Political science

IIn 150  words, give a synopsis of the current level of practice and practice climate for APRNs in Texas licensure. Incorporate what you have learned from the Buppert readings, and from investigating your state BRN website. If yours is a full practice state, discuss how your state adopted full practice authority (FPA). If your state is restricted, describe the restrictions to practice and the current political climate surrounding FPA (for example, is there any pending legislation to move to FPA? Are there any eased regulations or expedited licensure due to Covid-19?). Discuss major barriers to FPA in your state.  Finally, discuss how you plan to be involved in your state’s governance and/or advocacy for APRNs. Include at least two references from an official state or government website or from the BRN for your state. ·         Citations: At least two high-level scholarly references in APA per post from within the last 5 years ·         In 125 words, please describe how you have been preparing (or your plans to prepare) for the boards? Describe your planned study schedule and share your top three favorite resources and why you like them. Please include the cost and delivery (app, book, course, etc) of the materials (if applicable) to help your fellow classmates decide if they’d want to investigate your resources. Included in the resources is the “Next Steps” powerpoint discussing board exams. Besides board exams, what other items does a new graduate need to consider to be fully prepared for practice? In what ways will you be more marketable to employers? Consider DEA, NPI, Immunization registry (state by state), death certificate authority, DOT or DMV physical certification, etc.  Respond to two of your peers.  ·         Citations: At least two high-level scholarly references in APA per post from within the last 5 years

Instructions: The goal of this assignment is for you to identify appropriate case study material for you to learn more about a development-related policy and how it was implemented in a developing country. To complete the assignment correctly, you need to find a document that answers the following basic questions about a development policy: What were/are the policy’s main goals? How would we know whether the policy was/will be a success or a failure (i.e., what were the indicators used to know if the policy was meeting its goals)? If the policy was already fully implemented, what were its results? If the policy is only a proposal, or has not been fully implemented, what are some known strengths and weaknesses of the proposal? (These can come from sources you read as well as your own thinking about it.) Who was involved in implementing the policy? What were the different roles of the main actors and organizations involved in trying to make the policy a success? The worksheet questions below lay out these issues. To answer them, you need to find a policy case study that at least gives you some basic information along these lines. It should give some information about the substance of the policy, the context in which it was implemented – including key organizations and institutions – and some information about the policy’s results and/or key issues for successful implementation.

In a 10 page paper, address the Covid-19 pandemic facing Florida today. Define the problem and possible solutions related to this issue using theories, principles and concepts from chapters 1-7 in your textbook. check  the syllaubus for requirements for paper Use a minimum of 10 research resource (use footnotes) Typed in a MS Word document  Your paper should be double spaced Use 12 point font Apply MLA format You may include charts, maps, etc… they must be placed in an appendix at the end of the paper – not part of the 10 pages of content.

Write a 1000 word review of Stephen Krasner’s and Cynthia Enloe’s contributions in Smith, Booth & Zalewski (eds.) International Theory: Positivism and Beyond, pp. 108-27, 186-202. In your review, please make sure you address the following: How do Krasner’s and Enloe’s definitions of ‘the political’ differ? How would you relate their competing definitions of ‘the political’ to contrasting research methods and technique? Reflecting on Krasner’s and Enloe’s arguments, do you think that political phenomena can be objectively understood, or do they tend to be open to different interpretations?

Background Information How long should a U.S. Representative or Senator be allowed to serve? A maximum of 10 or 12 years? 20? Or perhaps there should be no limits at all. The concept of term limits is relatively straightforward, but the political history as well as implications for what’s called the incumbency (or more specifically, homesteading a lifelong career in Congress) are rather nuanced. According to the U.S. Constitution, the president can serve two four year terms. The two term limitation has only existed since the 1950s. U.S House members serve two year terms but can be reelected for an unlimited amount of terms. Similarly, U.S. Senators serve six year terms and can be reelected indefinitely. While many people argue that a lack of term limits allows for long-term experience and expertise, many others argue that it hinders the ability of political newcomers with different views and ideas to enter either the U.S. Congress. Both sides of the issue have merit, but the argument has resulted in numerous efforts to implement term limits. A case regarding the implementation of term limits for U.S. Representatives and Senators (U.S. Term Limits, Inc. vs. Thornton) even made it to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1995, but was decided in favor of no term limits. There have also been efforts for a constitutional amendment addressing this issue. Suffice it to say, this issue remains alive and well. Steps to Complete the Task Step 1: Research Read about congressional term limits in the textbook (Chapter 2, page 61 and Chapter 11, page 414). (Direct Links Provided) Chapter 2 is on the bottom on 2.4, in the box labeled term limits (Link – https://openstax.org/books/american-government-2e/pages/2-4-the-ratification-of-the-constitution ) Chapter 11 is 11.2 (Link – https://openstax.org/books/american-government-2e/pages/11-2-congressional-elections ) Watch this video on the Supreme Court case U.S. Term Limits, Inc. vs. Thornton: Can Congress Have Term Limits? | U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton  (Link – https://youtu.be/TYJ7nqz0ZHs ) Read the following article from the Issues & Controversies database (you might be prompted for your TCC login to access the article)Login Info (Will be changed by tomorrow morning) Login – T20161265 Password – Hubbcap12 Term Limits for Elected Officials: Are term limits for elected officials a good idea?  (Link – https://icof-infobaselearning-com.libraryproxy.tulsacc.edu/articles/us-government-and-politics/term-limits-for-elected-officials.aspx?ID=2721&wid=98054&hd=2721 )  Note Taking Tip:  Take notes as you read. Since you know you are reading about two sides of issue, one way to take notes is to have a page for the “for” side and a page for the “against” side. As you read, you can make note of unique perspectives, facts, and/or events that each side uses for evidence to support their viewpoint. Step 2: Analyze and Evaluate Consider both sides of the argument.  What evidence was effective for supporting congressional term limits? What evidence was effective for imposing congressional term limits? Based on the information you studied, how would you respond to the following questions? What are the arguments in support of congressional term limits (or why should we keep them)?  What are the arguments for imposing term limits (or why should we get rid of them)? Do you support or oppose the congressional term limits? Why? And what are the implications for voters either way? Step 3: Analyze and Explain 3.       Write a 150-250 word paragraph explain your reasoning regarding your stance on congressional term limits. Use evidence from the reading to explain the reasoning on your perspective.  Acknowledge valid arguments (points) from both sides Write your paragraph on a Word document.  Save the document to your computer as a back-up copy. Refresher: How to Write an Argument Paragraph Writing paragraphs for political science papers is just like writing paragraphs for an English essay. Political science professors expect well-developed, evidence-based information in their paragraphs and papers, too.  Complete this short online refresher on how to write an argument paragraph. Link – https://www.softchalkcloud.com/lesson/serve/CewuY506SbIEBL/html Step 4: The Discussion Post your paragraph in the Unit 3: Congressional Term Limits discussion forum. Copy your paragraph from your Word document and paste in the discussion forum. Respond to a minimum of two classmates Respond to someone who shares the same perspective as you do. Respond to someone who has a different perspective than you do. Your responses should be 50 to 100 words. Provide a thoughtful response – analyze and evaluate their points and provide additional support or counter-arguments from the readings. Criteria for Success To be successful, your discussion posts should Provide evidence that you understand both sides of the issue Make a clear statement of the side you believe has a better argument Be written in your “own voice.”  The posts should sound “like you” not like the Internet Use academic English (no slang or texting language) with minimal errors in grammar, punctuation, and spelling.  (Hint: read your responses out loud before posting.) Stay within the word count range for the original response and response to peers Include thoughtful responses to two of your peers You cannot just say “I agree” or “I disagree” – you must provide some evidence of your own.  Don’t just repeat the evidence written by the classmate you are responding to.

Choose a social movement discussed in the book chapter. In 450-500 words, answer the following questions in essay format: How did the social movement start? What are/were the goals of the social movement? How did the social movement go about consciousness raising in order to expand participation in the movement? What tactics are/were used by the social movement?  What role is/did the media play in the movement’s success/failure?

Use this Resource: https://citiesspeak.org/2020/03/19/prioritize-equity-in-covid-19-response/?_ga=2.175268331.818599022.1602355110-1934727499.1602355110 After listening to the lecture on vulnerable populations for research and reading the article on this web site complete this assignment, This assignment requires that students discuss the vulnerable population in terms of ethics not their medical condition While the Corona virus can make anyone sick, some Americans are more at risk of getting an infection and developing severe complications due to their social and economic circumstances. Health care managers will play an important role in helping to prevent these populations from getting or spreading the COVID-19 virus. When completing this assignment virus vulnerable populations include anyone who has difficulty: reading, speaking, understanding or communicating accessing medical care or health advice doing preventive activities, like frequent hand washing and social distancing  ongoing specialized medical care or needs specific medical supplies such as the disabled ongoing supervision needs or support for maintaining independence difficulty accessing transportation economic barriers  unstable employment or inflexible working conditions social or geographic isolation, like in remote and isolated communities insecure, inadequate, or nonexistent housing conditions For this assignment select two vulnerable populations and describe why they are vulnerable due to and their social and economic circumstances and what can be done by health care managers to decrease the populations’ vulnerability. You can address the vulnerability of the homeless, mentally ill, uninsured, the economically disadvantaged, language, racial or ethnic minorities, the undocumented or other immigrants or the disabled.  Requirements for assignment Uploaded as a doubled-spaced MS Word  Write a separate paragraph for the discussion of each population Each paragraph must be at least 10 sentences and free from grammar, spelling and punctuation errors Answers must reflect logic and demonstrate understanding and correct use of terminology and concepts described in the lecture All stated facts must be properly referenced in footnotes in APA 6th edition format (not just link or web address)

I apologize for the long description. My computer will not allow me to upload documents to the site. THIS IS A REVISING ESSAY JOB PLEASE JUST SUBSTITUE OTHER CASES OR TOPICS IN ESSAY WITH WHAT IS DESCRIBED UNDER “POFESSOR FEEDBACK NOTES” – DUE JULY 17th AT 5PM ORIGINAL ESSAY PROMPT (INSTRUCTIONS): POL 120 American Government – Summer 2019- Paper Prompt 1 1. Choose a major rights issue and discuss why it is important to be protected (1-2 paragraphs) 2. Discuss which Constitutional Amendment(s) this right is protected by (if it isn’t explicitly protected, why should it be)? (1/2pg – 1pg) 3. Does the United States’ Government adequately protect the citizens with this right (both in practice/laws, and reality/implementation)? Provide evidence of what has been, what is being done, or what should be done in the House/Senate, President/Bureaucracy and course. Defend your argument with evidence done through research. USE SUPREME COURT CASES, I like to see at least 3 major court cases (maybe more). What does the other side say about this right, how do they disagree with you? (4-5pgs) 4. Finally, do you believe that this right could be better protected in the “State of Nature” (Hobbes) or in our current version of American Government (Locke and Rousseau). Discuss all three. (1page) You will use outside sources depending on your topic, so to properly cite them in MLA style. That means an inline citation (last name of the author, pg# if applicable, date), and a works cited page (last/first name of author, date, name of article, publication, URL). ALL YOUR WORK SHOULD BE CITED, if you fail to cite something, I will consider that plagiarism. You can use the sources from Wikipedia, but do not cite Wikipedia itself (that also is plagiarism). You should also cite only legitimate sources, do not use “Alternative Facts” from non-reputable sources. When grading your papers, this is what I’m looking for: -Have you succinctly and clearly stated the main argument in the first paragraph? (Summary of what right you choose, which amendment do you think it is protected under, is the government protecting it adequately or not, and is the right protected better in a state of nature or not) -Have you proven why it is important to protect this right? (section 1) -Have you made a compelling argument for which amendment(s) the right should be associated with? (section 2). -Have you accurately described how the United States has handled the right in practice (Courts cases in our book, any legislation through Congress, Presidential actions, etc.) and in implementation (What happens in the states, local law enforcements, etc)? (section 3) -Have you touched upon the counter argument (what others who disagree with you might feel about the right?)? (section 3) -Demonstrate evidence of effective proofreading/editing? -Have you effectively used relevant sources (our book/lectures, class materials, journals, reputable news sources) and is it free from plagiarism? Have you included accurate bibliography/citation? POFESSOR FEEDBACK NOTES: Overall I thought you took this is some interesting directions, your theory and legal aspects were sound, though you took a lot of cases I would not have normally expected to see (though you hit a few good ones) and you left out the most important topic of the right to privacy, the “Patriot Act.” Here are some of the cases I really wanted to see: – RIGHT TO PRIVACY – 1st/3rd/4th/6th/9th/14th Amendments – Meyer v Nebraska – Roe v Wade – You can also include Planned Parenthood v. Casey – Stanley v Georgia – Lawrence v Texas – Mapp v ohio – Griswold v Connecticut – Gideon v. Wainwright – Weeks v. United States – Terry v. Ohio -Patriot Act: Doe v. Gonzales & ACLU v Clapper Other than that, this was a good paper A 93 MAJOR HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUE ESSAY: *Major Human Rights Issue* Privacy is an important right, fundamental to the protection, and autonomy of human dignity and serves as the basis on which several human rights rely. Privacy allows people to generate barriers and control boundaries to protect themselves from interference in their lives, which are unwarranted (Dafinova et al.). Privacy also allows people to negotiate who they are and how they prefer to associate with their world. It assists people in building boundaries to manage people with access to their lives, bodies, things, and places, including those who access people’s information and communication (Carson). Protection of privacy enables people to assert their rights in the presence of great imbalances of power. Consequently, privacy is an integral way through which people seek self and societal protection against the unjustified and arbitrary use of power. Privacy is important to human beings, and people’s everyday decisions revolve around privacy. Privacy enables people to be themselves by thinking freely without judgment and discrimination. It equips people with control over what others know about us, thus enhancing our confidence in what we do (Carson). The deliberation concerning the right to privacy in modern society is a subject concerning modern freedoms as people determine how to define and defend the boundaries around other people. The ability of a person to exercise control over their predicaments, people tend to decide on the policies defining the conduct of commerce, the modern life’s ethics, and the oversight people place upon the authority of the state. Technological discoveries have continued to endanger the right to privacy by increasing the need to protect privacy. Technology continues to expose citizens to activities, which violate the right to privacy by enabling unauthorized access to people’s private lives (Carson). Through technology, people can now identify targets individuals from a database and make choices about individuals according to mass data sets (Carson). Technology enables organizations such as the government to monitor people’s commercial transactions, conversations, travel history, among other activities. These activities can result in negative effects on people and society. The level of privacy evident in each society determines people’s perception of the association between society, individuals, markets, and the state. Therefore, the right to privacy protects citizens against the autonomy of the state and its agencies. *The Right to Privacy in the USA’s Constitution* The right to privacy is a significant component of constitutional law. However, the USA Constitution does not contain a direct expression of the right to privacy. There is the incorporation of James Madison’s views and other lawmakers concerned with the protection of specific elements of privacy, including the privacy of beliefs evident in the First Amendment of the Bill of Rights (Goldenberg). There is also the privacy of people’s homes against state move to use such homes to accommodate soldiers “the 3rd Amendment” (Goldenberg). People’s privacy and their properties against all searches that are unwarranted and unreasonable “4th Amendment” (Goldenberg). Protection against self-incrimination that gives protection over personal data “5th Amendment” (Goldenberg). Further, the 9th Amendment provides that “enumeration of certain rights in the Bill of Rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage other rights retained by the people” (Goldenberg). The 9th Amendment allows people, including the justice system, to broadly read the Bill of Rights, and to protect the right to privacy in areas unspecified, or unprovided for in the Constitutional Amendments. There is a controversial debate concerning the protection of privacy by the Constitution in manners not expressly included in the Bill of Rights. Several originalists such as the great “Judge Robert Bork” in Supreme Court confirmation cases, argued that there is no existence of general privacy rights (Chandpuri). However, the Supreme Court has continuously made decisions based on a broad interpretation of liberty as provided in the 4th Amendment to avail a broader right to privacy, which incorporates aspects of procreation, child-rearing, marriages, and medical treatment agreements. Therefore, the right to privacy is an essential human right that should have explicit protection in the USA Constitution. *Protection of Citizens with the Right to Privacy* The right to privacy was not a Constitutional law in the USA until 1961, and it did not form the grounds of any Supreme Court decision until 1965 (Chandpuri). Still, it is considered the earliest constitutional right in the country. The “right to be left alone” as coined by “Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis” (Chandpuri), marks the basis of the conscience freedom enshrined in the 1st Amendment. Further, the right to personal security as enshrined in the 4th Amendment and right to deny self-incrimination is enshrined in the 5th Amendment. Still, the term “privacy” does not appear anywhere in the USA Constitution. In contemporary society, the right to privacy is a major course of action in several civil lawsuits (Chandpuri). Consequently, contemporary tort law incorporates four non-specific groups of violation to privacy including, • Publication of information (facts), which places an individual in a false light • Unauthorized access to a person’s private space or solitude through electronic or physical means. • Unauthorized disclosure of private facts publicly • Unauthorized application of a person’s image or name for self-gain There are several laws evident in the quest for the protection of the American’s right to privacy. *The Bill of Rights, 1789* As proposed by James Madison, the Bill of Rights includes the 4th Amendment, explaining the unspecified right of individuals to persons’ privacy, and security of papers, and homes. It protects people against unwarranted seizures and searches (Klein). The Bill of Rights stresses the 9th Amendment, which allows for the protection of the right to privacy in broader aspects. However, this Amendment does not apply categorically to refer to a right to privacy. *Amendments in Post-Civil War* There was the ratification of 3 Amendments to the USA Bill of Rights in the post-civil war to ensure the protection of the rights of black Americans freed during the war. These Amendments were the 13th Amendment in 1865 that abolished slavery, and the slave trade, the 15th Amendment in 1870, which allowed black men to vote, and Section 1 of the 14th Amendment in 1868, which enlarged protection of civil rights (Klein). The Amendment protected American citizens against any law that violates immunities, or privileges availed by the United States. It also restricted any state from depriving any individual of liberty, life, or property without following the due process of law. *Poe V. Ullman Case* The “Poe V. Ullman” case took place in 1961, where the USA Supreme Court failed to overturn a ruling on Connecticut law prohibiting birth control on the argument that the complainant did not face any threat from the law, and consequently, had no grounds to sue. In the case, “Justice John Marshall II” stated the right to privacy and a new view of the right. The Justice re-affirmed the importance of due process in the right to privacy case (Klein). He said that Court’s decision on this case indicated that our Nation is founded upon postulates of protection of the liberty of people and that the case hit between liberty and the requirements of modern society. The case provided critical insight on the constitutionality of the provisions of the 4th Amendment. *Olmstead V. USA* The Supreme Court ruled in 1928 that wiretaps acquired without a legal warrant and presented as evidence in Court did not violate the provisions of the 4th and 5th Amendments. In his argument, Associate Justice Louis stated the most contemporary pronounced provision that privacy is an individual right (Klein). In the assertion, Justice Louis moved that, “conferred against the government, the right to be let alone—the most comprehensive of rights and the rightmost favored by civilized men” (Klein). The argument also acknowledges amendments in the Constitution to protect the right to privacy. *The 14th Amendment* The longstanding Connecticut ban on birth control was challenged in 1961 by the PPLC, and Yale School of Medicine by initiating a Planned Parenthood clinic. Consequently, the pioneers of this clinic were arrested, proving them “standing to sue” (Klein). Referring to the 4th Amendment’s requirement of a due process, the following 1965 Supreme Court case of “Griswold V. Connecticut” brought down all state constituted restrictions on birth control. It confirmed the right to privacy as constitutional law. Other cases are dealing with the freedom to assembly, including NAACP V. Alabama in 1958 that categorically stated that “freedom to associate and privacy in one’s associations,” through the words of Justice Douglas (Klein). The case revisited both the 3rd and 9th Amendments relating to the protection of the right to privacy. After 1965 the Supreme Court has prevalently referred to the right to privacy in cases such as abortion rights, for example, in Roe V. Wade in 1973. And in sodomy doctrines, for example, in Lawrence V. Texas in 2003. The right to privacy continues to shape the USA civil liberty jurisprudence and determines the direction the country’s human right takes. *The Case of Katz V. USA* In 1967, the Supreme Court illegalized the 1928 Supreme Court decision on Olmstead V. USA, which allowed wiretapped information acquired without a legal warrant to be administered as evidence in a court of law. This case also provided an extension of the 4th Amendment protection to every situation where an individual demonstrates reasonable expectation of privacy (Klein). *Privacy Act of 1974* In 1974 the Congress passed privacy acts as an amendment of Title 5 of the USA Code to confirm a Code of “Fair Information Practice” (Klein). The code regulates the access, maintenance, dissemination, and use of personal data stored by the federal government. The act also allows people to complete access to the personal records of an individual’s data. *Protection of Individual Finances* In 1970, the “Fair Credit Report Act” was enacted to protect people’s financial information. The act protects personal financial data gathered by the credit bureaus, and limits access to such data. The act also ensures that people have quick access to their data without any fees, which illegalizes such institutions from operating a secret database. Further, the act limits the duration through which such data remains active on the institution’s database, after which the data must be cleared for the person’s records (Klein). Later in 1999, the Financial Monetization Act was enacted to compel financial bodies to give all customers a privacy policy describing the kind of data under collection and the intended use of such data. All these measures try to enhance the protection right to privacy. *The COPPA* In 1998, Children’s Online Privacy Protection Rule was passed as a remedy to issues arising from the 1995 full commercialization of the internet in the USA (Klein). The policy protects the privacy of children below 13 years old when they access internet content. *The Freedom Act* In 2015, Congress passed the Freedom Act to bring a lasting solution to the problem concerning the mass collection of personal records of citizens, such as the collection of American phone data (Klein). Protection of the right to privacy has undergone several stages and processes, but the right to privacy still lacks a direct inclusion in the Constitution. It depends mainly on the 9th Amendment, which allows for the inclusion of other elements of privacy not enshrined in the Bill of Rights as part of the rights to privacy. In my view, the omission of the direct right to privacy in the Constitution allows for the development of this right, as evident in several Supreme Court cases, and the amendments are undertaken by Congress and all other state agencies to enable the evolution of this fundamental right. However, this critical constitution omission has led to severe negative Supreme Court decisions such as the Olmstead V. USA ruling. *Protection of the Right to Privacy in the State of Nature* A state of nature is what would exist in the absence of governments, laws, civilizations, and common power. They are two speculations of a state of nature as advocated for by Thomas Hobbes on one side, and John Locke, and Rousseau on the other side. Hobbes portrays a state of nature, which is conflictual, and turbulence (Hayhow). It is a condition under, which people are power-hungry, and constantly try to destroy one another to gain dominance. In contrast, Locke and Rousseau introduce us to the corporative state of nature, where people corporate for the common good. In Locke’s state of nature, people have all the reasons to work together as common goals define them. Based on the two states of nature, the right to privacy would work best in Locke and Rousseau’s state of nature in such a state; people are concerned about the one other’s wellbeing in the state. No one would participate intentionally in activities capable of destroying the fabric of society. In Hobe’s state of nature, privacy would serve as a weapon against one another, so people would want to gain access to others’ private information and use such information to gain an advantage over others. People would also use other people’s names and images for personal gain in Hobe’s state of nature. Therefore, the right to privacy would work best in Locke and Rousseau’s current version of the American Government. *Works Cited* Carson, Michelle. Human Rights Education in the United States: An Analysis of 50 State Social Studies Standards. The University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2019. Chandpuri, J. S., and Vivek Kumar. “Right to Privacy: Ambit and Dimension–An Overview.” Tathapi, with ISSN 2320-0693, is a UGC CARE Journal 19.35 (2020): 278-291. Dafinova, Monika, Aaron K. Martin, and Linnet Taylor. “POLICE SURVEILLANCE DRONES AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY.” (2019). Goldenberg, David. “The Right to Abortion: Expansion of the Right to Privacy Through the Fourteenth Amendment.” The Catholic Lawyer 19.1 (2017): 11. Hayhow, D. B., et al. “State of nature, 2016.” (2016). Klein, David, and Morgan Marietta, eds. SCOTUS 2019: Major Decisions and Developments of the US Supreme Court. Springer Nature, 2019.

Class content features critiques of welfare policy from a variety of different perspectives. You also are tasked to constantly be on the lookout for contemporary issues related to poverty in the United States. This short synthesizing reflection paper (2 pages) asks you to link these two themes. What critiques of welfare policy seem particularly salient, convincing, and relevant to you? As policy has evolved and we find ourselves standing in 2020, which poverty issues persist? Can similar policy critiques be levied today? Or are there qualitative differences in today’s context that require policymakers to approach poverty policy differently? The universe of historical welfare policy critiques is large, and you will be able to choose your focus in this paper. Think about what you find compelling in our discussions, and then ask yourself two lines of questioning: first, “where did that come from” or “why did that happen?” and second, “how is it still relevant today?” and “what can its history teach us in this moment?” Papers should be 2 pages, double-spaced, with appropriate citations (you should use the APSA Style  (Links to an external site.)

Each student is required to submit a Critical Reading Review as a course requirement. These “critical reviews” should be 5-6 pages in length (12-point font double spaced). Please do not exceed the 6 page limit. You should briefly summarize the author’s arguments and then assess the reading. Like any essay, a reading review needs to have a thesis which you will argue or defend, using evidence from the text. However, the thesis of your review should not focus on whether you agree with the thesis of the author whom you are reviewing. Rather it needs to be your assessment of the text: how effective and persuasive it is, and how relevant it is to the topic. You are not required to do any outside research for the Critical Review, although you may find that it helps you to situate the work under review within a broader literature. You can also draw on course readings to help provide context or illustrate your points. However, research is not necessary to do well and should be minimized. The article you are reviewing should be at the top of the first page of the review, not in a bibliography. Citations and a bibliography are required if you use any other sources, and you must document direct quotes/ideas taken from the piece under review.