Political science

Please answer the following: According to the “The Evolving Terrorist Threat:” article by Joshua Sinai, several examples of the types of warfare terrorists generally employ to achieve their objectives were listed. What were they and how does each empower the terrorist? According to Gerstein, the general agreement now exists that terrorists are “rational” actors. Their actions may not be understood by their victims or the governments and law enforcement agencies that attempt to deal with these threats, but they are far from random irrational acts. Chose a side of this argument and support it with a minimum of three different references. This is a 2 part question 1) Fully explain the CBRN agent threat posed by the group in the video “Rajneeshpuram: An Experiment to Provoke God” (the video can be found in the Week 4 Lesson); 2) and expound on if the key CBRN agent(s) threat they used in their actions is or is not a threat to our homeland today. Base your answer to the second part of the question upon additional research you conduct from the Internet or other reliable sources. Fully explain the threat posed by the 4th Generation (Novichok) Chemical Weapons. How have they been used by the Russian government and what makes them different from previous types of chemical weapons? Your answers should be based upon class readings and additional research you conduct from the Internet or other reliable academic sources. According to Sparrow’s Syria: Death from Assad’s Chlorine there is good chlorine, bad chlorine, and deadly chlorine. How would the same characterizations made in Syria be applied to chlorine use and homeland security in the U.S.?Technical RequirementsYour paper must be at a minimum of 5 pages (the Title and Reference pages do not count towards the minimum limit). Scholarly and credible references should be used. A good rule of thumb is at least 2 scholarly sources per page of content. Type in Times New Roman, 12 points, and double space. Students will follow the current APA Style as the sole citation and reference style used in written work submitted as part of coursework. Points will be deducted for the use of Wikipedia or encyclopedic type sources. It is highly advised to utilize books, peer-reviewed journals, articles, archived documents, etc. For more information read this:  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactics_of_terrorism

Please respond to the following: Some top administrators believe that they should welcome congressional oversight in areas in which committees or members have legitimate concerns. Discuss 2–3 reasons a public administrator might hold this view. For more information read this: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_oversigh

 We live in what many scholars call a post-truth era. Looking at what is going on with the current election, we are seeing the institutions of democracy eroding due, in part, the public’s inability to arrive at a consensus on what is actually happening–on what truth is. Do you think that democracy will withstand this test? If not, then what form of governance will replace it?  250 words, no reference

The student will write a 3–to 5-page paper analyzing assigned primary sources on the size, scope, and power of the central government. The paper will focus on pertinent and assigned sections of Tocqueville. The student will use parenthetical citations as needed and will provide a bibliography in proper current Turabian format. Tocqueville must be the only source. The paper must begin with the student’s name and the date in the upper right-hand corner, followed by a space, and then the beginning of the paper itself. Do not include a title page.

What is your opinion? Should drones become an accepted part of American war-fighting? Should drones (armed or otherwise) be used domestically? Should they, in the interest of rapid response to developing situations, be given the ability to act autonomously (without any humans in the decision-making or targeting loop)? You need to make your “Initial Post” of at least 250 words Here are a few links to more information about drones: (some pro, some anti, some just informational)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_combat_aerial_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone_attacks_in_Pakistanhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/aug/06/morality-drone-warfare-revisitedhttp://www.aclu.org/blog/tag/domestic-droneshttp://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2013/02/06/the-american-public-loves-drones/https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/2014/01/23/more-than-2400-dead-as-obamas-drone-campaign-marks-five-years/http://m.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/09/the-killing-machines-how-to-think-about-drones/309434/ (long article)http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/21/opinion/sunday/drone-warfare-precise-effective-imperfect.html  (To Keep America Safe, Embrace Drone Warfare)http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/11/24/unblinking-stare  (long article)http://www.bostonreview.net/BR37.3/david_luban_obama_drones_just_war_theory.php  (long philosophical article)

1. What are the four essential goals for urban service delivery?  Pick a municipal service that would fit into each of the goals and explain how it does. 2. Pick one urban government service and apply the program evaluation criteria noted in the book to that program. This is a hypothetical but a rational hypothetical (meaning justify your reasoning).  Include the following: 1. What are your selected program objectives? 2. Create measurable indicators from your stated objectives 3. How would you collect the data on those indicators?  What form would the data look like, from whom would you collect from, how easy would it be to collect? 4. What comparative nonparticipant could you compare your results with? 3. What did I indicate within the video that is the biggest killer of effective performance measures

Define and differentiate political parties and interest groups. Why does the U.S. have a two-party system? In your informed opinion, should the U.S. remain a two-party system or shift to a multiparty system? What is being balanced here? Do you see a shift in the party system happening? Identify four types of interest groups. Are you a member of an interest group or political party? Why/why not? Are political parties or interest groups more powerful? Why?

1000 Words Essay Topic: Briefly Describe The Five Different Theories Of The Causes Of Terrorism Found On Pp. 274-281, And Then State Which Cause You Find Most Compelling (I.E., Which One You Think Explains Terrorism The Best) And Explain Why. Requirements: 1)   You must write a minimum of 1000 words, but that is only a required minimum. Excellent papers will likely exceed that requirement. That said, do not think of this as a major research paper. Do a thorough job, but be concise and to the point—1200-1500 words is a good upper limit suggestion. 2)   You may use the textbook as a source, but do not limit yourself to the textbook; I expect you to do some research outside of the text.3)   For all outside sources you use, you must properly cite your sources (I don’t care what format you use), both in the text itself and in a bibliography or works cited page.4)   Don’t plagiarize! Plagiarism is defined as taking someone else’s words, ideas, or arguments, incorporating them into your paper (that does not mean they need be taken word for word), and passing them off as your own writing. Here’s the simple rule: If you get some idea from any source, be it a book, website, online lecture, or magazine, CITE THE SOURCE YOU GOT IT FROM. If you are unsure, err on the side of the citation. Plagiarizing will mean a zero for the paper, and ignorance of what is plagiarism is no excuse.5)   Your paper must be typed and double-spaced (all academic documents are double spaced), and I will be taking points off for writing errors (i.e., spelling, punctuation, grammar, etc.).6)   Include the word count somewhere on the paper. 

you need to complete at least two responses “the “Final Posts”) of at least 200 words each to classmates by the dates shown in the course schedule.Q1/ In my opinion, constitutions, in short, are frameworks for making politics possible. The text of a written constitution contains different kinds of legal norms that create the basic framework. These norms include rules, standards and principles. Rules and standards exist along a continuum. Rules are norms that don’t require very much practical reasoning to apply.Like standards, principles may also have abstract and vague terms; the difference is that when principles apply to a situation, they do not always apply conclusively, but may be balanced against other considerations.A constitution contains a mixture of these different kinds of norms. They serve different functions. For some purposes, rules are better than standards or principles. Otherwise presidents would tempted to try to stay in power forever, and this might undermine democracy. But some constitutional goals cannot easily be achieved through rules. That is why human rights provisions in constitutions are usually expressed in terms of standards and principles. These are open-ended, abstract, or vague terms that necessarily require construction and implementation by later participants in the system.Constitutions use rules, standards, and principles and to channel and police government action, to establish rules of succession to power, to create institutions that perform government functions, to divide powers among different actors and branches, and to set institutions in competition with each other in order to diffuse and check concentrations of power. Because constitutions not only use rules but also standards and principles – and because they are sometimes silent on certain questions – they are elaborate systems of constraint and delegation to the future.I believe that we must be faithful to the original meaning in the sense of the original semantic and communicative content of the words. But it does not follow that we must apply the constitution’s words in the same way that they would have been applied by the people who wrote them. Thus, the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees equal protection of the laws. These words have pretty much the same semantic meaning as they did in 1868. But the people who wrote them did not expect that the words would require modern notions of sex equality. In applying the Equal Protection Clause today, we are bound only by the original meanings of the words – which in this case is the same as the contemporary meaning – and not the original expected application.Because a constitution is a framework, it must be built out over time, and different generations must participate in that project. As each generation gets involved, change inevitably occurs. Moreover, many different people and groups in society participate in the construction of the constitution– not only judges and lawyers, or politicians, but also members of civil society and ordinary individuals.These groups participate in official ways: for example, by creating laws and judicial doctrines. They also participate in unofficial ways: for example, through social influence, political organization, and cultural change. To understand constitutional development, we must take account of both the official and the unofficial contributions to constitutional construction.Q2:Anyone approaching the topic of constitutional interpretation inevitably encounters the question of whether it has some specific trait that distinguishes it from other objects or forms of legal interpretation. Whatever the theory of legal interpretation to which one adheres, whether one regards it as a function of knowledge or as a function of the will, one necessarily presupposes that the constitutional interpretation is a species of the genus “ legal interpretation ”and one seeks to distinguish it from other species of the same genus, the interpretation of laws, that of international treaties, administrative acts, or contracts of private law. But, if the question is always the same, the type of answer one gives depends in part on the theory of interpretation on which one relies.Thus, those who believe that interpretation is a function of knowledge are obviously tempted to seek the specificity of constitutional interpretation in the specificity of its object. As the constitution is not a text like any other, constitutional interpretation is different from the interpretation of laws or treaties. In this regard, theorists who adhere to an intermediate or mixed theory agree with the proponents of interpretation-knowledge theory. According to the intermediate theory, in fact, interpretation is an act of will by which the authentic interpreter chooses within a frame among several possible meanings, while the determination of the frame would result from an act of knowledge.Americans constitutional theory presents an opposition between, on the one hand, the arguments in favor of a living constitution capable of adapting to change, and, on the other, the demand to restore the original meaning of the constitution. these two positions stem from a common observation: the recognition of the disappearance of the world which produced the old constitution. This experience of constitutional modernity gives rise to equal and opposite tendencies: the need to cling to the past, its symbols, and its concrete manifestations on the one hand and, on the other hand, the need to transcend the past through adaptation pragmatic to a world that is no longer the same.

The guidelines for the writing of survey readings ( attached below )of two reading materials are as follow: The four-page reflection is a critical reading analysis — where you may include key questions and/or critique. ? A critical analysis is subjective writing because it expresses the writer’s opinion based on the evaluation of texts. ? It will be important to identify the key theme(s) and the purpose of your reading, analyze the importance of the main idea(s). ? Have one or two key questions as points of inquiry. Summarize your readings and observations with reason. ? Consider the following questions: 1. Why/how did the readings affect you? 2. How is the material organized? 3. What does it clearly address?