrew U.), Steven Horst (Wesleyan), Peter Lewis (Miami), Joseph Mali (Tel Aviv), Ricardo Manzotti, (IULM, Milan), Angela Matthies (Stuttgart), David Owen (Arizona), Fania Oz-Salzberger (Haifa), Robert Pasnau (Colorodo), Robert Pepperell, (Cardiff School of Art), Shimon Peretz (Bar-Ilan), Steven Pinker (Harvard), Jesse Prinz (CUNY Graduate Center), Paul Rahe (Hillsdale), Frederick Rosen (University College-London), Kranti Saran (Harvard), Geoff Sayre-McCord (UNC-Chapel Hill), Eric Schliesser (Ghent), Axel Seemann (Bentley), Oron Shagrir (Hebrew U.), Silvia Sebastiani (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Susanna Siegel (Harvard), Amie Thomasson (Miami), Alfred Tauber (Boston University), Marius Usher (Tel Aviv), Joshua Weinstein (Shalem), Konrad Werner (Jagiellonian), Benjamin Young (CUNY Graduate Center), and Nick Zangwill (Durham).Psychological Studies That Give Insight into the Human Mind Essay Paper Despite the widespread rejection of Creationism and Intelligent Design in our society, most of us continue to believe that humanity is “the Crown of Creation.” Even though brought about by an impersonal force, such as Nature or Evolution, we consider ourselves superior to all other living beings, incomparably more intelligent and capable of loftier, more noble, emotions, and for this reason of our cognitive and emotional superiority, fully justified in making whatever use of them we may decide upon to improve our quality of life. If the very same logic were applied to differences between human beings and it were suggested that the more intelligent people with more developed emotional life can use people who are less intelligent and less developed emotionally in whatever way that suits the former to make their lives better, many of us would be appalled. But, if asked to explain this reaction, we would have to resort to the claim of cognitive and emotional superiority again. It is clear that we have the ability to use (that is in various ways exploit, kill for food, convenience, or sport, take over the resources they need to survive, impose conditions that turn their lives into torture) other animals, while they do not have the ability to use us. So, obviously, they are not our equals. But this is not because they are all naturally less intelligent than we are, or because our emotional capacities are naturally better developed. What drastically separates us from all other animals does not have anything to do with our biological nature at all. As a biological species we are not that different from others: apparently, there is only 2% of difference in genetic material between us and some other great apes, such as chimpanzees, and these 2% account for all of our differences–forms of our feet and legs, genitalia, body and facial hair, posture, weight and height, etc., etc.,–so it is unclear how much of this is left to account for the difference between their and our brains, presumably responsible for our superior mental capacities. Moreover, capacities can be observed empirically only in their effects, only if a person writes a book, for instance, can we say that s/he has the capacity to write a book. (Well, one may counter in this context, no animal has ever written a book: ergo, we are smarter than they are. But an overwhelming majority of us have never written a book either. Does that mean that cognitive capacities of the overwhelming majority of people are no different than those of other animals?) As to other achievements, every day now brings more evidence about the great intelligence, cognitive and emotional, of animals (innate–not, like ours, which often learned).See, for instance, “When a Wolf Dies.”Psychological Studies That Give Insight into the Human Mind Essay Paper No, the only empirically observable characteristic which clearly separates us from other animals has nothing to do with our biological endowment: what distinguishes humanity from all other species is that, while all other species transmit their ways of life genetically, through blood, we transmit our ways of life symbolically, through such things as traditions, institutions, laws, etc. Genetic transmission–a central process within the process of life itself–is, like life itself, a biological process. Symbolic transmission is not a biological process; it is, instead, the process of culture. We empirically observe the dramatic difference between these two processes of transmission of ways of life in that animal societies within the same species keep their characteristic form across hundreds and thousands of generations and even when geographically very widespread (like wolves, for example), while human societies are infinitely variable, always reflecting their specific historical period in a specific geographical location. In other words, what distinguishes humanity from all other animals, what actually makes us human and not just animals, is culture. It’s a question that’s reverberated through the ages – are we humans, though imperfect, essentially kind, sensible, good-natured creatures? Or deep down are we wired to be bad, blinkered, idle, vain, vengeful and selfish? There are no easy answers and there’s clearly a lot of variation between individuals, but this feature post aims to shine some evidence-based light on the matter. Here in the first part of a two-part feature – and deliberately side-stepping the obviously relevant but controversial and already much-discussed Milgram, Zimbardo and Asch studies – we digest 10 dispiriting findings that reveal the darker and less impressive aspects of human nature:Psychological Studies That Give Insight into the Human Mind Essay Paper We view minorities and the vulnerable as less than human Through history humans have demonstrated a sickening willingness to inflict cruelty on one another. Part of the explanation may be that we have an unfortunate tendency to see certain groups – especially outsiders and vulnerable people perceived as low status – as being less than fully human. One striking example of this “blatant dehumanisation” came from a small brain-scan study that found students exhibited less neural activity associated with thinking about people when they looked at pictures of the homeless or of drug addicts, as compared with higher-status individuals. Many more studies have since demonstrated subtle forms of dehumanisation (in which we attribute fewer mental states to outsiders and minorities) and there have been further demonstrations of blatant dehumanisation – for instance, people who are opposed to Arab immigration or in favour of tougher counter-terrorism policy against Muslim extremists tended to rate Arabs and Muslims as literally less evolved than average. Among other examples, there’s also evidence that young people dehumanise older people; and that men and women alike dehumanise drunk women. What’s more, the inclination to dehumanise starts early – children as young as five view out-group faces (those belonging to people who live in a different city or who are of a different gender than the child) as less human than in-group faces. We already experience schadenfreude at the age of four That last finding is particularly dispiriting since we often look to young children to give us hope for humankind – they are seen as the sweet and innocent ones who have yet to be corrupted by the grievances of adulthood. And yet many other studies show that very small kids are capable of some less-than-appealing adult-like emotions. For instance, a study from 2013 found that even four-year-olds seem to experience modest amounts of Schadenfreude – pleasure at another person’s distress, especially if they perceived the person deserved it (because they’d engaged in a bad deed). A more recent study found that by age six children will pay to watch an antisocial puppet being hit, rather than spending the money on stickers. Oh, and maybe you should forget the idea of children offering you unconditional kindness – by age three, they are already keeping track of whether you are indebted to them.Psychological Studies That Give Insight into the Human Mind Essay Paper We believe in Karma – assuming that the downtrodden of the world must deserve their fate On a related note, so strong is our inherent need to believe in a just world, we seem to have an inbuilt tendency to perceive the vulnerable and suffering as to some extent deserving their fate (an unfortunate flip-side to the Karmic idea, propagated by most religions, that the cosmos rewards those who do good – a belief that emerges in children aged just four). The unfortunate consequences of our just-world beliefs were first demonstrated in now classic research by Melvin Lerner and Carolyn Simmons. In a version of the Milgram set-up, in which a female learner was punished with electric shocks for wrong answers, women participants subsequently rated her as less likeable and admirable when they heard that they would be seeing her suffer again, and especially if they felt powerless to minimise this suffering. Presumably derogating the woman made them feel less bad about her dismal fate. Since then, research has shown our willingness to blame the poor, rape victims, AIDS patients and others for their fate, so as to preserve our belief in a just world. By extension, the same or similar processes are likely responsible for our subconscious rose-tinted view of rich people. We are blinkered and dogmatic It’s not just that we are malicious and unforgiving, we humans are worryingly close-minded too. If people were rational and open-minded, then the straightforward way to correct someone’s false beliefs would be to present them with some relevant facts. However a modern classic published in 1967 showed the futility of this approach – participants who believed strongly for or against the death penalty completely ignored facts that undermined their position, actually doubling-down on their initial view. This seems to occur in part because we see opposing facts as undermining our sense of identity. It doesn’t help that many of us are overconfident about how much we understand things, and that when we believe our opinions are superior to others, this deters us from seeking out further relevant knowledge.Psychological Studies That Give Insight into the Human Mind Essay Paper We would rather electrocute ourselves than spend time in our own thoughts Maybe if we spent a little more time in contemplation we would not be so blinkered. Sadly, for many of us, it seems the prospect of spending time in our own thoughts is so anathema we’d actually rather electrocute ourselves. This was demonstrated dramatically in a 2014 study in which 67 per cent of male participants and 25 per cent of female participants opted to give themselves unpleasant electric shocks rather than spend 15 minutes in peaceful contemplation. Although others questioned the interpretation of the results, at least one other study has shown people’s preference for electrocuting themselves over monotony, and another found cross-cultural evidence for people’s greater enjoyment of doing some activity alone rather than merely thinking (also replicated here). The gist of these findings would seem to back up the verdict of the French philosopher Blaise Pascal who stated that “All of man’s troubles come from his inability to sit quietly in a room by himself”. We are vain and overconfident Our irrationality and dogmatism might not be so bad were they married with some humility and self-insight, but actually most of us walk about with inflated views of our abilities and qualities, such as our driving skills, intelligenceand attractiveness – a phenomenon that’s been dubbed the Lake Wobegon Effect after the fictional town where “all the women are strong, all the men are good-looking, and all the children are above average”. Ironically, the least skilled am

Nursing

NURS 4015 – Public and Global Health Essay Paper NURS 4015 – Public and Global Health Essay Paper Public Health and Global Health Definitions Public Health For the purpose of having a common language, we broadly define public health as focusing on the science, practice, and art of collective efforts to prevent disease, promote health, and prolong quality of life among populations, while assuring conditions in which all people can be healthy. Rather than being a single discipline, public health as a profession includes the contributions of many disciplines/fields that impact the health of a population including, but not limited to epidemiology, behavioral science, medicine, social work, engineering, communication, business, law, and global health (CDC 1994, ASPH 2006, & WHO 2002). Permalink: https://nursingpaperessays.com/ nurs-4015-public…alth-essay-paper / Global Health Global health is an area for study, research, and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide. It emphasizes transnational health issues, determinants, and solutions; involves many disciplines within and beyond the health sciences; and is a synthesis of population-based prevention with individual-level clinical care. Although global health places greater priority on prevention, it also embraces curative, rehabilitative, and other aspects of clinical medicine and the study of basic sciences (Koplan 2009). NURS 4015 – Public and Global Health Essay Paper Difference Between Global Health and Public Health Global health as a scientific and evidence based specialty of Healthcare has created a trivialization paradigm in healthcare delivery using the strengths inherent in globalization, geopolitical interdependence, and individualization. Global health training at JLI provides a very strong foundation for the knowledge and skills a healthcare professional requires for international public health engagements, health systems management, careers in domestic and international healthcare policy and disciplines like environmental and occupational hygiene. Opportunities in Global Health Policy and Operations are in Institutions and departments where research, technology, government, and society intersect and include large worldwide agencies like the WHO, UNESCO, UNICEF, Red Cross etc., governmental and non-governmental institutions, private healthcare service providers (public health CROs), research based companies, corporate social responsibility (CSR) departments or foundations/trusts (e.g., Bill and Melinda Gates foundation, Garfield Weston Foundation, ) of large corporate houses, etc. NURS 4015 – Public and Global Health Essay Paper What is the difference between Global Health and Public Health? Global Health and Public Health as two specialties of healthcare have similar overarching goals with professionals engaged in betterment of individual health, constant improvement in longevity, improve quality of life, socioeconomic enlistment, manage and mitigate short term and long-term health risks, etc. However, the approach and operations of both the specialties differ in relation to geopolitical symbiosis, population health, healthcare economics and interrelationship among allied disciplines. With an expected overlap between the two streams table below provides a few basic differences: Global Health Public Health Geopolitical Healthcare problems and policy issues that transcend internationally Major focus is on specific communities or meeting national goals Collaboration and Alliances Global. Strongly propagates interdependence and not merely a flow of resources and information from the developed to the developing nations National. Based on economic and knowledge dependence of the developing on the developed, directly or via world associations and organizations. Population Health Prevention and clinical Primarily Prevention Healthcare economics and outreach Equitable distribution of healthcare resources including finances among nations Healthcare equity within a nation or locality Interrelationship among st Allied Disciplines Supports high interdisciplinary approach Multidisciplinary, especially with healthcare and social sciences Global Health: The Role of Nursing Research A decade ago, the Institute of Medicine defined global health as “health problems, issues, and concerns that transcend national boundaries, may be influenced by circumstances or experiences in other countries, and are best addressed by cooperative actions and solutions” (Board on International Health, Institute of Medicine, 1997). This definition continues to guide and shape the understanding of the role of nursing in advancing global health. NURS 4015 – Public and Global Health Essay Paper More recently, Bunyan and Walk up (2001) identified a paradigm shift in which the concept of global health has replaced international health . The concept of global health acknowledges the interconnections of nations and the impact of geopolitical, social, and fiscal considerations on healthcare policy. In contrast, international health creates a distinction based on the border between a specific nation and other nations. Currently, the more inclusive concept of global health acknowledges the necessity of addressing socioeconomic disparities; global patterns of migration; redistribution of the healthcare workforce often to more affluent nations; environmental change; urbanization; and violence, whether related to war, terrorism, or security threats (Gilliam International Health Initiative, 2007). Although nurses have been on the front line in addressing global healthcare problems and issues, relatively little has been documented about the contributions of nurse researchers and nursing research to global healthcare priorities. In delineating an agenda and framework for nursing research regarding global health, researchers may draw upon the overarching goals of the United Nations Millennium Project (2005). Global healthcare priorities are identified, with eight quantifiable goals and benchmarks to be achieved by 2015. The Millennium Project goals must be tempered against regional priorities. NURS 4015 – Public and Global Health Essay Paper For example, goals related to promoting gender equality and empowerment of women may not be supported at the regional level. Thus, nurse researchers interested in advancing global health must be prepared to address the inherent tensions that exist between the regional and global priorities. As nurse researchers collectively delineate priorities for nursing research, it is important to reflect upon the factors that may adversely affect the advancement of nursing research pertinent to global health. Two broad themes are presented: (a) lack of visibility and (b) limited support for nursing research regarding global health within the larger world of nursing science. Visibility Research conducted to address global health requires use of multidisciplinary and multinational teams. Although nurse economists, health analysts, and epidemiologists may contribute to this research, authorship of reports may be dictated by political and ideological considerations. For example, Dr. Mary Paterson of The Catholic University of America has conducted seminal work on strengthening of health systems in developing nations and in countries where the health system infrastructure has been damaged by war and political unrest (Paterson, Telyukov, Faraq, & Al-Shiakhli, 2003; Telyukov & Paterson, 2004; Telyukov, Paterson, Gotsadze, & Jugeli, 2003). Her research has not been recognized readily as nursing research because it is presented within the context of health policy and analysis as opposed to pure research and because it is published in venues such as technical reports commissioned by the World Bank and other global organizations instead of the nursing journals. NURS 4015 – Public and Global Health Essay Paper The visibility of nursing research regarding global health is influenced also by the way in which nurse researchers interested in global health are educated and socialized. The traditional academic preparation for a nurse researcher involves master’s-level preparation in nursing followed by either doctoral-level studies in nursing or a related discipline and, hopefully, postdoctoral work. However, nurse researchers interested in global health may opt for graduate education in public health, health economics, and health policy because the curricula are more responsive to their career goals. By branching into related areas at the master’s level instead of at the doctoral level, these researchers join a different community of scholars. Furthermore, lacking a master’s-level degree in nursing, their appropriateness for membership as nursing faculty requires specific justification to certain accrediting bodies and groups. Thus, they may face additional marginalization and devaluation of their contribution to nursing science. Finally, some ambivalence may exist regarding the boundaries of nursing research. Although the richness of the diverse backgrounds of nurse researchers in the area of global health benefits the understanding of global aspects of nursing, some may also view their research as blurring or diluting the uniqueness of nursing research. Paralleling the discussion regarding the nature of global versus international health is a discussion regarding the nature of nursing research in an increasingly global environment versus global healthcare research of relevance to nursing. NURS 4015 – Public and Global Health Essay Paper Support for Global Health Research The role of nursing research in advancing global health is limited also by the existing nursing research infrastructure. As a result, although nursing research has been used to address many health problems with a global component, additional follow-up studies are required to make the transition to a global health perspective. For example, U.S. nurse researchers have made a significant contribution to the understanding of factors influencing the risk of HIV/AIDS transmission and the subsequent development of behavioral interventions for risk reduction. Given the global nature of HIV/AIDS, this body of behavioral research is potentially relevant in regions of the world where HIV/AIDS is endemic. However, to tailor these interventions to specific regions of the world, additional research addressing the efficacy of these interventions within the context of socio-cultural and political factors and fiscal constraints is necessary. In addition, research including subjects from other countries has often been patterned after the multi centered clinical trial model. As a result, homogeneity of study groups regardless of country of origin is a desired attribute, thus blunting the ability of the research to address complexities across nations. Thus, although this research is international , it is not global. Finally, nurse researchers interested in global health must aggressively pursue other funding avenues. Traditional funding sources such as the National Institutes of Health understandably give funding priority to research that addresses national healthcare issues. Similarly, only a small subset of private foundations and agencies funding nursing research, such as the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (http://www.gatesfoundation.org), promote research related to global health. NURS 4015 – Public and Global Health Essay Paper In conclusion, it is hoped that, through this initiative between Nursing Research and other journals, the hidden face of nursing research in global health will be appreciated more widely. Whether at the level of individual interventions, community action, or healthcare analysis and policy development, nursing research has an enormous yet unrealized potential to advance the global healthcare agenda. I hope that these statements about the limitations in the nursing research agenda will challenge nurse researchers to expand support of an increasingly global agenda. The Nurse’s Role in Global Health With a total of approximately 3 million registered nurses (RNs) in the United States, these professionals play a prominent role in healthcare throughout the country. They factor even more significantly into healthcare delivery throughout the world, with an extremely significant number of about 32 million nurses across the planet. Nurses provide about 90 percent of healthcare services in the world, and for that, they deserve intense appreciation. With those statistics in mind, here is a look at global nursing as it currently stands. NURS 4015 – Public and Global Health Essay Paper The Nurse’s Worldwide Role A world without nurses is almost impossible to imagine. Everywhere you turn, nurses are there to provide leading-edge treatments to patients from all walks of life. Nurses work in various settings, including wellness clinics, hospitals, schools, churches and businesses, and they work with people throughout the lifespan. Why Nurses Matter in Global Health In the United States, nurses have a rather clearly defined role. However, in many locations throughout the world, there are not enough doctors available to provide the care that people need. Luckily, there are nurses, and if it were not for them, these individuals would not receive any healthcare services at all. Nurses make a major contribution by addressing various health issues. Here is a short list of service situations or issues nurses might face: Birth and Delivery: In various remote areas such as in rural Africa, there is not enough money to pay a doctor who can set up a practice. Or there may be other obstacles to having a local doctor. Fortunately, nurse-midwives are excellent in the role of caring for mothers before, during and after childbirth. Primary Care: Also in rural, remote or poverty-stricken areas, physicians may not be available to provide primary care services, and nurses are there to deliver many of those services. One challenge these areas face is that the health conditions people have are often more complex and difficult to treat. NURS 4015 – Public and Global Health Essay Paper Cholera: Illnesses and diseases we rarely encounter in the U.S. can be problems in certain other areas of the world. For example, cholera is an issue in Haiti, so nurses there get the chance to help numerous people with that disease. Tuberculosis: Nurses in Peru have been able to develop a program with the world’s highest cure rates for drug-resistant tuberculosis. Partnerships and Collaboration It is wonderful to see medical centers in various areas of the world collaborate. Here are two examples of innovative and resourceful partnerships: The Dana-Faber Cancer Institute in the U.S. is working to create a nursing oncology partnership with an organization in Rwanda. Oncology nurses from the U.S. will work directly with Rwandan doctors and nurses to share knowledge. Reg is College in the U.S. is working with the Haitian Ministry of Health and PIH to address the shortage of nursing education in that country. The end result will be a three-year master’s program for Haitian nurses. NURS 4015 – Public and Global Health Essay Paper Nurses are leaders who make a positive difference by advocating for health and providing healthcare throughout the world. In many instances, despite their incredibly huge and generous contribution across the globe, nurses are treated almost as though they are invisible. They deserve to have a prominent voice when world leaders get together to address health issues and develop national and international policies. They also need more resources, such as for mentor ships, leadership and nurse education. One way of receiving additional education and preparation is through online programs, and an online RN to BSN program is ideal for receiving high-quality education in an efficient way. People who believe in the value of nursing should remind as many people as possible, as often as possible, about the value that nurses bring to the world. We need to advocate for nurses having a greater voice on the world stage. Their contributions to healthcare are already spectacular, but when they have a bigger platform, who knows how far they can go? Protecting health against potential risks such as epidemiological risks that determine disease outbreaks and pandemics, safety risks associated with poor quality of care and financial risks derived from paying for care, will ensure health security. 1 However, health security can have different meanings. Health security can be understood as securing health at the individual, national and global levels, but may also be understood as the effect of health on security. The latter is a traditional approach that focuses mainly on national security and the protection of sovereignty, borders, people, and private interests and property. 2 The discrepancy in meanings has caused confusion and mistrust between and among Member States. 3 In this paper, we discuss securing health from noncommunicable disease at the individual, national and global levels. NURS 4015 – Public and Global Health Essay Paper A recent Lancet editorial noted that noncommunicable diseases are not garnering the attention they deserve and suggested that such diseases should be considered as a global health security issue. 4 A Lancet editorial discussing the 2007 World Health Report called for leadership from the World Health Organization (WHO) to ensure that global health security is achieved. 5 The impact of noncommunicable diseases on public health is well known. In 2010, 34.5 million out of a total of 52.84 million deaths were attributed to noncommunicable diseases, and most of these occurred in low- and middle-income countries. 6 In 2011, the General Assembly adopted a resolution on the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases. This political declaration was largely an acknowledgement of the burden of noncommunicable diseases and the role of governments and other stakeholders in preventing and managing this burden. Noncommunicable diseases have also been included in the sustainable development goals with a specific target. 7 Despite many efforts by WHO and the international community, however, funding for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases has lagged. Of the total 37.6 billion United States dollars (US$) in development assistance for health for 2016, 29.4% was allocated to maternal, newborn and child health, 25.4% to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 6.6% to malaria, 4% to tuberculosis and 1.7% to noncommunicable diseases. 8 The scarce funding for noncommunicable diseases is a possible indicator of their low priority on the global health agenda. Here we argue that this situation is in part due to the failure to recognize noncommunicable diseases as a global health security threat. NURS 4015 – Public and Global Health Essay Paper For example, in contrast with noncommunicable diseases, HIV, an epidemic of global significance, has attracted considerable funding. The security concerns associated with HIV were so pressing that the issue reached the United Nations Security Council. HIV is considered a national security threat because of the impact on strategically important population groups, such as soldiers and peacekeepers and because of its potential to destabilize states. Noncommunicable diseases can affect personal security in many ways: they are chronic conditions and therefore have a long-lasting impact on health and on the perception of one’s personal security and well-being. Evidence suggests that noncommunicable diseases contribute to personal poverty, because of their chronic nature, their impact on productivity and their direct and indirect costs. However, it is the scale of the premature mortality due to noncommunicable diseases, with its impact on individuals and families, that mainly threatens personal security. The WHO Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2014 showed that in 2012, 42% of all deaths caused by noncommunicable diseases occurred before the age of 70 years and 82% were in low- and middle-income countries. 9 Noncommunicable diseases clearly have an impact on individuals; however, they also represent an economic burden to governments, and therefore are a health security challenge at the national level. NURS 4015 – Public and Global Health Essay Paper The global dimension of noncommunicable diseases as a health security issue refers to the health of all the people and efforts to reduce health inequity. The Lancet Commission on Global Health 2035 foresees that the threat of pandemics, antimicrobial resistance and noncommunicable diseases will represent the greatest threats to global public health in the future. 10 Antimicrobial resistance and pandemics have a high priority status in the global agenda and their threat to global health security is largely unquestioned. The West African Ebola outbreak prompted the creation of a global health security agenda. Interestingly, the initiative did not come from the public health community, but from the highest political levels. In 2014, the United States of America, with initially 40 partners from around the world, launched the global health security agenda with the aim to prevent, detect and respond to infectious disease threats globally. 11 The urge for a rapid response to infectious diseases is not surprising, as fear of contagion is strong; noncommunicable diseases do not pose such a threat and are therefore not perceived as threatening. 12 NURS 4015 – Public and Global Health Essay Paper We propose that the magnitude of the epidemic of noncommunicable diseases, their increasing prevalence, global costs, potential to overwhelm the response capacity of low-income countries and their contribution to the inequality of health, make noncommunicable diseases a global health security threat. For example, the increased burden of noncommunicable diseases on low-income countries that have inadequate health systems might increase global inequality and instability. The attention given to a public health issue mainly depends on how the issue is framed. 13 For noncommunicable diseases to be understood as a global health security issue, perhaps they need to be framed not only in terms of data on morbidity and mortality, or on their economic costs. Leadership to advocate for noncommunicable diseases as a global health security issue is a whole-of-society responsibility, but those who can push for this are intergovernmental organizations such as WHO, and increasingly nongovernmental organizations with global reach such as the Noncommunicable diseases Alliance. NURS 4015 – Public and Global Health Essay Paper Public health is defined as the science of protecting the safety and improving the health of communities through education, policy making and research for disease and injury prevention. The definition of public health is different for every person. Whether you like to crunch numbers, conduct laboratory or field research, formulate policy, or work directly with people to help improve their health, there is a place for you in the field of public health. Being a public health professional enables you to work around the world, address health problems of communities as a whole, and influence policies that affect the health of societies. Public health involves the application of many different disciplines: Biology Anthropology Public policy Mathematics Engineering Education Psychology Computer science Sociology Medicine Business and others The Goals and Objectives of Public Health Initiatives Public health is a science that is aimed at protecting and improving the health of individuals, communities and greater populations, which may be as small as a neighborhood or as big as a region of the world. NURS 4015 – Public and Global Health Essay Paper Regardless of the size of the populations they serve, public health professionals, work to prevent health problems from occurring or reoccurring, and mitigate the effects when problems do occur. They accomplish this task through educational programs, the creation and implementation of policies, the administration of services, and through research. Therefore, a major objective of public health is to promote healthcare equity, quality, and accessibility. The objectives of public health may be carried out through public or private endeavors, and many times efforts are coordinated among a number of private and public entities. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the goal of public health is to prevent disease, promote health, and prolong life among the population as a whole. Therefore, public health initiatives are aimed at fostering conditions in which people can be healthy within specific populations. The World Health Organization recognizes the main objectives of public health initiatives to be: To assess and monitor the health of communities and populations at risk so as to identify health problems and priorities To formulate public policies designed to solve local and national health problems and priorities To assure that all populations have access to cost-effective and appropriate care, which includes health promotion and disease prevention services NURS 4015 – Public and Global Health Essay Paper In short, the goals of public health are to save money, improve the quality of life, help children thrive, and reduce human suffering by: Assuring the quality and accessibility of health services Preventing epidemics and the spread of disease Preventing injuries Promoting and encouraging healthy behaviors Protecting against environmental hazards Responding to disasters and assisting communities in recovery Examining the Components of Public Health Public health can be distinguished from healthcare in that instead of treating diseases and injuries, one patient at a time, public health is focused on preventing disease and injury in communities and populations. In other words, public health professionals are motivated to identify the cause of disease and disability and implement solutions to address these causes. NURS 4015 – Public and Global Health Essay Paper A good example of healthcare versus public health is that a medical practitioner would treat a gunshot wound, while a public health professional would work to identify the systemic causes of gun violence and look for solutions. Similarly, while a medical professional would prescribe medication to treat high cholesterol, a public health professional would examine causes of obesity and high cholesterol and work to implement programs to encourage healthy lifestyle changes among populations. Public health encompasses a wide array of topics and issues, such as chronic disease, the science of aging, mental health, injury prevention, disaster response, and tobacco control. Just a few of the contemporary topics in public health include: Developing emergency preparedness plans Examining the dangers of secondhand tobacco smoke exposure Identifying ways to stop bullying in schools Improving technologies that make clean drinking water available Investigating the consequences of antibiotic use in industrial agriculture Promoting family planning and reproductive health programs and policies Promoting policies that protect the global environment The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services identifies 10 essential public health services: NURS 4015 – Public and Global Health Essay Paper Monitor health status so as to identify and solve community health problems Diagnose and investigate health hazards and health problems in a community Educate and empower people about contemporary health issues Inspire and support community partnerships to identify and solve health problems Set policies and plans in motion so as to support individual and community health efforts Enforce laws and regulations that are designed to protect the safety and health of communities Pair people to beneficial personal health services Provide a competent public and personal healthcare workforce Evaluate the effectiveness and the quality of personal and population-based health services Engage in ongoing research to discover innovative solutions and new insights to health problems The public health system consists of official government public health agencies, private-sector business, and nonprofit organizations. The entities of the public health infrastructure in the U.S. include: More than 3,000 county and city health departments and local boards of health About 59 state, territorial, and island nation health departments A number of U.S. public health services agencies (HHS, CDC, EPA, FDA, OSHA, etc.) Tribal health agencies (coordinated by the Indian Health Service) More than 160,000 public and private laboratories Hospitals and private-sector healthcare providers National volunteer organizations (American Red Cross, American Cancer Society, American Diabetes Association, etc.) State and local volunteer organizations NURS 4015 – Public and Global Health Essay Paper Essential Public Health Services The three core functions of public health and the 10 Essential Public Health Services provide a working definition of public health and a guiding framework for the responsibilities of local public health systems. The functions of Assessment, Policy Development, and Assurance help us to balance and focus our three core government public health responsibilities as we strive to provide essential population based services to our constituents. All public or community health responsibilities (whether conducted by the local public health department or another organization within the community) can be categorized into one of the services. These following 10 essential services serve as the framework of the local public health system assessment we are conducting. Monitor health status to identify community health problems. Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community. Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues. Mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems. Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts. Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety. Link people to needed personal health services and assure the provision of health care when otherwise unavailable. NURS 4015 – Public and Global Health Essay Paper Assure a competent public health and personal health care workforce. Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based health services. Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems. Essential public health functions Surveillance and monitoring of health determinants, risks, morbidity and mortality. Preparedness and public health response to disease outbreaks, natural disasters and other emergencies. Health protection, including management of environmental, food, toxicological and occupational safety. Health promotion and disease prevention through population and personalized interventions, including action to address social determinants and health inequity. Assuring effective health governance, public health legislation, financing and institutional structures (stewardship function). Assuring a sufficient and competent workforce for effective public health delivery. Communication and social mobilization for health. Advancing public health research to inform and influence policy and practice. The Public Health System Public health systems are commonly defined as “all public, private, and voluntary entities that contribute to the delivery of essential public health services within a jurisdiction.” This concept ensures that all entities’ contributions to the health and well-being of the community or state are recognized in assessing the provision of public health services. NURS 4015 – Public and Global Health Essay Paper Figure 1: The Public Health System The public health system includes Public health agencies at state and local levels Healthcare providers Public safety agencies Human service and charity organizations Education and youth development organizations Recreation and arts-related organizations Economic and philanthropic organizations Environmental agencies and organizations Public Health Infrastructure Goal To ensure that Federal, State, Tribal, territorial, and local health agencies have the necessary infrastructure to effective

NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. Our goal is for our students to earn a high-quality degree that may help them improve their career and income, without taking on large financial debt. There are two ways that we help our students achieve this goal:NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. Responsible Tuition Rates Doctor of Nursing Practice Program Tuition and Fees: $21,655. The amount of tuition and fees assumes that you successfully complete all of the required courses without needing to retake any courses. The total cost of your degree may increase if you need to retake a course or may decrease if you are awarded transfer credits. Monthly Payment Plan Pay Only $375 per Month. Permalink: https://nursingpaperessays.com/ nurs-8110-theore…ssignment-papers / ? The monthly payment plan is a private education loan with a 0% fixed rate of interest (0% APR). Each month you’ll make one payment of $375 for 58 months. There is no downpayment required. Your monthly payments are applied to the tuition and fees that you incur while completing your degree.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. The R.N. to B.S.N. is an online program leading to a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (B.S.N.). The program is designed for licensed R.N.s who have either an associate degree or diploma in nursing. There are several plans of study options for completing the program.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. Traditional Track: 4 semester option (part-time) Progressive Track: 1 course a semester option (part-time) Accelerated Track: 3 semester option (part-time) Prospective students are encouraged to speak with a nursing advisor for guidance as needed. Students move through the program in a cohort; cohorts begin each fall, spring and summer. Most students take an average of two courses per semester. The part-time options make it possible for students to work full-time while completing the program. Our accelerated option gives students the opportunity to complete the program within 12 months. Clinical experiences are also part of the program. These clinical experiences may be arranged where students are working or in the community where the student lives.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. Why RN’s Should Pursue their BSN Degree Hospitals with Magnet Recognition prefer to hire nurses with a B.S.N. B.S.N. is required for leadership positions Required for entrance into graduate education/nurse practitioner programs Recommended by National Organizations such as the American Nurses Association, American Organization of Nurse Executives, National Council of State Boards of Nursing, American Association of Colleges and Nursing, National League for Nursing Accreditation The baccalaureate degree in nursing at the University of South Dakota is accredited by the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (http://www.aacn.nche.edu/ccne-accreditation). State Board of Nursing Approval The RN-B.S.N. track in the Bachelor of Science in Nursing is approved by the South Dakota Board of Nursing.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. Admission Requirements APPLY NOW Applicants will be evaluated for conditional acceptance based on the following criteria: Unconditional admission to USD (i.e. student is not on probationary status) Graduate of a state board of nursing-approved program required. Students who do not graduate from an accredited program, possess an associate degree or graduate from a diploma nursing program will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. Active, unencumbered R.N. license to practice nursing A grade of C or above is required for all support and nursing coursework A complete application for the nursing program must be received by the published deadlines. Clean criminal background check and drug screen (completed upon notice of conditional acceptance) Admission is competitive. The number of students admitted is limited by the number of faculty and resources available.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. Meeting minimum requirements does not guarantee acceptance. The department reserves the right to deny admission based on the best interest of the profession. Failure to disclose previous or pending convictions may lead to denial of admission. Falsification of information or documentation will be considered grounds for dismissal from the program.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. For more information about the admission requirements, please visit Nursing Admission Policies. How to Apply: Step 1: Apply to the University of South Dakota Apply Now Submit your application materials to USD Online: USD Online Attn: Online RN to BSN Admissions 414 E. Clark Street Vermillion, S.D. 57069 The R.N. to B.S.N. is an online program leading to a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (B.S.N.). The program is designed for licensed R.N.s who have either an associate degree or diploma in nursing. There are several plans of study options for completing the program.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. Traditional Track: 4 semester option (part-time) Progressive Track: 1 course a semester option (part-time) Accelerated Track: 3 semester option (part-time) Prospective students are encouraged to speak with a nursing advisor for guidance as needed. Students move through the program in a cohort; cohorts begin each fall, spring and summer. Most students take an average of two courses per semester. The part-time options make it possible for students to work full-time while completing the program. Our accelerated option gives students the opportunity to complete the program within 12 months. Clinical experiences are also part of the program. These clinical experiences may be arranged where students are working or in the community where the student lives.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. Why RN’s Should Pursue their BSN Degree Hospitals with Magnet Recognition prefer to hire nurses with a B.S.N. B.S.N. is required for leadership positions Required for entrance into graduate education/nurse practitioner programs Recommended by National Organizations such as the American Nurses Association, American Organization of Nurse Executives, National Council of State Boards of Nursing, American Association of Colleges and Nursing, National League for Nursing Accreditation The baccalaureate degree in nursing at the University of South Dakota is accredited by the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (http://www.aacn.nche.edu/ccne-accreditation). State Board of Nursing Approval The RN-B.S.N. track in the Bachelor of Science in Nursing is approved by the South Dakota Board of Nursing.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. Admission Requirements APPLY NOW Applicants will be evaluated for conditional acceptance based on the following criteria: Unconditional admission to USD (i.e. student is not on probationary status) Graduate of a state board of nursing-approved program required. Students who do not graduate from an accredited program, possess an associate degree or graduate from a diploma nursing program will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. Active, unencumbered R.N. license to practice nursing A grade of C or above is required for all support and nursing coursework A complete application for the nursing program must be received by the published deadlines. Clean criminal background check and drug screen (completed upon notice of conditional acceptance) Admission is competitive. The number of students admitted is limited by the number of faculty and resources available. Meeting minimum requirements does not guarantee acceptance. The department reserves the right to deny admission based on the best interest of the profession. Failure to disclose previous or pending convictions may lead to denial of admission. Falsification of information or documentation will be considered grounds for dismissal from the program.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. For more information about the admission requirements, please visit Nursing Admission Policies. How to Apply: Step 1: Apply to the University of South Dakota Apply Now Submit your application materials to USD Online: USD Online Attn: Online RN to BSN Admissions 414 E. Clark Street Vermillion, S.D. 57069 If you’re considering a doctoral-level degree in nursing, you’re faced with one looming question: nursing PhD or Doctor of Nursing Practice? Both are scholarly pursuits, each with the ultimate goal of improving the future of healthcare. But which is right for you? Nursing PhD vs. Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) Choosing the right nursing PhD or Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) program begins with narrowing down your interests and career goals. It also begins with knowing the difference between a PhD in Nursing and a DNP. Below we compare the degrees so you can know the facts before you start your search.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. PhD in Nursing What is a PhD in Nursing? A Doctor of Philosophy in Nursing, commonly known as a PhD in Nursing, is a research-focused doctorate in which students conduct research to advance the science and practice of nursing. What will I study in a nursing PhD program? When you enter a nursing PhD program, your coursework will focus on research methods, research theory, and nursing science. You’ll choose a focus area based on your career interests, then develop, write, and defend a dissertation.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. What can I do with a PhD in Nursing? After graduating with a nursing PhD, you’ll be equipped to assume leadership roles in academic and healthcare settings and have the background to help shape the future of healthcare as a nurse researcher, educator, or policymaker. A PhD in Nursing will also provide you with the skills and knowledge to lead and/or collaborate with interdisciplinary healthcare teams to positively affect the nursing profession and the communities and populations nurses serve.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) What is a Doctor of Nursing Practice? With a goal of enhancing quality of care, a Doctor of Nursing Practice, commonly referred to as a DNP, is a practice-focused doctorate that focuses on applying research in clinical settings. What will I study in a DNP program? The curriculum found in many DNP programs focuses on a combination of healthcare policy and advocacy, information systems and technology, healthcare quality improvement, evidence-based practice, and organizational and systems leadership.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. What can I do with a Doctor of Nursing Practice? DNP programs will equip you with the background you need for higher-level leadership and education roles across the healthcare industry. As a doctor of nursing practice, you’ll be able to improve the quality of patient care and enhance the training of nursing professionals. You’ll also be able to translate research findings into clinical settings, implement healthcare information technology across healthcare settings, and much more.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. Another interesting fact is that once you earn your DNP, you can have a shorter path toward earning your PhD in Nursing, should you choose to do so. With Walden University, students who already hold a DNP can enter an accelerated program that builds on your current knowledge and experience with scholarly research and relevant coursework. Walden applies up to 26 DNP credits toward your doctoral program, significantly reducing the time to completion and your total costs. Interested in learning more about online nursing PhD and DNP programs? Explore Walden University’s PhD in Nursing and CCNE-accredited DNP programs. Walden University’s DNP, MSN, and BSN programs are accredited by the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE), One Dupont Circle, NW, Suite 530, Washington, DC 20036, 1-202-887-6791. CCNE is a national accrediting agency recognized by the US Department of Education and ensures the quality and integrity of baccalaureate and graduate education programs in preparing effective nurses. For students, accreditation signifies program innovation and continuous self-assessment.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. Read more at https://www.waldenu.edu/programs/nursing/resource/phd-in-nursing-vs-doctor-of-nursing-practice#2rvgUMTjJ8wMzuig.99 The R.N. to B.S.N. is an online program leading to a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (B.S.N.). The program is designed for licensed R.N.s who have either an associate degree or diploma in nursing. There are several plans of study options for completing the program.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. Traditional Track: 4 semester option (part-time) Progressive Track: 1 course a semester option (part-time) Accelerated Track: 3 semester option (part-time) Prospective students are encouraged to speak with a nursing advisor for guidance as needed. Students move through the program in a cohort; cohorts begin each fall, spring and summer. Most students take an average of two courses per semester. The part-time options make it possible for students to work full-time while completing the program. Our accelerated option gives students the opportunity to complete the program within 12 months. Clinical experiences are also part of the program. These clinical experiences may be arranged where students are working or in the community where the student lives.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. Why RN’s Should Pursue their BSN Degree Hospitals with Magnet Recognition prefer to hire nurses with a B.S.N. B.S.N. is required for leadership positions Required for entrance into graduate education/nurse practitioner programs Recommended by National Organizations such as the American Nurses Association, American Organization of Nurse Executives, National Council of State Boards of Nursing, American Association of Colleges and Nursing, National League for Nursing Accreditation The baccalaureate degree in nursing at the University of South Dakota is accredited by the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (http://www.aacn.nche.edu/ccne-accreditation). State Board of Nursing Approval The RN-B.S.N. track in the Bachelor of Science in Nursing is approved by the South Dakota Board of Nursing.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. Admission Requirements APPLY NOW Applicants will be evaluated for conditional acceptance based on the following criteria:NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. Unconditional admission to USD (i.e. student is not on probationary status) Graduate of a state board of nursing-approved program required. Students who do not graduate from an accredited program, possess an associate degree or graduate from a diploma nursing program will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. Active, unencumbered R.N. license to practice nursing A grade of C or above is required for all support and nursing coursework A complete application for the nursing program must be received by the published deadlines. Clean criminal background check and drug screen (completed upon notice of conditional acceptance) Admission is competitive. The number of students admitted is limited by the number of faculty and resources available. Meeting minimum requirements does not guarantee acceptance. The department reserves the right to deny admission based on the best interest of the profession. Failure to disclose previous or pending convictions may lead to denial of admission. Falsification of information or documentation will be considered grounds for dismissal from the program.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. For more information about the admission requirements, please visit Nursing Admission Policies. Our mostly-online, CCNE accredited program for Registered Nurses allows students to complete a bachelor of science in nursing in as little as a year. APPLY HERE CHOOSE your PACE: You have many options in our program. You may enroll in a full-time schedule and complete the nursing requirements in a calendar year. Or choose a part-time schedule, and take as few as one or two courses each semester as it suits your life and work schedule. A typical part-time track takes 2-4 years to complete, including an occasional online summer course.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. HYBRID or ONLINE: Most students meet on-campus just three times during each semester. On-campus sites include Bemidji, Duluth, Cambridge, Coon Rapids, White Bear Lake, and East Grand Forks. In 2018 we introduced a new online* option. Why don’t we offer a fully online option? Our nursing program advisory board urges the importance of a hands-on, lab-based advanced health-assessment course, which at this time can only be done well in a simulated care environment (college nursing lab space). *The “Bemidji Online” option meets twice in Bemidji the first semester of the program (in the fall), but is otherwise a completely online program option.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. AFFORDABLE TUITION: Nursing courses that meet off-site are about $330/credit (including fees), and fully online classes are about $350/credit (including fees). On a full-time schedule, you’ll pay less per credit due to banded tuition. More tuition/fee information can be found here. When comparing our program cost to others, be sure you get information about course fees.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. RN-BS FlyerClick for more info NO CLINICALS or PREREQUISITES: Practicum learning opportunities include a wide variety of experiences, including a community health service learning project. These experiences are arranged between the faculty and the student which means RN-BS students are able to complete much of their practicum learning experiences as close to home as possible. There are no specific course prerequisites to be eligible for our program, and our program does not require a statistics course.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. APPLY HERE for the Fall 2019 start Quick Info Eligibility: Students must be a graduate of an associate degree or diploma nursing program, have a cumulative transfer GPA of 2.5 or higher, and be licensed to practice as a Registered Nurse, or be within one semester of licensure (notice of RN license must be received by mid-July). Each meeting site is limited to 30 students. The program starts a new group every fall semester (once a year). Program applications for Fall 2019 are being accepted now. APPLY HERE Credits required for RN-to-BS major: 36 credits – view catalog for requirements. Additional credits to fulfill the BS degree may be required, based on outcome of transfer.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. Credits required for Bachelor of Science degree: 120 credits minimum, including 40 upper-level credits overall. Delivery options: Blended delivery, mostly online courses with some on-campus meetings. Meeting site choices include: Bemidji State University – Bemidji Anoka-Ramsey Community College – Coon Rapids or Cambridge Century College – White Bear Lake Lake Superior College – Duluth Northland Community and Technical College – East Grand Forks More info: Check out the FAQ document here. Graduates of our RN-BS program are eligible for Public Health Nurse registration. Learn more at the Nursing Department web site.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. Health has many definitions, but the Gospel leads us to view “human health” as the reconciling of relationships among God, our neighbor, Creation, and our self. Studying health sciences within a Christian liberal arts setting allows students to participate in this reconciliation-ministry by understanding how the skills and knowledge acquired through their education can be used to help others move toward optimal health, healing, and wholeness. Our students learn—through global health opportunities, local preventative medicine and clinical experiences, and classroom development—to articulate a clear theological framework for defining and improving human health.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. While students interested in medical or health professional school are all required to take natural science classes, these students are not limited to “hard” science majors. Humanities and social and behavioral science majors can take the prerequisite MCAT classes in the Pre-Med curriculum; apply to PA, OT, PT, dentistry, veterinary, medical, and other healthcare schools; and be accepted. Discussing how undergraduate humanities or social and behavioral science classes play into the healthcare field could be a great addition to a graduate or professional school application.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. All students interested in preparing for healthcare professional and graduate school programs are encouraged to take health psychology, motivation psychology, medical ethics, medical anthropology, public health, nutrition, exercise as medicine, sustainable agriculture, and environmental health courses. If you are interested in a humanities or social science major and Pre-Med, talk to your Admissions Counselor about adding the MCAT-prep curriculum to your degree. Health Science in Practice At Taylor, we seek to shape you on and off campus for your goal of entering the health field. Through interdisciplinary programs, you will have the ability to gain top-of-the-line, hands-on experience in biology, chemistry, kinesiology, public health, and psychology. You can train clients in better health practices, assist in rehabilitation of hospital patients, or teach community members how to prevent and/or treat chronic disease.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. Diabetes Prevention Program Taylor’s newly minted adult diabetes prevention program brings Taylor student into the local health clinics for nutrition and exercise intervention sessions, as well as individual health education, provided by Taylor students. The curriculum, approved by the Center for Disease Control (CDC), is designed to help individuals at risk of diabetes or other chronic diseases. Participating students take a semester-long training course that covers nutrition education principles, behavior modifications and listening skills, exercise prescription, and medical ethics.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. Cardiac Rehabilitation In collaboration with Ball Memorial Hospital (part of IU Health), this program brings patients to campus for a sustained maintenance cardiac rehab program, which focuses primarily on exercise. Students work with a member of Ball Memorial’s cardiopulmonary team to provide patients with appropriately tailored exercise sessions. The students check patients’ vital signs and monitor them during exercise while creating patient-professional relationships with members of the community.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. IU Health Ball & Blackford Internships Our students intern in the IU Health Blackford and Ball hospitals, participating in valuable observations and experiences. You will assist cardiopulmonary teams in a variety of cardiac rehabilitation opportunities—including cardiovascular surgery, echocardiograms, heart catheterization, nutrition and chronic disease coaching, and bariatric and oncology services. Research Opportunities From assessing the genetics of fruit flies to studying the fitness levels of prison inmates, there are ample research opportunities for students in any of the sciences. Along with ongoing on-campus studies, students can apply for research fellowships at scientific institutions or earn academic credit conducting immersive public health research in international settings.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. Fit into Health A personal training program run by exercise science students, Fit into Health, brings fitness-minded students alongside adults looking to maintain and improve their health. Students assess their clients’ fitness and health and design workouts to help them reach their fitness and health goals. One-on-one exercise sessions take place on campus in the Kesler Student Activities Center (KSAC). Global Opportunities Building a deeper understanding of the health sciences means exploring how different cultures approach medical care and disease. Taylor offers both long- and short-term overseas experiences to expand students’ global awareness and understanding of how to use their healthcare skills in the real world. Read more about international opportunities specifically designed for those interested in healthcare fields.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. Semester Programs Universidad del Azuay: Spend a semester in Ecuador and gain hospital experience through Taylor’s program in partnership with Verbo Church and the Universidad del Azuay (UdA) School of Medicine. Ugandan Christian University Honours College*: Study abroad in Uganda with a Global Health Emphasis and complete an international internship with a hospital, clinic, child development center, or public health organization. J-Term Programs Belize: Teach basic exercises and healthy habits in the children’s homes, churches, senior living facilities, and schools of Belmopan, Belize. Our multi-disciplined teams volunteer in the community and connect with the Belizean through spreading the news of health, exercise, and the Gospel. HEART Program*: Spend your J-Term in Lake Wales, Florida, to work in simulated third-world village, learning nutrition and food preparation and primary health care to prepare to serve in developing third-world countries.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. Spring Break Trips Students International*: Travel to the Dominican Republic to serve in their dentistry ministry site, meeting both physical and spiritual needs of locals as you develop relationships and share God’s love through your interactions. *Programs are not directly associated with the Health Science programs. Contact the Office of Off-Campus Programs for more information. Choosing Your Major Our many Health Science majors will help shape a broad understanding of human health as informed by the sciences, humanities, and social sciences. While many of these health majors may include similar classes, each has a unique target outcome for its students.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. Click on the name of any major below to learn more. Human Physiology and Preventive Medicine Designed specifically for students seeking to enter into professional schools related to healthcare, the Human Physiology and Preventive Medicine major first explores a basic foundation of health science, followed by in-depth chronic disease prevention and treatment and physiology courses. Students will gain a basic background in human nutrition, health psychology, and public health.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. Biology Pre-Med Pursue a Biology major as a foundation for a career in medicine, dentistry, and related fields. Your study of living organisms will be supplemented with hands-on medical experiences and the Pre-Med curriculum—a series of MCAT preparation classes in Biology, Chemistry, Physics, and Psychology that are necessary for graduate school applications. Psychology Pre-Med Apply your passion for psychology to a medical career. Develop your understanding of the mind and how it impacts behavior while adding the Pre-Med classes, the prerequisite science classes for medical school admission. Chemistry Pre-Med Add the Pre-Med curriculum to a rigorous Chemistry major. The MCAT-prep courses in the Pre-Med curriculum will give you the prerequisites for med school, and your Chemistry classes will challenge you to predict and characterize chemical properties and study the ways various substances act and react.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. Health Science (Nursing 3+1 Program) For students wanting to pursue a career in nursing, this program pairs with a neighboring university’s Nursing program and allows you to earn two degrees, a Bachelor’s in Health Science and a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN). Health Promotion & Wellness The Health Promotion and Wellness major appeals to students interested in researching and educating people about preventing chronic health issues, such as diabetes and obesity. This major crosses Public Health with Kinesiology, giving students an interdisciplinary study to prepare for disease prevention research, analysis, and education.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. Public Health Students passionate about people, health, and social justice issues will find the Public Health major useful. Look past the basic biology of problems and diseases to identify societal issues that contribute to community health and develop solutions.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. Exercise Science Choose between our two extremely different Exercise Science tracks. Students interested in physical therapy, occupational therapy, or clinical exercise physiology commonly choose the Pre-Allied Health track to prepare them for graduate school. This track also suits students thinking about med school or PA school, allowing students to complete a core of Exercise Science classes in addition to the chemistry, biology, physics, and psychology necessary for graduate school acceptance. In contrast, students interested in athletic training, strengthening and conditioning, personal training, and corporate wellness will find the Health Science—Human Performance track well-suited to prepare them for careers or graduate school in these settings.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. Preventive Medicine* Students following the more traditional paths to professional schools in medicine and healthcare (i.e. biology or chemistry) or choosing majors that would not typically be associated directly with health care but related to human health (social work, music therapy, missions) may choose to complete a minor or certificate in preventative medicine, where they can still gain valuable experience working to prevent and treat chronic disease. Modern life and key industries rely on innovative materials. As a leading global material supplier, Covestro drives innovation which is, deeply embedded in our DNA ever since the invention of our flagship products polycarbonate and polyurethane. In constantly developing new products and fresh ideas we are paving the way towards a sustainable future.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. No doubt: plastics are the material of the 21st century. Without them, we wouldn’t be able to find answers to the major challenges our planet is facing now and in the future – such as climate change, growing mobility and increasing urbanization. The unique properties of plastics, its versatility and toughness, allow the creation of technologies that make our lives more sustainable, comfortable, and safe.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. As a key player in the fascinating world of polymers, Covestro is pushing boundaries in the development and production of chemistry-based raw materials that are the basis for plastics in growth industries like automotive, construction and electronics. An ever-growing portfolio of more than 10,000 products and a strong, international network of R&D facilities give testimony to our innovative power.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. Innovation, however, for us is about more than developing novel materials and products. We also set benchmarks in terms of customer-focused services, new business models and process efficiency. We embrace all kinds of innovation, as long as they create new value – be it in terms of growth, margin, benefits for society and the environment, or, ideally, some combination of all of these.NURS 8110 – Theoretical and Scientific Assignment Papers. Middle Range Theory Evaluation Ingenious words articulated by the Hmong people a

Nursing