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Application Of Servant Leadership In A Health Care Essay Paper
Application Of Servant Leadership In A Health Care Essay Paper Application Of Servant Leadership In A Health Care Essay Paper According to McConell (2012), the difference in a leader and a follower determines the success of a person regarding leadership. This chapter helps explain the content of qualities and proficiency for healthcare managers to be effective. Once again, effective management skills or certain qualifications enhance a healthcare organization environment. Healthcare managers and supervisors must have the capacity to handle challenges while the organization objectives and regulations may change over a period of time. Effective healthcare management governs the success of a healthcare organization. There are many different skill sets and leadership styles to be effective as a manager. People are interested in knowing what strategies are effective show more content Brailer (2005) acknowledges that a sizeable number of citizens receive treatment from multiple providers at a time. Interoperability is a gateway for many business ventures in healthcare to accommodate for patients being admitted in multiple provider organizations. All healthcare professionals, especially managers, must communicate effectively. A good example of interoperability is transformation of electronic medical records, or recruiting physician specialists to operate on a specific procedure (Hellberg & Gronlund, 2013). It is expected that complications must be accounted for while building a strong relationship between healthcare managers and staff. Problems are expected to occur. This is the reason why proper planning is important to healthcare organizations. Healthcare leaders might be concerned with cultural differences that exist in their organization. The problem might be caused by a manager not being involved with the immediate department or working environment. Another reason might be inequality issues that boost poor morale, downgrade associations, and devalue legal rights for healthcare systems operations.Application Of Servant Leadership In A Health Care Essay Paper One of the philosophies that defies a common understanding of leadership is a model known as servant leadership. The paradox is that this model is characterized, inherently, by the desire to serve others through seeking the well-being of followers and providing them with the necessary support to achieve goals. Servant leadership is a mindset that is counter-intuitive to the common understanding that leadership requires the pursuit of power, authority or self-promotion to advance an agenda. As a result, many situations and work environments find that this prescriptive style embodies the core values targeted by healthcare entities.Application Of Servant Leadership In A Health Care Essay Paper Permalink: https://nursingpaperessays.com/ application-of-s care-essay-paper / ? Leadership Styles In the leadership world where a continuum of models that include authoritarian, transactional and transformational styles, servant leadership takes its place as an important consideration for situational decision-making throughout all aspects of broad disciplines. Many immediately link servant leadership to faith bases as this philosophy characterizes the model embraced by Jesus Christ, Nelson Mandela, Gandhi and St Mother Teresa. Leadership self-awareness and emotional intelligence (popularized by George and Goleman respectively) are fundamentals taught in leadership and management classes throughout the world. As core values define healthcare entities, so too does the mindset and elements of servant leadership in a profession rooted in caring and empathetic values.As health care organizations face pressures to improve quality and efficiency while reducing costs, leaders are adopting management techniques and tools used in manufacturing and other industries, especially Lean. Successful Lean leaders appear to use a coaching leadership style that shares underlying principles with servant leadership. There is little information about specific similarities and differences between Lean and servant leaderships. We systematically reviewed the literature on Lean leadership, servant leadership, and health care and performed a comparative analysis of attributes using Russell and Stones leadership framework. We found significant overlap between the two leadership styles, although there were notable differences in origins, philosophy, characteristics and behaviors, and tools. We conclude that both Lean and servant leaderships are promising models that can contribute to the delivery of patient-centered, high-value care. Servant leadership may provide the means to engage and develop employees to become successful Lean leaders in health care organizations.Application Of Servant Leadership In A Health Care Essay Paper Each leader must dig deep using objective tools such as the Myers-Briggs Personality Profile, DISC, and Gallups Strength Finders to characterize the personal self. When coupled with the academic works of leadership experts and management theorists a personal philosophy of leadership is established that define our personal self and approach to this chosen life-path. Model Proposed In 1977, Robert Greenleaf coined the term in his essay Servant leadership: A journey into the nature of legitimate power and greatness. The following excerpt from this essay offers a general description of this construct for application in both secular and faith-based organizations:Application Of Servant Leadership In A Health Care Essay Paper The servant leader is servant first. It begins with the natural feeling that one wants to serve, to serve first. Then conscious choice brings one to aspire to lead. That person is sharply different from one who is leader first, perhaps because of the need to assuage and unusual power drive to acquire material professions The leader first and the seventy-first are two extreme types. Spiritual and Self Transcendence Abraham Maslow said, Healthcare is a vocation, a calling, and a profession that draws people who seek to become self- actualized in the management hierarchy defined and popularized by an atheist. A little-known fact is that self-actualization is not the final rung of his globally accepted pyramid for defining the complete self. Spiritual or self-transcendence are actually used to characterize his realization late in life that there is more to self-fulfillment, a higher purpose defines an ability to become whole and complete. This would be consistent with the calling felt by those who seek out the helping healthcare profession as a chosen career.Application Of Servant Leadership In A Health Care Essay Paper Situation and Culture Sensitive Servant leadership has its place among cultures along the continuum of choices for leaders. A situational template is prudent to frame the healthcare context. Servant leadership may not always be a practical model to embrace. Authoritarian model characteristics must be practically applied in operating and procedure rooms where the physician is the captain of the ship by authority and must command how processes unfold. Similarly, guidance must be provided for task-completion in business operations some transactional styles (characterized by quid pro quo/tradeoff expectations) or transformational styles (participative with others needs first but falling short of the Servant philosophy).Application Of Servant Leadership In A Health Care Essay Paper The reality is that with razor-thin profit margins in an environment of free-fall change and diminished return on investment (ROI), there is often not the luxury of mistake-making or employee associates finding their true selves in day -to-day experiences. Rather, servant leadership can be viewed as a marathon in the race of life crafted, developed and molded through an individuals collective education, background and experiences. Faced with uneven quality, lapses in patient safety, pressure to curtail costs, rapidly aging populations, and rising technology expenses, health care organizations are seeking ways to improve quality and efficiency while reducing costs. 1 , 2 Health care leaders are adopting management techniques and tools used in manufacturing and other industries, especially Lean, a management philosophy that focuses on improving processes and eliminating waste to add value for customers. Lean calls for a holistic change in management style and organizational culture, requiring leaders to develop new skills and attitudes and adopt new behaviors.Application Of Servant Leadership In A Health Care Essay Paper Effective Lean implementation requires leadership at all levels of the organization to systematically align Lean philosophy and tools with the organizations strategic goals, vision, and values. Health care organizations that have implemented Lean comprehensively and systematically have seen improvements in quality, patient safety, and employee satisfaction. 1 , 3 , 4 Yet few health care organizations have achieved sustainable, long-term implementation of Lean. All too often, health care and other organizations attempt to implement Lean via piecemeal application of methods and tools, rather than creating holistic cultural change that promotes involvement of employees in daily improvement and behavioral changes. 5 7 The centrality of leadership to Lean initiatives has been widely acknowledged. 7 10 For instance, Mann 7 observed that 80% of Lean implementation depends on senior managements creation of an environment that fosters success. Several authors have described the specific leadership characteristics and behaviors that are associated with successful and sustainable Lean transitions in health care. 7 Characteristics of successful Lean leaders that have been described include empowerment, trust, modesty, openness, and respect for people Application Of Servant Leadership In A Health Care Essay Paper Existing findings suggest that successful Lean leaders use a coaching leadership style 6 , 7 that shares underlying principles with servant leadership. However, despite the apparent synchronicity of the two approaches, specific similarities and differences between Lean and servant leaderships have not been described. We address that gap by performing a comparative analysis of Lean and servant leaderships in health care. To our knowledge, this is the first study to systematically examine and organize the current body of research literature that either quantitatively or qualitatively explores servant leadership and Lean leadership in health care organizations. Leadership has been defined as a process by which one person sets the purpose or direction for one or more persons and helps them to proceed competently and with full commitment. 11 A broad body of work on leadership suggests that there are many appropriate ways to lead and that there are many styles of leadership. 12 Some studies examine leadership as a process; 13 however, most theories and studies describe traits, qualities, and behaviors of the person who is considered the leader. 12 A broader view of leaders as cultural change agents has emerged since the 1980s. 14 According to this view, effective leaders clearly identify and address issues related to organizational culture, adapting to change as the environment shifts and develops. Researchers have also identified the following two types of leadership: transactional in which leaders motivate employees through consequences and rewards and transformational in which leaders motivate followers by satisfying higher order needs and more fully engaging them in the process of the work. 12 , 15 , 16 Both Lean and servant leaderships are understood as types of transformational leadership.Application Of Servant Leadership In A Health Care Essay Paper Lean leadership Lean thinking is based on creating maximum value for the client by minimizing waste and assuring value that is added at every step of all processes. 11 Goodridge et al 17 described the following five key principles of Lean: 1) identify customers and specify value, 2) identify and map the value stream, 3) create flow by eliminating waste, 4) respond to customer pull, and 5) pursue perfection. Employee participation and knowledge are considered central to the Lean organization. 5 Lean leaders are coaches who create the strategy, build the team, and help employees develop their skills. Dombrowski and Mielke 5 described the following five basic principles of Lean leadership: Improvement culture: strive for perfection but view failure as an opportunity for improvement. Self-development: act as role models for others in the organization.Application Of Servant Leadership In A Health Care Essay Paper Qualification: commit to long-term development of employees and continuous learning. Gemba: commit to managing from the shop floor and making decisions based on firsthand knowledge. Hoshin kanri: work to align goals on all levels, always retaining focus on the customer. Servant leadership Greenleafs theory of servant leadership is based on the idea that leaders should serve their followers. 18 20 In contrast to leadership theories that focus on the leaders actions, servant leadership defines leaders by their character and their commitment to serving others. 21 Servant leaders seek to develop a sustainable organization, bring out the best in employees, and serve the community. 21 Laub 22 investigated servant leadership in organizations, defining it as a philosophy in which the good of those led over the self-interest of the leader. He identified the following six key areas of an effective servant-minded organization:Application Of Servant Leadership In A Health Care Essay Paper Values people: believing, serving, and nonjudgmentally listening to others; Develops people: providing learning, growth, encouragement and affirmation; Builds community: developing strong collaborative and personal relationships; Displays authenticity: being open, accountable, and willing to learn from others; Provides leadership: foreseeing the future, taking initiative, and establishing goals; and Shares leadership: facilitating and sharing power. In their practical model of servant leadership, Russell and Stone 23 identified functional and accompanying attributes of servant leadership (Figure 1). They defined functional attributes of servant leadership, such as vision, honesty, integrity, trust, service, modeling, pioneering, appreciation of others, and empowerment. The model shows the relationship between the leaders attributes and the manifestation of servant leadership. Servant leadership is considered as a controllable independent variable that affects the dependent variable of organizational performance. However, several mediating variables, such as organizational culture, social context, and the broader culture, may influence the effectiveness of both Lean and servant leaderships and affect the organizational performance. The model includes all important aspects of leadership in an organization and demonstrates its complexity. We substituted Lean leadership in Russell and Stones model and then compared servant leadership with Lean leadership.Application Of Servant Leadership In A Health Care Essay Paper Healthcare is well suited to servant leadership. The alignment between the values fostered in healthcare and the principles of servant leadership combine to achieve compatibility of this model. Caring for others is among the ethical and professional values and is a basic tenet of servant leadership. It is possible to embrace and foster the values proposed in this philosophy, as all healthcare entities convey in their mission. One can realistically find a balance and embrace the core values that characterize this model by applying daily to an affected area as prescribed. Globally, health care systems in the developed world continue to struggle with escalating demands for services and escalating costs. Service design inefficiencies, including outmoded models of care contribute to unsustainable funding demands. 1 An example is the continuing practice in many settings to look to hospital emergency departments to provide what are essentially, primary health care services. While some progress and reforms have been achieved, numerous experts point to the need for further system change if services are to be affordable and appropriate in the future. 2 They note that Application Of Servant Leadership In A Health Care Essay Paper [ ] further change is still needed, despite years of progress in the quality of health care around the world. This transformation will require leadership and that leadership must come substantially from doctors and other clinicians, whether or not they play formal management roles. Clinicians not only make frontline decisions that determine the quality and efficiency of care but also have the technical knowledge to help make sound strategic choices about longer-term patterns of service delivery. 2 Effective clinical leadership has been linked to a wide range of functions. It is a requirement of hospital care, including system performance, achievement of health reform objectives, timely care delivery, system integrity and efficiency, and is an integral component of the health care system. 24 Though most people are provided with health care within the community setting, hospital care continues to garner the bulk of funding and attract considerable attention in relation to care quality and related concerns. Indeed, hospitals are very costly and diverse environments that vary in size and complexity, determined in part by their overall role and function within the larger health care system. The services provided by individual hospitals are determined and driven by a number of mechanisms, including government policy, population demographics, and the politics and power of service providers Application Of Servant Leadership In A Health Care Essay Paper However, regardless of the differences, the clinical areas of the hospital are critical to all health care organizations, given that it is at this level where consumers principally engage with the hospital system. It is at this point where consumers are recipients of hospital care and where they witness and experience how the system functions, observing the strengths and inefficiencies of the health care system and conflict and collegiality between and among groups of health professionals. It is also at this point that clinicians, defined as any frontline health care professionals, have opportunities to fulfill leadership roles. For consumers of health care to achieve optimal health outcomes and experience optimal hospital care, many believe effective clinical leadership is essential. In this paper, we discuss clinical leadership in contemporary health care, definitional issues in clinical leadership, roles of hospitals in contemporary health care, preparation for clinical leadership roles, and the facilitators and barriers to effective clinical leadership in the hospital sector. Clinical leadership in contemporary health care Application Of Servant Leadership In A Health Care Essay Paper The importance of effective clinical leadership in ensuring a high quality health care system that consistently provides safe and efficient care has been reiterated in the scholarly literature and various government reports. 68 Recent inquiries, commissions, and reports have promoted clinician engagement and clinical leadership as critical to improving quality and safety. 9 As one Australian example, a key priority nursing recommendation of the Garling Report was that Nurse Unit Manager (NUM) positions be reviewed and significantly redesigned to enable the NUM to undertake clinical leadership in the supervision of patients [ ] to ensure that for at least 70% of the NUMs time is applied to clinical duties. 8 The remaining time could be spent on administrative and management tasks. In the more recent Francis report 7 from the UK, a recommendation was made for similarly positioned ward nurse managers to be more involved in clinical leadership in their ward areas. In the United States, clinical leadership has also been identified as a key driver of health service performance, with the Committee on Quality of Healthcare suggesting considerable improvements in quality can only be achieved by actively engaging clinicians and patients in the reform process. 10 However, leadership in health care is often very complex, and some authors claim it faces unique contextual challenges. For example, Schyve 5 claims aspects of governance are sui generis in health care, noting Application Of Servant Leadership In A Health Care Essay Paper healthcare organizations also have a rather unique characteristic. That is, the chief executive is not the only part of the organizations leadership that is directly accountable to the governing body. In healthcare, because of the unique professional and legal role of licensed independent practitioners within the organization, the organized licensed independent practitioners in hospitals, the medical staff are also directly accountable to the governing body for the care provided. So the governing body has the overall responsibility for the quality and safety of care, and has an oversight role in integrating the responsibilities and work of its medical staff, chief executive, and other senior managers into a system that that achieves the goals of safe, high-quality care, financial sustainability, community service, and ethical behaviour. This is also the reason that all three leadership groups the governing body, chief executive and senior managers, and leaders of medical staff must collaborate if these goals are to be achieved (Schyve 2009:35). 5 While nursing is not specifically named in the above quote, we believe nursing to be implicit and integral to leadership in hospitals. There is recognition of the challenges associated with health care governance, evidenced by significant investment internationally in building systems for leadership development in health care. 5,11 For example, the UK advanced leadership programs have been instituted and run for clinical leaders since 2001 by the National Health System Leadership Centre, 12 and there are some similar innovations in other countries (see, for example, Ferguson et al 13 ). This points to the realization that the cost and consequences of poor clinical leadership greatly outweigh the costs and potential benefits of provision of formal programs to enhance clinical leadership capacity ideally in a multidisciplinary health care team context Application Of Servant Leadership In A Health Care Essay Paper Indeed, across the health care sector, evidence exists of the need for clinical leadership to optimize care delivery. In addition to challenges associated with resources and demand, episodes of poor patient outcomes, cultures of poor care, and a range of workplace difficulties have been associated with poor clinical leadership, 8,9,14 and these concerns have provided the impetus to examine clinical leadership more closely. Definitional issues in clinical leadership Within the health care system, it has been acknowledged that clinical leadership is not the exclusive domain of any particular professional group. 15 Rather, all members of the health care team are identified as potential leaders. 16 Like leadership, the concept of clinical leadership can be defined in a range of ways; and while a standard definition of clinical leadership providing absolute agreement on meaning is not crucial to progress and is likely to prove difficult, 17 it is useful to consider the various ways clinical leadership is conceptualized and presented in the literature. While effective clinical leadership has been offered up as a way of ensuring optimal care and overcoming the problems of the clinical workplace, a standard definition of what defines effective clinical leadership remains elusive. 15,18 Indeed, in some ways it is easier to consider what constitutes poor or ineffective clinical leadership.Application Of Servant Leadership In A Health Care Essay Paper A secondary analysis of studies exploring organizational wrongdoing in hospitals highlighted the nature of ineffectual leadership in the clinical environment. The focus of the analysis was on clinical nurse leader responses to nurses raising concerns. Three forms of avoidant leadership were identified: placating avoidance, where leaders affirmed concerns but abstained from action; equivocal avoidance, where leaders were ambivalent in their response; and hostile avoidance, where the failure of leaders to address concerns escalated hostility towards the complainant. 14 These forms of leadership failure were all associated with negative organizational outcomes. Similarly, McKee et al employed interviews, surveys, and ethnographic case studies to assess the state of quality practice in the National Health Service (NHS); they report that one of the most important insurances against failures such as those seen in the Mid-Staffordshire NHS Trust Foundation is active and engaged leaders at all levels in the system Application Of Servant Leadership In A Health Care Essay Paper Despite the definitional uncertainty, a number of writers have sought to describe the characteristics, qualities, or attributes required to be an effective clinical leader. Synthesis of the literature suggests clinical leadership may be framed variously as situational, as skill driven, as value driven, as vision driven, as collective, co-produced, involving exchange relationships, and as boundary spanning (see Table 1). Effective clinical leaders have been characterized as having advocacy skills and the ability to affect change. 20,21 As well, effective clinical leaders have been linked to facilitating and maintaining healthier workplaces, 22,23 by driving cultural change among all health professionals in the workplace. 24 To achieve these positive outcomes, clinical leaders need to be seen as credible that is, be recognized by colleagues as having clinical competence 18,2527 and have the skills and capacity to effectively support and communicate with members of multidisciplinary clinical teams. 18,25 Taking an individual perspective, effective clinical leaders require personal qualities that reflect positive attitudes toward their own profession, have the courage and capacity to challenge the status quo, effectively address care quality issues, and engage in reflective practice. 18,14 Pepin et al found that clinical competence, the capacity to lead a team, and being prepared to challenge the status quo were necessary skills for clinical leaders in one Canadian study. 28 In an Australian study, findings indicated that student nurses want clinical leadership attributes from their clinical preceptors to include being supportive, approachable, and motivating, while being effective communicators. 29 Table 1 summarizes the characteristics of clinical leadership and the attributes of clinical leaders distilled from the literature.Application Of Servant Leadership In A Health Care Essay Paper Nurses can serve as agents of change in the drive towards better working practice. A model for change to evidence-based practice, systemically asks a clinical question, searches the relevant literature, critically evaluates the evidence, and applies the results to the practice setting was described (Rosswurm & Larrabee, 1999). Many times communication appears to be a simple concept within health care. A lack of quality communication limits the quality of service that can be provided to the patient. Some of these issues are rooted within health care system design, while others are the result of inappropriate services provided to patients (Wanzer, Booth-Butterfiled, & Gruber, 2004; Strawderman & Koubek, 2006). Communication limitations often make the patients visits frustrating and unpleasant but since the products of health care systems are services, measuring health care quality must extend beyond clinical measures to also incorporate patient perceptions and experiences (Wanzer, Booth-Butterfiled, & Gruber, 2004; Strawderman & Koubek, 2006).Application Of Servant Leadership In A Health Care Essay Paper Patient safety is dependent on practicing nurses, nurse educators, leaders, researchers, and other healthcare professionals to contributions to the health of patients, nursing education and practice, by discovering and evaluating new strategies for improving healthcare quality for patients and communities can find great value in the new insights and innovations. Knowledge of how to develop, implements, and continuously improve patient safety is currently limited and not accessible to most health care organizations. Health care organizational strategies for electronic health records safety which either affects patient safety directly or indirectly are; care-process transformation (thoroughgoing redesign of health care processes to achieve significant improvements in clinical outcomes, service levels, and costs), patient safety (consistent, organization-wide efforts to improve care quality and patient outcomes), human-factors engineering (fitting technologies to organizational, team, and individual needs), project management (the application of explicit management practices to a project to maximize benefits and minimize costs, including risks) software safety (the application of systems engineering methods to reducing the risks associated with software design and use), continuous improvement (unceasing, systematic efforts to improve processes and outcomes (Brown et al., 2007; Carayon, 2007; Ebright, 2010; Kohn et al., 1999; Walker, 2005). Leadership models can offer increasing knowledge for stability that may be ideal for health organizations to focus control and management of resources, manpower and assets, efficiently. However, a hierarchical form of leadership is not congruent with our current knowledge era marked by the need to build intellectual capital and facilitate knowledge flows, adaptability and learning.Application Of Servant Leadership In A Health Care Essay Paper Nurses who understand the emerging science of complexity will be better prepared to creatively face these issues and improve health in broad and lasting new ways for improved safe patient care, from the start of nursing education programs providing advanced leadership theory content in academic curricula or respective organizational/system leader development programs, and then applying these areas learnt to practice. A survey revealed that healthcare leaders intuitively support principles of complexity science, because, leaders that uses complexity principles offers opportunities in the chaotic healthcare environment to focus less on prediction and control and more on fostering relationships and creating conditions in which complex adaptive systems can evolve to produce creative outcomes (Burns, 2001). Leadership functions will be need to thrive in complexity, the challenge facing organizations by identifying new ideas, interacting with others to generate novel solutions, and building relationships and networks. Policy-making initiatives will be vital for these successes, and for providing seamless, affordable, quality care that is accessible to all, with improved health outcomes. The impacts and organizational/ national changes that can occur from policy creation can become extremely beneficial for the healthcare population. As leaders, nurses can work with all groups, agencies, organizations and communities to foster and develop the transformation that is necessary for the 21st century.Application Of Servant Leadership In A Health Care Essay Paper Nurses are often asked to think about leadership, particularly in times of rapid change in healthcare, and where questions have been raised about whether leaders and managers have adequate insight into the requirements of care. This article discusses several leadership styles relevant to contemporary healthcare and nursing practice. Nurses who are aware of leadership styles may find this knowledge useful in maintaining a cohesive working environment. Leadership knowledge and skills can be improved through training, where, rather than having to undertake formal leadership roles without adequate preparation, nurses are able to learn, nurture, model and develop effective leadership behaviours, ultimately improving nursing staff retention and enhancing the delivery of safe and effective care. As
Changes in Roles and Relationship within the Family Essay Paper
Changes in Roles and Relationship within the Family Essay Paper Changes in Roles and Relationship within the Family Essay Paper Families are viewed by functionalists as a nuclear family structure, which are composed of a father, mother and approximated two children. According to Murdock in every society have a form of nuclear family structure, which are the majority type of family in every society that he investigated. However, family structure have gradually changed by several reasons, and different familyâs structures have emerged in UK. Functionalists such as Talcott Parsons, suggested that there are two important role within the family, called expressive and instrumental roles. The woman is the expressive role, and it means that she was the one who raised, disciplined, and educated family morals to the children. The father is the instrumental role, which means that is whom maintained the family financially, suggesting these are a segregated type of family, as they have separated conjugal roles. Parsons argued that this separated roles occurred naturally, and it is fundamental in order to have a well-structured family. Young and Wilmott (1970) suggested that nuclear families become to have joint conjugal roles, leading to the development of a more symmetrical family structure, as men and womenâs roles become more balanced, with similar roles. They believed this new family structure was developed within the middle class families, and extended to other family class such as working class, knowing as the principle of stratified diffusion. They research showed that couples commenced to share family decisions; and it also showed that the man started to stay more in the house, performing housework and looking after the children, where women began to leave the house to have a salaried job.Changes in Roles and Relationship within the Family Essay Paper Permalink: https://nursingpaperessays.com/ changes-in-roles mily-essay-paper / ? However, feminists has criticised the idea of symmetrical family, such as Ann Oakley. She believed that there are still existing a considerable difference in conjugal roles. She interviewed several mothers about their familyâs relationship and their household roles; and the results showed that women still mainly responsible for the children and the housework, although some assumed that they have had a little amount of help from their partner. This research was supported by others feminists such as Boulton (1983), who also investigated symmetrical family and discovered that domestic division labour still unequal. Margaret Benston (1972), a Marxist feminist, also believed that women are overloaded with jobs, and she named it as triple shift, which are the roles that women execute on the daily basis such as childcare, housework, paid job, and on the top of all of this, they have to deal and manage the emotional side of the family, acting as a therapists. This showed that all this effort that women put into the family are mainly beneficial to their husband, as he would have everything ready for him, such as clean clothes, ready meals and therefore he would be able to go out fresh, and successfully perform well at his job, and eventually leading to pay increase, as he do not have as much responsibilities as the woman still doing at home. Consequently, woman have adopted feminist ideas and decide to reject tiring familyâs roles, and from that onwards, family structure have changed even more. Laws such as the 1975 Equal Pay Law Act and Sex Discrimination was stablished, and the number of women going out to paid jobs have expanded. For this reason they become more independent financially and there was no more need to rely on husband financial earnings. Furthermore, women was influenced, and supported by feminists, to divorce or to leave unsatisfied relationship Subsequently, this idea of independence have caused an increase on the numbers of divorce rates, and new family structures have emerged, such as reconstituted family. Reconstituted family structure is when a single parent try to build a new family, with another person that may even have had children, and they raise their children together. Nowadays it has become the most popular family structure in UK.Changes in Roles and Relationship within the Family Essay Paper Over the years, a diversity of family structures have developed, and some of the possible reasons that facilitates those new trends, a part of the financial independence, are the changes on divorce laws. This legal changes collaborate and simplify legal proceedings, such as legal aid act and divorce law reform act. As result, people have more access to divorce, and encouraged to leave failed relationships, such as empty shell marriages, as there were no love between them, but simply other reasons that kept them together, such as the children or financial dependence, and in consequence more family structure emerged. Singletons is also another family structure that have surged as result of divorce, which means that when someone decide, or have to go and live alone. The majority of this type of family structure are constituted by males. However, New Right supporters have linked divorce laws to the reasons of the high rate of family breakdowns, because individuals are not devoted to their family as their used to be Postmodernists see diversity in family structure and consumer choices, as factors that indicates that the society have acquired more choices and freedom. Individuals are not judged as before if they do not live in a traditional family structure, as peopleâs acceptance have expanded towards new ideas and beliefs, which has led to new laws and rights, in order to support and protect every family, making them equally respected. Postmodernist Beck-Gernsheim (2002) argued that family diversity are the replacement of family traditions and marriages expectations, as people do not feel obligated to follow traditional ideas. The result of this change are the increase of divorce, birth outside marriage, and new different family structures such as same sex family, or cohabitation, which means people that live with someone without being married. However, this have been criticised and disagreed by others that believe that family diversity become extremely, and they believe that basic family traditions still intact by the majority of the society. Childhood has also been affected over the years. Phillipe Aries believed that childhood is a process of development, as in the middle age it did not exist. Children were treated from an early age, such as seven, in the same way as an adult. In the twenty century, people recognised that children were not emotionally and physically strong as an adult, resulting in the decline of child mortality, as their living standards began to improve. Therefore, childrenâs laws has been stipulated in order to protect them, such as Prevention of Cruelty to Children Act 1889; Childrenâs Act 1989, which refers to the right to choose which parent they want to live with if they divorce, and 1991 Child Support Act, which demands the absent parent to provide financial contribution. Children also become more family centred. However, Melanie Phillipes argues that the parents are slowly losing their authorities over their child, as the childrenâs right have given a considerable amount of power to the children. This result in their innocence been taken away with it; as they are in many cases using those rights in order to threat their parents; instead of being motivated to respect their parentâs authority. Adding to that, she argues that the mass media have more influence and effect on the childâs behaviour compared to their parentâs advice, and that they are not prepared and mature enough to understand it. On the other hand, this has been criticised for example by Morrow, whom suggested that generalised conventional approaches do not allow the children to be aware of the dangerous that they can be exposed in the real world. Postman, also believes that the media are ending with todayâs childhood, by facilitating them to enter into the adult word at an early age. Nonetheless, David Brooks has criticised it, suggesting that this view was exaggerated and parents has become extremely protective, controlling their child, taking away the childâs own common sense and awareness to what is surrounded them. Britain become a multicultural country as result of international migration. The increase in the ethnicity variety has brought a huge influence on British culture and family traditions. Asian families are more likely live in extended families, whether Afro-Caribbean tend to form lone parent families. In consequence, mixed race marriages has influenced and changed family traditions in Britain, such as the increase of extended families, where more than one family generation live together.Changes in Roles and Relationship within the Family Essay Paper In conclusion, there are a variety of reasons and influences that have modified and increased the variety of family structure in UK. Postmodernists argued that relationships are based on voluntary individualâs commitment. Interactionists such as Clark, suggested that one relationship is different from the other, and some couples are encountering difficulties, and living day after day, without setting any direction. Furthermore, families become diverse and multicultural, and are all influenced by their immediate surroundings through society, media, learning and work environment, and social interactions have a strong effect on relationships roles, resulting in the increase of the variety in family roles and structures in UK.Question 1: In The Way We Never Were, Stephanie Coontz suggests that society romanticizes past generations of family life and points out that these memories are merely myths that prevent us from dealing more effectively with the problems facing todays families (Coontz x). Coontz proposes that researchers can take empirical data and create misleading causality for that data, thus feeding cultural myth and/or experience. Coontz believes that an overemphasis on personal responsibility for strengthening family values encourages a way of thinking that leads to moralizing rather than mobilizing for concrete reforms (Coontz 22). She calls on us to direct our attention to social reforms, which can be accomplished by avoiding victim-blaming The family you come from isn t as important as the family you re going to have. Ring Lardner. Even though traditional values should change, families should be more traditional with mortality and respect. A family is the best thing that anyone can ask for. Traditional families hold the true values of friendship, honesty, loyalty, morals, and respect. While this issue is complex and may be hard to discuss there is a simple answer. Traditional families use morals to raise their children and create good people to better the world someday. Morals help better the individual. Traditional families teach each member the respect required to be shown towards others whether it be the workforce or in a grocery store. Morality is the key to a good person. Morality is the quality that drives individuals to better the environment around them and, while doing so, better themselves in the process. Morality is a quality that shapes and develops the world we live in. If all families were built from the ground up such as, the father being the family leader and the mother being the one who keeps things in order amongst the family, then there would be much less problems in the world that we live in today.Changes in Roles and Relationship within the Family Essay Paper When raising a child one is taught values by their families that they feel are important for their child to have. I believe that family values consist of certain actions and qualities that are important to a family to uphold. Values that are important in my family are honesty, trust and to have respect for others. Each of these values is equally important in my family. They played a big role into making me the person I am now. Growing up in my family taught me that honesty is the best policy. When I would get into trouble as a child I would often try to lie to my mom thinking that would save me from being punished. I soon learned that lying would only get me into more trouble than I was already. Respect is an important value to be taught when growing up. Through the years I have learned that in order to learn anything you must have respect for others. I have learned many valuable lessons from listening to my grandmother. She has told me many of her experiences, which has made me a better person. Having respect for other people has allowed me to be more open-minded and see qualities in people that most would not. I have always listened to what my friends and family has to say. That doesnt always mean that I agree with them, but it is their opinion, so I respect it. In return I receive respect from them. As people begin to respect me more their trust in me also grows. Trust is a value that was very hard for me to learn. I was always afraid that someone was going to hurt me one way or another. My mother was always telling me that I should learn to trust others so that they could help me from time to time, but I never could do it. Eventually I finally learned to trust others a few years ago. I have realized that other people can do many things for you if you just trust in them. This helps me in the relationships I have with my friends. In addition to demographic change, several social changes over the twentieth century have altered family relations involving older people. First, alternative family forms (blended families, single parent families, cohabiting relationships, gay and lesbian unions) have become more common and more accepted. It is not clear how this diversity of family forms will affect the lives of older people in the twenty-first century. On the one hand, the plurality of forms may create a broader range of available kinship ties. On the other hand, these alternative kin relationships may not be as strong as the enduring parent-child relationships that have been the primary source of long-term caregiving for disabled older people. The negative effect of divorce on the strength of intergenerational relationships tends to be more significant for males than females.Changes in Roles and Relationship within the Family Essay PaperMore than half the children in the United States are living in homes without two married parents. In fact, in 2013, the Pew Research Center explained that 46% of kids under 18 years of age are living with parents in their first marriage; 34% are with a single parent, 15% are with two parents, one or both of whom are remarried; and 5 % have no parents at home. Family life becomes much more demanding when one parent shoulders the responsibilities of the household. Kids in single-parent families sometimes feel cheated or feel a sense of loss. Because single-parent families result from different circumstances, it is important for single parents to recognize the specific needs of their children. Families In human context, a family is a group of people affiliated by consanguinity, affinity, or co-residence. In most societies, it is the principal institution for the socialization of children. Occasionally, there emerge new concepts of family that break with traditional conceptions of family, or those that are transplanted via migration, but these beliefs do not always persist in new cultural space. As a unit of socialization, the family is the object of analysis for certain scholars. For sociologists, the family is considered to be the agency of primary socialization and is called the first focal socialization agency. The values learned during childhood are considered to be the most important a human child will learn during its development.Changes in Roles and Relationship within the Family Essay Paper Conjugal and Consanguineal Families A conjugal family includes only a husband, a wife, and unmarried children who are not of age. In sociological literature, the most common form of this family is often referred to as a nuclear family. In contrast, a consanguineal family consists of a parent, his or her children, and other relatives. Consanguinity is defined as the property of belonging to the same kinship as another person. In that respect, consanguinity is the quality of being descended from the same ancestor as another person. Other Types of Families A matrilocal family consists of a mother and her children. Generally, these children are her biological offspring, although adoption is practiced in nearly every society. This kind of family is common where women independently have the resources to rear children by themselves, or where men are more mobile than women. Common in the western societies, the model of the family triangle, where the husband, wife, and children are isolated from the outside, is also called the oedipal model of the family. This family arrangement is considered patriarchal. The impact of industrialization on kinship has been no less dramatic. The consequences for kinship, can be seen in its changing functions, smaller size, altered composition, and changing roles of its members In industrial societies, many of the familys traditional functions have been eliminated or greatly altered.The family is now an economic unit only in terms of consumption, not of production. Families no longer control the political system; nepotism may still occur, but it is not accepted as legitimate. Schools, religious groups, and other organizations have assumed much of the responsibility for the education, socialization, and supervision of children, and a wide variety of organizations, from youth groups to summer camps and universities, have taken over the task of providing young people with the skills they will need in their adult lives Changes in Roles and Relationship within the Family Essay Paper Some of the most critical functions, however, still fall to the nuclear family ). Marriage today is taken for more personal reasons and is undertaken primarily to enhance personal happiness Read more on Brainly.in https://brainly.in/question/1099071#readmore Many sociologists argue that the family has lost a number of its functions in modern industrial society. Institutions such as business, political parties, schools, and welfare organizations now specialize in functions formerly performed by the family. Talcott Parsons argues that the family has become on the macroscopic levels, almost completely functionless. It does not itself, except here and there, engage in much economic production; it is not a significant unit in the political power system; it is not a major direct agency of integration of the larger society. Its individual members participate in all these functions, but they do so as individuals, not in their roles as family members. However, this does not mean that the family is declining in importance. It has simply become more specialized. Parsons maintains that its role is still vital. By structuring the personalities of the young and stabilizing the personalities of adults, the family provides its members with the psychological training and support necessary to meet the requirements of the social system. This view is supported by N. Dennis who argues that impersonal bureaucratic agencies have taken over many of the familys functions. As a result the warmth and close supportive relationships which existed when the family performed a large range of functions have largely disappeared. How Have Families Changed over Time, and Why? The structures, or forms, of the family vary as much as the definition itself. There is no single true family form. In Western Europe the nuclear family (a single set of biological parents residing together with their children) was prevalent in the Middle Ages, but at that same time in Eastern Europe multiple generations of the same family lived together in the same household (Coltrane and Collins, 2001). Indeed, the United States has also seen many types of family forms throughout its short history. Stephanie Coontzs (2005) research on the history of marriage reveals that the family forms we see today in the U.S. are actually the result of an evolution of the family that began with an important shift in the culture of marriage in the mid-18 th Century.Changes in Roles and Relationship within the Family Essay Paper Coontz (2005) found that only in the mid- to late-18 th Century in Western Europe and North America did the notion of free choice and marriage for love triumph as a cultural ideal [opening] the way for it to become an optional and fragile [institution] thus influencing the structure of the family at that time and into the future (p. 7). Earlier in history, during the Stone and Middle Ages, marriage was not based on love and men and women had very little choice about whom they married. In the Stone Age men and women married in order to improve the economic situation of their respective clans, then in the Middle Ages and into the 18 th Century marriage served the economic and political needs of a particular extended family group (Coontz, 2005). As marriage evolved in the mid- to late-18 th Century into a union based on love, other economic, cultural, and political shifts in the U.S. and in other nations were happening that would further influence the structure of the family. In the 19 th Century an ideal of the husband as breadwinner and the wife as homemaker became popular, but the majority of families could not achieve this ideal, as few jobs paid wages high enough to support a single-earner family. This changed as World War II ended and the U.S. experienced a time of dramatic economic growth. The economic prosperity of the time combined with the popular cultural ideal gave rise to family trends in the 1950s and early 1960s that had never been seen before. Ozzie and Harriet families that married young, remained married, and had many children were the major family form at this time (McLanahan and Casper, 2001). The realization of the Ozzie and Harriet ideal did not last long, however. In the late 1960s and 1970s divorce rates rose, births to unmarried women increased, and the average age of first marriage also rose. The reasons for these changes in the 60s and 70s were many: real wages for women rose while those for men fell, the economy weakened, wives joined the workforce due to the downturn in the economy, and women gained access to legal rights, education, birth control, and paid work (McLanahan and Casper, 2001; Coltrane and Collins, 2001). This historical examination of the evolution of the family and marriage shows that the family has constantly been under pressure to evolve and shift with changes in the economy, our values, and even politics. The evolution of marriage into an institution of love along with changes in the economy, our culture, and the political scene since the 1950s has meant that American men and women have been able to realize their ideals of the male breadwinner and marriage for the sake of love and personal freedom as time changes.Changes in Roles and Relationship within the Family Essay Paper These influences and trends in marriage, divorce, and non-marital fertility did not escape rural America. Comparing urban and rural parts of the country between 1950 and 1970 reveals, however, that rural divorce rates were lower, fewer women age 20-24 were unmarried, and the number of children per 1,000 ever married women age 35-44 was slightly higher in rural America (Brown, 1981). The changes in marriage, divorce, and fertility we observe during the 20 th Century in all parts of the U.S. demonstrate that the structure of families are changing and becoming more diverse. While there are now many forms available to people, the family itself is not disappearing. Why Do Families Matter? The increasing diversity of the family in the U.S. has led scholars to examine if and how different family forms are associated with different groups of people who then may experience different outcomes. Research has found that not all racial groups participate in each family type equally, thus not all family forms are equally available to all people (McLanahan and Casper, 2001). Scholars have also found that each type of family (e.g., married with kids, married with no kids, single-parent with young children, etc.) is associated with different economic, child, and health outcomes. Demographers Sara McLanahan and Lynne Casper (2001) explain that past research has found that: Children who grow up with only one of their parents¦are more likely to drop out of high school, to become teenage and single mothers, and to have trouble finding and keeping a steady job in young adulthood, even after adjusting for differences in parents socioeconomic background (McLanahan & Sandefur, 1994). (p. 6)Changes in Roles and Relationship within the Family Essay Paper They clarify, however, that about half of the disadvantages associated with single parenthood are due to lower incomes [of single parents]. Most of the rest are due to too little parental involvement and supervision and too much residential mobility (p. 6). Stephanie Coontz (2005) also clarifies that the psychological, health, and economic benefits of marriage for families are due to a number of factors like: the effect of selection (people who are already healthier, more psychologically stable, and better able to manage finances tend to marry more than those who are not), the expectations about responsibility, fidelity, and intimacy in marriage, and the freedom to exit psychologically, physically, and economically stressful unhappy marriages (p. 309-310). While we see increasing diversity in family types in the U.S. across time it is clear that not all types lead to equal outcomes or are equally available to all. Dennis argues that in the impersonal setting of modern industrial society, the family provides the only opportunity to participate in a relationship where people are perceived and valued as whole persons. Outside the family, individuals must often interact with strangers in terms of a number of roles.Changes in Roles and Relationship within the Family Essay Paper Adopting roles such as employee, customer, teacher and student, they are unable to express many aspects of themselves or develop deep and supportive relationships. Young and Willmott make a similar point arguing that the emotional support provided by family relationships grows in importance as the family loses many of its functions. They claim that the family can provide some sense of wholeness and permanence to set against the more restricted and transitory roles imposed by the specialized institutions which have nourished outside the home. The upshot is that, as the disadvantages of the new industrial and impersonal society have become more pronounced, so .the family has become more prized for its power to counteract them. Not all sociologists argue that the family has lost many of its functions in modern industrial society. Ronald Fletcher, a British sociologist and a staunch supporter of the family, maintains that just the opposite has happened. In The Family and Marriage in Britain Fletcher argues that not only has the family retained its functions but those functions have increased in detail and importance. Specialized institutions such as schools and hospitals have added to and improved the familys functions rather than superseded them. Fletcher maintains that the familys responsibility for socializing the young is as important as it ever was. State education has added to rather than removed this responsibility since Parents are expected to do their best to guide, encourage and support their children in their educational and occupational choices and careers.Changes in Roles and Relationship within the Family Essay Paper In the same way, the state has not removed the familys responsibility for the physical welfare of its members. Rather than removing this function from the family, state provision of health services has served to expand and improve it. Compared to the past, parents are preoccupied with their childrens health. State health and welfare provision has provided additional support for the family and made its members more aware of the importance of health and hygiene in the home. Even though he admits that the family has largely lost its function as a unit of production, Fletcher argues that it still maintains a vital economic function as a unit of consumption. Particularly in the case of the modern home-centred family, money is spent on and in the name of the family rather than individual. Thus the modern family demands fitted carpets, three-piece suites, washing television sets and family cars. Young and Willmott make a similar point with respect to their Stage 3 family. They argue that, In its capacity as a consumer the family has also made a alliance with technology. Industry needs both a market for its goods and a motivated workforce. The feelings kids have about their relationships with both present and absent parents create dynamics that affects their capacity to trust. For example, hostility and anxiety of children during divorce also generates very different kinds of emotions than the feelings of grief and resentment a child may feel when a parent dies that may affect the relationships of that child with members of the opposite sex positively or negatively. In both of these situations, however, experiences of abandonment and loneliness may interfere with a childs ability to trust and invest in relationships. In divorce, children often feel torn between their allegiances. Many struggle to balance or negotiate a connection with both parents. Parents are often unaware of or unable to manage the strain that their marital plight places upon their children. While the circumstances of divorce may disable coordinating parental guidance of relationships and sex education, parents need to communicate clearly about specific relational and sexual needs that their children are confronting for their overall well-being.Changes in Roles and Relationship within the Family Essay Paper The sometimes reactive and changing moods of teens, especially in families of divorce or with children whose parents have died, can set parents into a tailspin. Its helpful to keep in mind that many adolescent manage their angst and defy parents even in the most stable homes. When intense stressors occur for families, its understandable that emotions intensify that can be particularly overwhelming for single parents. At the same time, its important to recognize that for children, the dissolution of the family or home means dissolving both critical established relationships and parts of their very life. No matter how our children act out, it will help if we can sympathize with their needs and offer reassurance about love and intimacy. Its true that without direct experience of demonstrable intimacy and love between their own parents, this discussion may feel remote, yet the demonstration of accessible love for them becomes the foundation for learning lessons of how the power of love can overcome pain and loss. Building blocks for intimacy and love are created through our own relationship with our children and through working through discussions of appropriate loving and intimate experiences in relationships that we have with others or in relationships that exist around us, and in managing the struggles of emotions and communication. To appreciate the powerful impact that a single parent can have, consider how the feelings of one mother affected her son when single parentingemerged not from the struggles of divorce but of an absent parent (Note details are changed to protect confidentiality): Lou, a handsome, young man in his early twenties came to see me in therapy because of erectile dysfunction. A competitive kick-boxer, Lou had created a macho public persona that many women found attractive; however, Lou felt deep feelings of inadequacy that led him to overcompensate in school and work. Lou was a classic perfectionist, never letting up on himself. He knew that a medication for erectile dysfunction wouldnt help him because he realized that the source of his difficulty was primarily emotional. Changes in family patterns are being produced by many factors. The important among these are science and technology (industrialization), expansion of towns and citie
Role Of The Nurse Informaticist In The Systems Development And Implementation Paper
Role Of The Nurse Informaticist In The Systems Development And Implementation Paper Role Of The Nurse Informaticist In The Systems Development And Implementation Paper Nursing informatics is a combination of cognitive science, computer science, information science, and nursing science. It includes the development, analysis, and evaluation of information systems augmented by technologies that support, enhance and manage patient care. In practice, students have an opportunity to observe, apply, analyze, and practice processes and skills relevant to nursing informatics. The Nursing Informatics concentration stresses the development of leadership in nursing.Role Of The Nurse Informaticist In The Systems Development And Implementation Paper Permalink: https://nursingpaperessays.com/ role-of-the-nurs ementation-paper / ? Career opportunities for graduates with this specialty are numerous. Informatics nurses are involved in practice, education, research, administration, and consultation and can work in public, private, or corporate settings. There are three different options in Nursing Informatics; a major: a minor, and Post-Professional certificate. All may be completed on a full or part-time basis. Informatics Online Building on the strength and reputation of its graduate programs, the School of Nursing is offering a MSN with the Nursing Informatics area of concentration online. The interactive online classroom, led by University of Pittsburgh faculty, provides opportunities for active learning, discussion, problem solving, debating, critical thinking, research, networking, and community building. One much-discussed topic in modern health care is informatics, the application of computers and information technology to health care. A fundamental competency in informatics is especially important for nurses. They are the largest health care profession, with over 2.7 million registered nurses and a further 750,000 licensed practical and vocational nurses practicing in the United States as of 2011. For contemporary nurses to achieve their full career potential, there are several reasons they need to embrace informatics.Role Of The Nurse Informaticist In The Systems Development And Implementation Paper Electronic Health Records One of the most fundamental reasons for nurses to focus on informatics is the advent of the national system of electronic health records. Then-President Bush announced the initiative in 2004, with a target date of 2014 for implementation. This electronic system will make it necessary for all nurses to have a basic familiarity with computer systems to carry out their day-to-day duties of administration and patient care. At a minimum, nurses need to know how to document a patients care and observe appropriate privacy precautions on the hospitals computer system. Technology in Practice Increasingly powerful microprocessors have made it possible for a new generation of smartphones, tablet computers and specialized medical devices to play a role in daily patient care. As front-line care providers, technologically savvy nurses in all clinical specialties will play a crucial role in field-testing new devices and their corresponding software applications. Some might even find work as consultants to software developers working on applications for the health care market. Advancement Ambitious nurses have a number of career paths open to them in management, consulting, research and academia. Good computer skills, ranging from the use of industry-specific software to commercial programs including Word, Excel, Access and Visio, are important to all of these career paths. Nascent informatics certifications are available for those seeking advancement in their careers. Its now a recognized nursing specialty, offered in formal training programs. The Healthcare Management and Information Systems Society, a non-profit informatics training organization, also offers a Certified Professional in Healthcare Information and Management Systems credential to qualified health care professionals. Education One of the gravest responsibilities in any knowledge-based profession is passing that knowledge to a new generation of practitioners. The next generation of nurse educators will need a solid grounding in nursing informatics to teach new nurses the computer skills theyll need in the workplace. This will also be crucial for more experienced educators, especially those who came late to computer use and must expend extra time and effort on the necessary professional upgrades and continuing education. Being successful in the field of Nursing Informatics takes a combination of different skills. Clinicians already have many of these skills, but there are several that she or he will still need to develop as well. Here is a run-down of some of the most important ones:Role Of The Nurse Informaticist In The Systems Development And Implementation Paper CLINICAL EXPERIENCE AND COMPETENCE Clinical experience is the foundation of a clinicians effectiveness in the Informatics field stands. A nurse who transitions to the Informatics field must first of all have an adequate amount of clinical experience, preferably in a variety of settings, in order to be able to analyze and decide with confidence how certain technical functionality can be applied in the clinical setting. The Informatics nurse is often designated, and expected, to be the bridge between the clinical and technical world, and speak the language of each fluently. It would be very difficult for an Informatics Nurse to talk the talk of clinicians, if he or she has not had sufficient clinical experience. Without this base of experience, a nurse can only theorize and imagine the impact of technology at the bedside. This is not to say that some nurses with very little experience will not be successful in the Informatics field, because there are examples of such professionals. However, those nurses are rare and they have other skills and knowledge that balance their lack of experience. However, for the vast majority, a solid background in the clinical setting, and competence in the basics of related workflows, helps ensure future success in the Informatics arena. CRITICAL THINKING, ANALYSIS, AND PROBLEM-SOLVING The unique value that a clinician brings to any Nursing Informatics role is his or her experience in patient care. Because of that, a clinician is expected to be able to think through problems or issues and analyze them based on this wealth of knowledge and experience. They are expected not only to understand and accept technical functionality, but to analyze and even sometimes question the validity of the functionality, in light of their knowledge of clinical workflows, best practices, and regulatory standards.Role Of The Nurse Informaticist In The Systems Development And Implementation Paper TECHNICAL/COMPUTER SKILLS While an Informatics Nurse may not be the technical expert of a project team, by the nature of the work she or he is expected to have some kind of technical aptitude. Informatics nurses should be able to perform their own analysis and offer suggestions to resolve issues, and this is more effective when they have a certain store of training, experience, and understanding of how certain technical functionality works. As the liaison between the clinical end-users and the more technical members of the team, informatics nurses are expected to be able to wrap their head around technical functionality and limitations. They are also expected to know how to use business productivity tools such as document-creation software, spreadsheets, email systems, and project tracking tools, among others. BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE SKILLS One of the things that an Informatics Nurse will need to do on a daily basis is write and answer emails. Clinicians must remember that business correspondence is different from personal correspondence, and take the necessary steps to learn the basics of business communication. The main thing to remember with business correspondence is to always be professional. This may sound very easy and common-sense, but it is a business etiquette rule that many professionals break at one time or another. Being professional means always being careful with an emails tone, and to aim to be respectful and cordial even in stressful or emotionally charged situations. One rule of thumb is to never put in a business email anything that can be damaging when forwarded, either intentionally or unintentionally. This also includes avoiding sarcasm at all cost, because on email it is often very difficult to identify this communication mode, and it can often be misunderstood and taken literally. Avoid writing all capitals, which in email is generally considered shouting even when the intention was simply to emphasize a point, that may not be what comes across to the recipient(s).Role Of The Nurse Informaticist In The Systems Development And Implementation Paper There are other helpful rules which you can find here and here. INTERPERSONAL SKILLS From nursing school, most nurses are taught that interpersonal skills are some of the most important skills clinicians can have, right up there with clinical competence. Nurses are trained and expected to care, not just perform procedures, create plans, or implement orders. The interpersonal skills that a clinician develops when dealing with patients and their families, as well the the other members of the healthcare team, are very useful and highly portable into the Nursing Informatics field. This includes the ability to listen actively and with empathy, collaborate proactively, and negotiate assertively. PROJECT MANAGEMENT SKILLS As mentioned in another post, project management skills are important in any Nursing Informatics role. It doesnt matter whether your title has the phrase project management in it or not at some point most Informatics Nurses will be called on to be part of projects, and having the necessary project management skills will be advantageous whether they are a team member or a team lead. Fortunately, the Project Management process is very similar to the Nursing Process. The main difference is most probably in the tools being used while nurses use the care planning tools and methods to initiate, execute, and evaluate a plan of care, Informatics Nursing professionals may use a variety of business productivity tools to perform the same process. Nurses are at forefront to change the face of healthcare as they take a step forward in successful implementation of Health IT. It has been observed that with digitalization, adoption of IT in healthcare has followed the same pattern as in other fields. It was during 1950s that the new technology was utilized to automate standardized and repetitive tasks like accounting and payroll. Healthcare also used IT to process statistical data. After twenty years, similar IT revolution took over the world. It did affect the health care with the introduction of electronic health care. Though biotechnology has continued to advance in terms of disease management, the IT application in terms of health care management is still in its infancy.Role Of The Nurse Informaticist In The Systems Development And Implementation Paper Some healthcare institutions have moved beyond and have gone to stage of full digitalization, incorporating IT in services sector, channels, and processes, as well as advanced analytics that enable entirely new operating models. Nursing informatics is emerging as promising field with a challenge being thrown at the professionals to understand and participate in the field of Health IT with efficient training and leadership. The facilities provided by digitalization are enormous. It has opened many avenues for the patients to utilize healthcare facilities proficiently. A patient can now access an application to look for a disease related information, seek opinion from any specialist globally, manage appointments and access electronic health record for previous disease history. However, it has been observed that the patients can have reservations about sharing health related information with professionals online and may not be comfortable about their health-related information being available on the internet. To strengthen this, collaborative effort towards e-health, it is obligatory to improve the standards in health care information and digitalization. This adoption of electronic interaction between patients and professionals, demands an active involvement of healthcare professionals in the development process as well as implementation of quality clinical applications. Nurses are eager to improve clinical processes through adoption of Health IT. Measurement of essential quality improvement standards like patient safety, strategic development, monitoring and efficient reporting involve more prompt systems like well-defined clinical decision support systems and integrated patient care records where active engagement of clinical professionals is indispensable. Digitalization has immensely benefited all, by providing the opportunity to have access to patient care information through user-centered electronic medical records. On a macro level, information management systems have opened doors of research, monitoring and pivotal public health. Nursing is the central component to efficient patient care. Electronic health record (EHR) must be maintained by the nurses, being the connecting link between professionals. As per HIMSS the role of nurse has grown beyond helping the IT folks design electronic medical record (EMR) screens and choose equipment. It is now an integral part of the healthcare delivery and a differentiating factor in the selection, implementation, and evaluation of health IT in order to support safe, high quality, patient-centric care. Nursing and Information System Management: The information systems used by healthcare organizations like admission, discharge, order entry, clinical documentation, communication system and critical pathways require professional guidance as the data collected is utilized in variant clinical systems. The current focus areas in nursing informatics are standardizing terminologies, clinical decision support, patient safety, data exchange and interoperability, and clinical quality measures. It has been emphasized that standard nursing terminologies can be used in patient care systems as it would make documentation process more understandable. The basic principles for successful implementation of any software are the same. One word to define a good software would be user friendly. User friendly software in healthcare would be the one which would have the following features:Role Of The Nurse Informaticist In The Systems Development And Implementation Paper · Easy to understand · Requires minimal effort at the user end · Is clinically relevant · Provides easily retrievable information Nurse informaticists are required to be part of the development process of software as they understand clinical flow and patient care processes better. This becomes more relevant as EHR are now looked upon as not only a source of convenience, but a mode to enhance patient care processes and quality improvement. Nurses working in clinical setting are in a better position to judge whether a software is useful and facilitates patient care, or just adds to the burden of formality for the healthcare professionals. Involvement of nurses could also address common problems that may arise due to ill-designed software, as well as ensure better allocation of healthcare resources. The need of nurses to be a part of the software development process has long being recognized. It is important that nurses be involved in selection, development and implementation of any system. (Glancey TS, Brooks GM, Vaughan VS, 1990). Software Development Phases: Software development is a step wise process, which is targeted to plan and develop a software. System development life cycle is a term used to define the various phases in development of a software. Following are the phases of software development Role Of The Nurse Informaticist In The Systems Development And Implementation Paper Fig 1: System development cycle 1. Understanding the Problem: Before a product is developed for healthcare professionals, the software developers need to understand the need of the users. The users in healthcare involve frontline nurses in majority as nurses coordinate and conduct a lot of patient care related activities. Clinical nurse leaders and managers can contribute significantly in explaining and putting the requirement in a coherent manner so that the product that comes out is not redundant. Involvement of nurses in initial phases of software development would ensure a better product which is different and more relevant clinically (Plochg and Hamer, 2012). Nurses need to participate in initial stages to identify improvement areas for quality patient care, where IT can contribute. For example, development of standard operating procedures to prevent medication errors, antibiotic resistance etc. engagement of nurses here, will be helpful in tracking such important areas. Nurses can take up roles of project and operation manager to supervise the project plan and provide strategic guidance towards product development. 2. Coding Planned Solution: The next step in software development cycle is to code the program i.e. translating it into the program language. A software developer can understand the requirements but there are many terminologies that may require the guidance of a healthcare professionals for example use of medical terminology or patient care data relevant to acuity system which can create a false clinical picture if not put aptly. A standardized nursing language used in patient care systems must be defined in order to be able to communicate patient care information accurately among nurses and other healthcare providers. Nurses must work closely with the IT team for defining standardized nursing terminology to outline and define the nursing scope in patient care and hence reflect on the healthcare software. As we know that the terminology used by medical professionals and nurses may vary in terms of patient care and expected outcome, hence it is necessary to have clear language instructions in healthcare software. Nurse informaticist can learn coding and take up the role of a coder. It would enhance collaboration and understanding between the software team and healthcare professionals. It would also ensure effective integration of technology into practice.Role Of The Nurse Informaticist In The Systems Development And Implementation Paper 3. Testing actual program: Clinical nurses are the best judge to assess the positive aspects and to identify the challenges that may hinder the functioning of software created for patient care. It is important for the decision makers to involve nurses before a system or software is adopted as nurses remain important link to many clinical processes in healthcare (OCathain A, Sampson FC, Munro JF, Thomas KJ, Nicholl JP, 2004). Testing is an important phase as a systems design can greatly influence its acceptability by the users. An example is the use of learning management system for online learning (Table 1). The sections defined are essential fields under any e-learning platform that need to be organized well. When such platforms are used for healthcare professionals, that role of nurse becomes more important as they would be able to contribute highly to identification of innovative strategies for making it successful. Nurse informatics can take up role of a test analyst or a tester to check the credibility of software. Nurses conventionally are involved in beta testing of software which means that they test the software as users. Now is the time that the nursing professionals take up primary roles as they can participate in alpha testing when the product is tested before it is available for implementation. 4. Deployment and Maintenance of Product: The last step is to implement the solution in the clinical setting. This phase is the most interesting and challenging part of the process. The software is adopted and used by many users. Usually, at this stage, the system encounters unthinkable problems as the IT goes live. The system may or may not produce desired results as expected. A well-designed system can be exploited to extract information in multiple dimension and various clinical processes. The guidance at this point cannot be ignored in order to smart track data using checklists, nursing alerts and clinical guidelines that promote evidence-based practices. Data can be structured systematically to check performance through dashboards and compliance records. At this point, the system is utilized to understand the information obtained as multiple users use the system. The system can track progress of individual user and identify problems faced by them in using the system. For example, a software is developed with an intent to save nursing time, but the data indicates otherwise as the nurses are not comfortable using the system and find it difficult to access. Such problems can be identified when the software is put in action in the clinical setting. Nurses can not only identify such issues but would be in better position to suggest an alternative that is more practical and clinically relevant. Nurses can work as solution architects to guide the team about development of software as per clients requirement and improvise it with time.Role Of The Nurse Informaticist In The Systems Development And Implementation Paper Nurses Need to be Involved in Software Development: In the current scenario, nurses are a part of the process only when the software is tested and at later stages when the software is ready to be deployed throughout the organization. The issues like interaoperability are already producing a glitch for healthcare. Nurse informaticists has listed it as one of the key areas of research in near future. But the question remains that if the nurses are not involved in software development process, how would such issues be addressed. Another problem commonly encountered as highlighted earlier is the system being not user friendly. The argument here is, who is the best to suggest what suits the users? The answer is the user; someone who will be using it in the clinical setting for the patient care. Clinical nursing leaders do participate in earlier stages and provide consultation to vendors. Nurses must be involved in the earlier stages of software development cycle in order to have an efficient system which literally translates the language of health into the software being used. Implementation and adoption of such systems require identification of champions or problem solvers. Yet nurses are still portrayed as professionals who are not willing to adopt technology readily, which causes another hurdle for their involvement in this process. The responsibility to break this stereotype remains not only with leaders but also with the frontline nurses. Frontline nurses can coherently put forward requirements such as recording of content, format of content, linkage with other systems, reporting capabilities of the system, access and training implementation.Role Of The Nurse Informaticist In The Systems Development And Implementation Paper The Role of the Nurse Informaticist in Systems Development and Implementation Assume you are a nurse manager on a unit where a new nursing documentation system is to be implemented. You want to ensure that the system will be usable and acceptable for the nurses impacted. You realize a nurse leader must be on the implementation team. To Prepare: Review the steps of the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) and reflect on the scenario presented. Consider the benefits and challenges associated with involving a nurse leader on an implementation team for health information technology. The Assignment: (2 pages) In preparation of filling this role, develop a 2 pages role description for a graduate-level nurse to guide his/her participation on the implementation team. The role description should be based on the SDLC stages and tasks and should clearly define how this individual will participate in and impact each of the following steps: The discussion addresses the role of the nurse in the Systems Development Life Cycle. After you have reviewed the course resources, please submit your initial post describing the following: Describe the role of the nurse in each stage of the SDLC when purchasing and implementing a new health information technology system Provide specific examples of potential issues at each stage of the SDLC, describe how nurses may be part of the solution Explain whether you had any input in the selection and planning of new health information technology systems in your nursing practice. Explain potential impacts of being included or excluded in the decision- making process By Day 7 Submit your completed Role Description. Nurses has been working in the field of informatics near four decades, the term nursing informatics has been considered a specialization in nursing resources since 1984 (Guenther & Peters, 2006). Many aspects such as data recovery, ethics, patient care, decision support systems, human-computer interaction, information systems, imaging informatics, computer science, information science, security, electronic patient records, intelligent systems, e-learning and telenursing have been added to the field. Hana has defined Nursing Informatics as the application of IT in the nursing duties including education, management & practice in 1985. Integration of information science, computer science and nursing science to support nursing practice and knowledge management was the definition offered in 1989 by Graves and Corcoran. The American Nurses Association (ANA) published its aim and standards in 1994-1995 and presented the Nursing Informatics as a specialty that integrates nursing science, computer and information science to provide data communication management, knowledge and nursing work in 2001. Now most of nursing professionals believe that it is defined as the integration of information technology and all aspects of nursing such as clinical nursing, management, research or education (Guenther & Peters, 2006).Role Of The Nurse Informaticist In The Systems Development And Implementation Paper 1.2 Competencies The competency of nursing informatics specialists was determined through studying three categories including computer skills, informatics knowledge and informatics skills. It investigates four levels of nursing practice: beginning nurse, experienced nurse, informatics specialist, and informatics innovator. The following competencies were rejected: diagnostic coding, desktop publishing, managing central facilities to enable data sharing and writing an original computer program (Staggers et al., 2002). Some components of accepted competencies are shown below in brief. 1.2.1 Computer Skills Selected computer skill competencies contain computerized searches and retrieving patient demographics data, the use of telecommunication devices, the documentation of patient care, the use of information technologies for improving nursing care, and the use of networks and computer technology safely. 1.2.2 Informatics Knowledge Selected informatics knowledge competencies are the recognition of the use or importance of nursing data for improving practice, and the recognition of the fact that the computer can only facilitate nursing care and that there are human functions that cannot be performed by computers, the formulation of ethical decisions in computing, the recognition of the value of clinicians involvement in the design, selection, implementation, and evaluation of systems in health care, the description of the present manual systems, the definition of the impact of computerized information management on the role of the nurse and the determination of the limitations and the reliability of computerized patient monitoring systems.Role Of The Nurse Informaticist In The Systems Development And Implementation Paper 1.2.3 Informatics Skills Informatics skills competencies includes the interpretation of information flow within the organization, the preparation of process information flow charts for all aspects of clinical systems, the development of standards and database structures to facilitate clinical care, education, administration or research. It also includes the development of innovative and analytic techniques for scientific inquiry in nursing informatics and new data organizing methods and research designs with the aim of examining the impacts of computer technology on nursing, and the conducting of basic science research to support the theoretical development of informatics. Information literacy skills, competencies, and knowledge are investigated among educators, administrators and clinicians of nursing groups nationally. 1.3 The Importance of Nursing Informatics The history, definition and competencies of nursing informatics indicate the importance of this field. It shows nurses are integrated into the field of IT automatically. So they should be able to deal with it successfully to improve quality of care outcome. In this regard it is required to study the influence of nursing informatics on health care and make bold the appropriate information technology educational needs for nurses.Role Of The Nurse Informaticist In The Systems Development And Implementation Paper An extensive literature search was performed by using databases Pubmed, Google Scholar, Ovid, Science Direct and SID. Search terms were education, nursing; quality of health care; nursing informatics and technology. The study was carried out from January to April, 2014. A library search was also performed. As many as 135 articles were retrieved. With a critical point of view, 40 articles in English were selected that specifically focused on nursing informatics education and its influence on nursing outcomes and the quality of health care (Staggers et al., 2002). The study mentions the followings as the key elements of nursing informatics implementation:Role Of The Nurse Informaticist In The Systems Development And Implementation Paper 3.1 Health Care Promotion The advantages of applying information technology in all aspects of nursing, including clinical areas, management, education and research and its influence on health care have been reviewed. Today, the subjects of clinical nursing information systems, decision support systems and medical diagnostic systems are associated with collecting patient information. Regarding the technology-rich environment, health care and hospital information systems developers, the quality of care is improving. For increasing patient safety and its leading to an evidence-based nursing, nursing informatics has been enhanced for students and graduates by Columbia school of nursing. The study has proved that informatics competence is a prerequisite to improving patient care (Bakken et al., 2003). Technology and using multimedia integrated into nursing curriculum can promote the use of informatics tools as an integral practice component and increase patient safety (Norton et al., 2006). Managers can improve efficiency and performance through information systems and new technologies. In addition, several studies have confirmed the impact of careful shift planning and efficient management on nurses work and the quality of health care. Information is the source of all management activities. Nursing care is an industry service and its product is patient care. Information technology can promote the nursing management outcome. Internet-based nurse scheduling systems are mostly designed according to the self-scheduling model and need refining by the manager who overviews proper distribution, it causes uniform resource allocation in scheduling and increases patient direct care time (Pierce et al., 2003). Implementing information systems can provide better access to evidence; it can affect the patient care quality and support evidence-based nursing. Software tools to facilitate research are available in all medical fields (Kardan & Darvish, 2008). Nursing information system had an influence on clinical patterns and decreased the time nurses spent on indirect care (Darvish & Salsali, 2010). This is critical to the health care professionals to assess, apply, report and manage data by the help of new tools of the information age (Hall, 1995). 3.2
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