Nursing

Application: Creating a Flowchart
Application: Creating a Flowchart
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Workflow analysis aims to determine workflow patterns that maximize the effective use of resources and minimize activities that do not add value. There are a variety of tools that can be used to analyze the workflow of processes and clarify potential avenues for eliminating waste. Flowcharts are a basic and commonly used workflow analysis method that can help highlight areas in need of streamlining.
In this Assignment, you select a common event that occurs regularly in your organization and create a flowchart representing the workflow. You analyze the process you have diagrammed and propose changes for improvement.
To prepare:
· Identify a common, simple event that frequently occurs in your organization that you would like to evaluate.
· Consider how you would design a flowchart to represent the current workflow.
· Consider what metrics you would use to determine the effectiveness of the current workflow and identify areas of waste.
To complete:
Write a 3- to 5-page paper which includes the following:
· Create a simple flowchart of the activity you selected. (Review the Sample Workflow of Answering a Telephone in an Office document found in this week’s Learning Resources for an example.)
· Next, in your paper:
o Explain the process you have diagrammed.
o For each step or decision point in the process, identify the following:
§ Who does this step? (It can be several people.)
§ What technology is used?
§ What policies and rules are involved in determining how, when, why, or where the step is executed?
§ What information is needed for the execution of this step?
o Describe the metric that is currently used to measure the soundness of the workflow. Is it effective?
o Describe any areas where improvements could occur and propose changes that could bring about these improvements in the workflow.
o Summarize why it is important to be aware of the flow of an activity.
· Remember to include a cover page, introduction, and summary for your paper. APA format. Must include at least 3 course reading for references and 2 additional scholarly references
Course Readings
McGonigle, D., & Mastrian, K. G. (2012). Nursing informatics and the foundation of knowledge(Laureate Education, Inc., custom ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning.
Chapter 16, “Nursing Informatics: Improving Workflow and Meaningful Use”This chapter reviews the reasons for conducting workflow analysis and design. The author explains specific workflow analysis and redesign techniques.
Huser, V., Rasmussen, L. V., Oberg, R., & Starren, J. B. (2011). Implementation of workflow engine technology to deliver basic clinical decision support functionality. BMC Medical Research Methodology,11(1), 43–61.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.In this article, the authors describe an implementation of workflow engine technology to support clinical decision making. The article describes some of the pitfalls of implementation, along with successful and future elements.
Koppel, R., & Kreda, D. A. (2010). Healthcare IT usability and suitability for clinical needs: Challenges of design, workflow, and contractual relations. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 157, 7–14.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.This article points to many health information technology designs and workflow decisions that limit their value and usage. The authors also examine the structure of the conceptual relationships between HIT vendors and the clinical facilities that purchase HIT.
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (n.d.b). Workflow assessment for health IT toolkit. Retrieved, June 18, 2012, fromThis article supplies a toolkit on the planning, design, implementation, and use of health information technology. The sections of the website provide a definition of workflow, examples of workflow tools, related anecdotes, and research.
Document:
Note: You will use this document to complete this week’s Assignment.

Assignment: Rokeach Values Survey
Assignment: Rokeach Values Survey
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Utilize the “Rokeach Values Survey” to help you determine your values hierarchy, which will assist you in the development of your personal model of leadership. After ranking the values according to the instructions, identify your top three terminal values and your top three instrumental values. Submit a 250-300-word reflection that identifies your values hierarchy and explains the significance it might have on your leadership style.
Link to the survey:
You are not required to submit this assignment to Turnitin.
Search for proposal(s) by your state governor to deal with a health care access problem and write a paper of 1,250?1,500 words that outlines the elements of the current program and the governor’s proposals for improved access.
A minimum of three scholarly sources must be cited. Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the GCU Style Guide located in the Student Success Center.
Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the GCU Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.
This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.
You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Refer to the directions in the Student Success Center. Only Word documents can be submitted to Turnitin

Assignment: Deontology and Virtue Ethics
Assignment: Deontology and Virtue Ethics
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Your initial discussion thread is due on Day 3 (Thursday) and you have until Day 7 (Monday) to respond to your classmates. Your grade will reflect both the quality of your initial post and the depth of your responses.
Utilitarianism, Deontology, and Virtue Ethics: Case Study: Starbucks
This discussion assignment requires you to submit at least four posts: an initial post, two reply posts to fellow students in threads other than your own, and a revised post in response to the professor’s feedback.
Prepare: The initial post in this discussion must be informed by the required material for this discussion. Your preparation should focus on three classical ethical theories that are fundamental in any ethical analysis: utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics. Since the subject of your examination is the Starbucks case, make sure to view the relevant multimedia carefully with an eye toward the various ethical problems that this company has had to confront.
Reflect: Keep in mind that although the notion of the moral good will vary among ethical theories, they often produce the same or similar results. So you should focus on the differences in (a) the intent and (b) the consequences of the action under examination. In utilitarianism, for example, the consequences of the action are weightier than the intent. Accordingly, even if the intent was morally questionable, the action is nonetheless morally good if it achieves good consequences for most. The opposite would be the case if the action were being examined from a deontological point of view. These reflections will aid your selection of an ethical theory for your initial post, as well as your critical examinations of the analysis from fellow students.
Write: Start your initial post by identifying two characteristics of utilitarianism, two characteristics of virtue ethics, and two characteristics of deontology. Organize this part of your post so that it is clear which characteristics belong to which ethical theory. You can do this by means of subtitles, or by presenting a table. You should aim to write one complete and clear sentence for each characteristic rather than just one or a few words.
Then, take the position that Starbucks is guided by utilitarianism and analyze how the notion of the moral good in utilitarianism leads to a unique approach to ethical problems. The way to do this is as follows:
First, present an ethical problem confronted by Starbucks. You can choose one such ethical problem from the video.
Then, apply the characteristics of utilitarianism that you identified for this discussion in the attempt to solve this problem.
After this, analyze how the notion of the moral good present in utilitarianism, and the characteristics that you identified in particular, shape the approach to solving this problem.
Revise: This is your chance to correct any oversights or errors in your initial post, or show your improved understanding of the ethical theories and their applications. Start by reading the feedback provided by your professor to your initial post, either directly to you or to your fellow students. Use this as an opportunity to learn from your professor, especially with regard to the best ways to apply the course material and your research to your analysis. On the basis of what you have learned in this process, post an improved revision of your initial post that applies the additional knowledge that you have gained.
Remember that your grade depends on the quality of your initial and revised responses, not just on the submission of an attempt at improvement. It is thus to your advantage to post the best initial post you can and then to also improve that best effort as much as you can through revision. Taking this process seriously will help you develop the skills you need to do well on the final project.
Requirements for Your Initial Post:
Your initial post should be at least 400 words in lengthand have citations and references in APA notation. It should address the prompt in its entirety. This means that you should not split your response to the prompt in multiple posts. Your examination should be both thorough and succinct. This is a combination that demands time and thought, so give yourself sufficient time to draft and revise.
Please be advised that until you post, you will not see what your fellow students are posting. Once you submit your post, you will be able to view the posts from your other classmates. You can then proceed to reply to at least two different threads based on the required material for this discussion on virtue ethics and deontology.
Your list of references for your initial post should include the video and the other required material for this discussion, including Section 1.3 of the textbook on Starbucks, as well as the Instructor Guidance and any other announcements presented to you by your professor. Use all of the material presented to you in the course and by your professor, in addition to any other sources that you consulted to inform yourself about Starbucks (but not Wikipedia or similar sources).
Your initial post for this discussion should be submitted no later than the end of Thursday (11:59 pm, U.S. Mountain time).
Requirements for Replies to Other Threads:
At least two of the four posts required should be in the form of replies to fellow classmates in threads other than your own.
Each of your replies should be at least 200 words and informed by the course material. As such, the replies must have citations and references in APA notation. Your list of references for each reply should include all of the course material that has informed your reply, in addition to any research that you have obtained on your own.
One of your replies should identify the notion of the moral good in deontology and compare that to the account of utilitarianism in Starbucks presented in your fellow student’s post. Analyze how these different notions of the moral good lead to different approaches with regard to how to address the problem even if, ultimately, the result turns out to be the same or similar.
In your second reply, you should identify the notion of the moral good in virtue ethics and compare and discuss that to the account of utilitarianism in Starbucks presented in your fellow student’s post. Analyze how these different notions of the moral good lead to different approaches with regard to how to address the problem even if, ultimately, the result turns out to be the same or similar.
Your replies should focus on the specific examination presented by your fellow student and should include an examination of whether or not the characteristics of the ethical theory were identified well, and whether or not their application and analysis were also carried out successfully. Providing such an examination is not an attack on your fellow student but an attempt to work together with your fellow student toward the better understanding of the ethical theories employed, as well as their application.
Requirements for Revising your Initial Post:
Submit a revision of your initial post by either replying to your own post, or to the feedback provided to you by your professor.
There is no minimum word requirement for your revised initial post. But you should always explain the reasons for revising your post so that it is clear what you are doing. If you are revising only a few words, or an application of an ethical theory, you should avoidsubmitting a post with vague language such as: “duty ethics works better here” or “I did not consider that the end does not justify the means.” It is important to recognize that no one can read your mind so you need to provide the setting for your revision (Why? What prompted it? What course material informed you?), and it is important to write in clear language and complete sentences.
Consider your revised initial post as your chance to correct any oversights or errors in your initial post, or to show your improved understanding of the material and its applications to the case at hand. You may, for example, come to the realization that your conclusion did not take into account important factors necessary for your evaluation of the situation.
You should maximize the improvement of your initial post by employing your professor’s feedback as a guide. Keep in mind that you may not always receive direct feedback from your professor. But your professor will have submitted feedback in the discussion to other posts. So read your professor’s feedback whether it is addressed to you directly or to other fellow students. This will give you much to think about and apply to your own post.
If your professor or a fellow classmate responds to your revised initial post, and on this basis, you find good reason to submit yet another revision (in addition to a revision that you may have already submitted), then by all means do so. Keep in mind that four posts is the minimum, not the maximum number of posts that you may submit. The more you improve your initial post, the more you will benefit both in terms of your learning and most likely your grade.

Discussion: Nursing Theoretical Foundations
Discussion: Nursing Theoretical Foundations
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There are many grand nursing theories that have helped to set the foundation for the nursing profession. Faye Abdellah was one of the first pioneers for shaping nursing as a profession using her framework for Patient-Centered Approaches to Nursing. Abdellah’s theory is easy to apply to nursing practice in a healthcare institution because her framework is readable and clear (McEwen & Wills, 2014). In addition, another rationale for implementing her theory into practice at a healthcare institution is the fact that it clearly addresses the four metaparadigms—person, environment, health, and nursing. In this paper, we will discuss the theorist Faye Abdellah, her theory on Patient-Centered Approaches to Nursing, and how this theory can be integrated into practice at a healthcare institution.
Description of Theorist
Faye Abdellah was born in New York City on March 13, 1919. Abdellah decided at a very young age she wanted to pursue a career in nursing. She received her original certification in nursing from Fitkin Memorial Hospital. She continued her study of nursing at Columbia University getting her BA in Nursing along with her doctorate degree, which focused on psychology and education (Dewey, 2016).
Abdellah was highly influential in the profession of nursing. She was the Chief Nursing Officer and Deputy United States Surgeon General until 1993, and she was ranked as a Rear Admiral. She retired in 2000 from her last position as Dean of the Graduate School of Nursing at the Uniform Services University of Health Sciences (McEwen & Wills, 2014). As a whole, throughout her career Abdellah received many academic honors for her achievements in nursing. Her main focus was to reshape nursing as a profession by encouraging nurses to look past a physical illness or diagnosis and see “patients as people with a complex of emotional and psychological needs” (Dewey, 2016, n.p.). Clearly, this concept of looking at patients as more complex beings significantly helped to influence and shape her Patient-Centered Approaches to Nursing.
Category of Theory
Abdellah’s Patient Centered Approaches to Nursing is considered a grand nursing theory that is based on human needs. She believed that patients should be seen as ‘people’ who have individual unique needs that require personalized care from nurses. Furthermore, Abdellah developed her theory based on how she practiced while providing care to patients—which is what helps to make the theory highly applicable. McEwen & Wills (2014) further explain that Abdellah’s theory is applicable not only in the hospital setting, but also in the community setting.
Assumptions Underlying the Theory
Abdellah’s original theory did not have any stated assumptions; however, as time passed she did add the following six assumptions related to: 1) change and anticipated changes that impact the nursing profession, 2) the importance of how social enterprises and social problems are related, 3) how poverty, racism, pollution, education, etc. impact health and health care delivery, 4) changes in nursing education, 5) continuing education for nurses, and 6) development of nursing leaders (McEwen & Wills, 2014).
In addition, it is important to clearly define the metaparadigm concepts/assumptions underlying the theory as well. Abdellah’s Patient-Centered Approaches to Nursing is all encompassing, and the metaparadigms addressed in the theory are related to person, environment, health, and nursing.
Person
Person is defined as the patient needing care. McEwen & Wills (2014) explain that Abdellah’s theory views the patient as the “individual who needs nursing care and who is dependent on the health care provider” (p. 141). When using Patient-Centered Approaches to Nursing, it is important to know that Abdellah emphasized the significance of individualized care and knowing the person’s needs.
Environment
When using Abdellah’s theory, it is important to know that the environment from the patient’s standpoint is interconnected to include not only the physical environment, but also external factors that impact the patient such as social problems, poverty, racism, etc. These are all factors within the environment that affect the health of patients and how they approach health care delivery (McEwen & Wills, 2014).
Health
Health can be viewed as a better state of being. The purpose of Abdellah’s theory is to identify problems that are negatively impacting patients and eliminating these problems. Later we will discuss Abdellah’s 21 Nursing Problems and nursing’s responsibility to identify these problems.
Nursing
Nursing is considered “a service to individuals and families to society, which helps people cope with their health needs” (McEwen & Wills, 2014, p. 141). Nursing is expected to identify nursing problems and work collaboratively with the healthcare team to ensure that patients get desired outcomes.
Major Concepts of the Theory
The major concepts related to Abdellah’s theory involve using ten steps to identify and develop treatment to nursing problems related to patients. Abdellah explains that there are 21 basic nursing problems related to patients, and it is important for nurses to know these identified nursing problems so they can use them while trying to identify what needs to be the plan of care. Below is an abbreviated version of Abdellah’s 21 Nursing Problems.
Abdellah’s 21 Nursing Problems
Maintenance of Hygiene and Comfort Recognition of physiological responses to conditions Maintenance of Nutrition for Body Cells
Promotion of activity, exercise, rest, etc. Maintenance of normal body functions Achievement of spiritual goals
Promotion of Safety Appropriate sensory function Maintenance of Therapeutic Environment
Maintenance of Proper Body Mechanics Identification and acceptance of positive and negative expressed and reacting appropriately Awareness of physical, emotional, and developmental needs
Appropriate Oxygenation Understand relationship between emotions and illness Acceptance of optimal goals despite physical & emotional limitations
Appropriate Elimination Maintenance of appropriate verbal and nonverbal communication Willing to use community resources
Maintenance of Fluid & Electrolyte Balance Development of positive interpersonal relationships Recognition that social problems impact illness
(McEwen & Wills, 2014)
Clearly, it is very important to know the 21 Nursing Problems because these are the problems nurses must link to their findings while using the ten steps for identification and development of a nursing care plan. The ten steps build upon each other from learning about the basics of a patient, then getting more specific to identify the exact nursing problem(s) that need to be addressed. Below are the ten steps that nurses must follow to successfully develop a plan of care and reach expected patient outcomes.
Ten Nursing Skills to Identifying Problems & Developing a Treatment Plan
1. Get to know the patient 6. Validate conclusions with patient
2. Define relevant and irrelevant information 7. Observe and Evaluate Patient
3. Develop generalizations 8. Evaluate patient & family reaction to plan— incorporate family in care if possible
4. Identify a therapeutic nursing plan 9. Nursing’s perception of patient’s problems
5. Test generalizations and modify plan if needed 10. Discuss & develop a nursing care plan
(McEwen & Wills, 2014)
Understanding how to use the 21 Nursing Problems along with the Ten Nursing Skills is important for nurses to grasp in order to see the full potential of this nursing theory for patients. Each of the Ten Nursing Skills needs to be followed so nurses can individualize care plans and work collaboratively with the patient and family to improve the patient’s state of health.
Major Propositions
The major proposition of Abdellah’s theory focuses on looking at the patient as a human being, not an illness. While her theory touches on many factors, it primarily focuses on patient centered care (McEwen & Willis, 2014). Due to its broad nature, it is testable in principle such as patient satisfaction and nursing care.
How has it been used?
In the past, Abdellah’s theory has been used in nursing education and nursing research. In nursing education, her theory has been used to organize lectures and curricula by categorizing nursing problems based on the patient’s needs and developing a classification of nursing skills and treatment (McEwen & Willis, 2014). Abdellah’s nursing theory has also been used in research such as patient-centered approach to nursing, evolution of nursing, perspectives on nursing theory, public policy impacting on nursing care of older adults, and preparing nursing research for the 21st century to name a few (McEwen & Willis, 2014).
Action Plan
It would behoove this institution to adopt Abdellah’s theory as a foundation of practice. The following action plan could be used as daily practice for all nurses to not only hone their critical thinking skills, but to also give more person centered care (PCC). PCC is important and has been a focus for many healthcare institutions for years. In 1969, Edith Balint described person centered care as “understanding the patient as a unique human being” (Santana et al., 2017, p. 430). Many healthcare systems are adopting a PCC to help gauge high quality care.
This action plan would focus around the Person-Centered Nursing (PCN) Framework developed by McCormack and McCance. The PCN Framework comes from research focusing on PCC with older people and the experience of caring in nursing (McCance, McCormack, & Dewing, 2011). The PCN Framework is comprised of four steps.
The first is prerequisites, which focuses on the professional competence of the nurse and his or her commitment to their job. The nurse needs to be able to demonstrate their beliefs and values and know himself or herself before they can move on. The second step is the care environment. This includes if the nurse and the service line are an appropriate fit, making sure the nurse is equipped with the skills and the knowledge to take care of patients. It is important that the heath care system is organized and can offer a supportive system for its employees so that they can safely deliver patient care and have effective relationships with one another. Third is person-centered process, which can be thought of as one of the most important steps. This step includes care that is focused on cultural competence, employee and patient engagement, staff being present, and providing holistic care. The fourth and final step is outcomes. This is known as the central component of the PCN Framework and where we can tie it all together. This includes patient and nurse satisfaction, feeling of well being, and obtaining a therapeutic work environment (McCance et al., 2011).
Integration
A PCC Team would need to come together to develop current data within their hospital. Data would include patient satisfaction scores, nurse satisfaction scores, readmission rates, and a basis of patient-centered care knowledge among nurses by developing a questionnaire for them to fill out. The PCC Team would them form a class for all currently employed nurses with an in depth explanation of the PCN Framework and what each step includes. Role-playing and case studies could be used in order to help staff put PCC into play in a practice setting. This portion would be integral to the roll out of PCC because it helps nurses to see the importance of person-centered care within their own healthcare setting and would help them to deliver higher quality care (McCance et al., 2011). Once staff is completely trained, leaders will be able to put the PCN Framework into action. According to McCance et al., “using the Framework ‘in action’ within the workplace as a tool to evaluate care during handovers or during analysis of critical events, both positive or negative; and using the Framework to assess the experience of patients being cared for in each site” (para. 17) we can evaluate the outcomes listed previously: patient satisfaction scores, nurse satisfaction scores, and readmission rates. It would be important to reevaluate the nurses after one year with the same questionnaire that was handed out at the beginning of the PCN Framework roll out. The PCC Team would be able to assess their effectiveness in delivering the information and the data from the satisfaction scores and readmission rates would give them the ability to verify how well the PCN Framework works.
After data is collected, the PCC Team would move forward in presenting the information to all new hire nurses and developing a curriculum for preceptors to be able to teach the PCN Framework and to help to develop new nurses within it. It would be important to continue with the PCC knowledge questionnaire so the PCC Team can continue to evaluate the efficiency of their team. After one year of new hire education, the team will then collect satisfaction scores and readmission rates to submit to the Board of Directors for the healthcare institution so that the PCN Framework can be presented as a standard of practice in all hospitals within the healthcare institution.
In conclusion, health care costs are rising at an exponential level and due to this rise; patients and their insurance companies are expecting higher-grade care. Nursing as profession needs to move towards a more patient centered approach. Without this approach, nursing is just assumed to be medicine and patients will continue to feel that they have no place in their care team. Currently, patients are being told what medications they should take, when they should take it, and who will be overseeing their care. In order to reduce readmission rates and subsequently cut costs, patients need to have ample say in their treatment plan and should be able to have open conversations with their caregivers about how they feel about their illness and their plan of care. If they feel their nurses are competent in their skills and that they truly care about their wellbeing, patients will feel safer and more willing to speak up when they do not understand something and will trust in their care plan to continue it after discharge, thus reducing their risk of readmission.
References
Dewey, J. P. (2016). Faye Abdellah. Salem Press Biographical Encyclopedia. Retrieved from
http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/eds/detail/detail?vid=4&sid=b8238afd-f12d-4800-89ca-ff4e2c58d36d%40sessionmgr101&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzL
WxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#AN=113931050&db=ers
McCance, T., McCormack, B., & Dewing, J. (2011, May 2). An exploration of person-centeredness in practice. The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3912/OJIN.Vol16No02Man01
McEwen, M., & Willis, E. M. (2014). Theoretical Basis for Nursing (4 ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Santana, M. J., Manalili, K., Jolley, R. J., Zelinsky, S., Quan, H., & Lu, M. (2017, September 30). How to practice person-centred care: A conceptual framework. Health Expectations, 429-440. http://dx.doi.org/http://dx.doi.org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1111/hex.12640

Case Study: Mood Disorders
Case Study: Mood Disorders
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Samanthah please
Therapy for Pediatric Clients With Mood Disorders
Mood disorders can impact every facet of a child’s life, making the most basic activities difficult for clients and their families. This was the case for 13-year-old Kara, who was struggling at home and at school. For more than 8 years, Kara suffered from temper tantrums, impulsiveness, inappropriate behavior, difficulty in judgment, and sleep issues. As a psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner working with pediatric clients, you must be able to assess whether these symptoms are caused by psychological, social, or underlying growth and development issues. You must then be able recommend appropriate therapies. Case Study: Mood Disorders
This week, as you examine antidepressant therapies, you explore the assessment and treatment of pediatric clients with mood disorders. You also consider ethical and legal implications of these therapies.
Photo Credit: GettyLicense_185239711.jpg
Assignment: Assessing and Treating Pediatric Clients With Mood Disorders
When pediatric clients present with mood disorders, the process of assessing, diagnosing, and treating them can be quite complex. Children not only present with different signs and symptoms than adult clients with the same disorders, but they also metabolize medications much differently. As a result, psychiatric mental health nurse practitioners must exercise caution when prescribing psychotropic medications to these clients. For this Assignment, as you examine the client case study in this week’s Learning Resources, consider how you might assess and treat pediatric clients presenting with mood disorders.
Note: This Assignment is the first of 10 assignments that are based on interactive client case studies. For these assignments, you will be required to make decisions about how to assess and treat clients. Each of your decisions will have a consequence. Some consequences will be insignificant, and others may be life altering. You are not expected to make the “right” decision every time; in fact, some scenarios may not have a “right” decision. You are, however, expected to learn from each decision you make and demonstrate the ability to weigh risks versus benefits to prescribe appropriate treatments for clients.
Learning Objectives
Students will:
Assess client factors and history to develop personalized plans of antidepressant therapy for pediatric clients
Analyze factors that influence pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in pediatric clients requiring antidepressant therapy
Evaluate efficacy of treatment plans
Analyze ethical and legal implications related to prescribing antidepressant therapy to pediatric clients
Learning Resources
Note: To access this week’s required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the Course Materials section of your Syllabus.
Required Readings
Note: All Stahl resources can be accessed through the Walden Library using this link. This link will take you to a log-in page for the Walden Library. Once you log into the library, the Stahl website will appear.
Stahl, S. M. (2013). Stahl’s essential psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and practical applications (4th ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Note: To access the following chapters, click on the Essential Psychopharmacology, 4th ed tab on the Stahl Online website and select the appropriate chapter. Be sure to read all sections on the left navigation bar for each chapter.
Chapter 6, “Mood Disorders”
Chapter 7, “Antidepressants”
Stahl, S. M. (2014b). The prescriber’s guide (5th ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Note: To access the following medications, click on the The Prescriber’s Guide, 5th ed tab on the Stahl Online website and select the appropriate chapter. Be sure to read all sections on the left navigation bar for each chapter.
Review the following medications:
amitriptyline
bupropion
citalopram
clomipramine
desipramine
desvenlafaxine
doxepin
duloxetine
escitalopram
fluoxetine
fluvoxamine
imipramine
ketamine
mirtazapine
nortriptyline
paroxetine
selegiline
sertraline
trazodone
venlafaxine
vilazodone
vortioxetine
Magellan Health, Inc. (2013). Appropriate use of psychotropic drugs in children and adolescents: A clinical monograph. Retrieved from
Rao, U. (2013). Biomarkers in pediatric depression. Depression & Anxiety, 30(9), 787–791. doi:10.1002/da.22171
Note: Retrieved from Walden Library databases.
Vitiello, B. (2012). Principles in using psychotropic medication in children and adolescents. In J. M. Rey (Ed.), IACAPAP e-Textbook of Child and Adolescent Mental Health. Geneva: International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions. Retrieved from
Poznanski, E., & Mokros, H. (1996). Child Depression Rating Scale–Revised. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
Note: Retrieved from Walden Library databases.
Required Media
Laureate Education (2016e). Case study: An African American child suffering from depression [Interactive media file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.
Note: This case study will serve as the foundation for this week’s Assignment.
Optional Resources
El Marroun, H., White, T., Verhulst, F., & Tiemeier, H. (2014). Maternal use of antidepressant or anxiolytic medication during pregnancy and childhood neurodevelopmental outcomes: A systematic review. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 23(10), 973–992. doi:10.1007/s00787-014-0558-3
Gordon, M. S., & Melvin, G. A. (2014). Do antidepressants make children and adolescents suicidal? Journal of Pediatrics and Child Health, 50(11), 847–854. doi:10.1111/jpc.12655
Seedat, S. (2014). Controversies in the use of antidepressants in children and adolescents: A decade since the storm and where do we stand now? Journal of Child & Adolescent Mental Health, 26(2), iii–v. doi:10.2989/17280583.2014.938497
To prepare for this Assignment:
Review this week’s Learning Resources. Consider how to assess and treat pediatric clients requiring antidepressant therapy.
The Assignment
Examine Case Study: An African American Child Suffering From Depression. You will be asked to make three decisions concerning the medication to prescribe to this client. Be sure to consider factors that might impact the client’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes.
At each decision point stop to complete the following:
Decision #1
Which decision did you select? See below.
Why did you select this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
What were you hoping to achieve by making this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #1 and the results of the decision. Why were they different?
Decision #2
Why did you select this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
What were you hoping to achieve by making this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #2 and the results of the decision. Why were they different?
Decision #3
Why did you select this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
What were you hoping to achieve by making this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #3 and the results of the decision. Why were they different?
Also include how ethical considerations might impact your treatment plan and communication with clients.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
The client is an 8-year-old African American male who arrives at the ER with his mother. He is exhibiting signs of depression.
Client complained of feeling “sad”
Mother reports that teacher said child is withdrawn from peers in class
Mother notes decreased appetite and occasional periods of irritation
Client reached all developmental landmarks at appropriate ages
Physical exam unremarkable
Laboratory studies WNL
Child referred to psychiatry for evaluation
Client seen by Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
MENTAL STATUS EXAM
Alert & oriented X 3, speech clear, coherent, goal directed, spontaneous. Self-reported mood is “sad”. Affect somewhat blunted, but child smiled appropriately at various points throughout the clinical interview. He denies visual or auditory hallucinations. No delusional or paranoid thought processes noted. Judgment and insight appear to be age-appropriate. He is not endorsing active suicidal ideation, but does admit that he often thinks about himself being dead and what it would be like to be dead.
The PMHNP administers the Children’s Depression Rating Scale, obtaining a score of 30 (indicating significant depression)
RESOURCES
§ Poznanski, E., & Mokros, H. (1996). Child Depression Rating Scale–Revised. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
Decision Point One
Select what the PMHNP should do:
Begin Zoloft 25 mg orally daily
Begin Paxil 10 mg orally daily
Begin Wellbutrin 75 mg orally BID
Case Study of the above client
Decision Point One
I selected Zoloft 25 mg orally daily
RESULTS OF DECISION POINT ONE
Client returns to clinic in four weeks
No change in depressive symptoms at all
Decision Point Two
Increase dose to 50 mg orally daily
RESULTS OF DECISION POINT TWO
Client returns to clinic in four weeks
Depressive symptoms decrease by 50%. Cleint tolerating well
Decision Point Three
Maintain current dose
Guidance to Student
At this point, sufficient symptom reduction has been achieved. This is considered a “response” to therapy. Can continue with current dose for additional 4 week to see if any further reductions in depressive symptoms are noted. An increase in dose may be warranted since this is not “full” remission- Discuss pros/cons of increasing drug dose with client at this time and empower the client to be part of the decision. There is no indication that the drug therapy should be changed to an SNRI at this point as the client is clearly responding to this therapy

Assignment: Budget Actual Results
Assignment: Budget Actual Results
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8.1 Consider the following 2007 data for Newark General Hospital (in millions of dollars):
Static Budget Flexible Budget Actual Results
Revenues $4.7 $4.8 $4.5
Costs 4.1 4.1 4.2
Profits 0.6 0.7 0.3
a Calculate and interpret the profit variance
b Calculate and interpret the revenue variance
c Calculate and interpret the cost variance
d Calculate and interpret the volume and price variances on the revenue
side
e Calculate and interpret the volume and management variances on the
cost side
f How are the variances calculated above related?
8.2 Here are the 2007revenuesfor the Wendover Group Practice Association
for four different budgets, in thousands of dollars
Static Budget Flexible(Enrollment/Utilization budget) Flexible (Enrollment) Budget Actual Results
$425 $200 $180 $300
a What does the budget data tell you about the nature of Wendover’s
patients: Are they capitated or fee-for-service? (Hint: See the note to
Figure 8.2
b Calculate and interpret the following variances
Revenue variance
Volume variance
Price variance
Enrollment variance
Utilization variance
8.3 Here are the budgets of Brandon Surgery Center for the most recent
historical quarter, in thousands of dollars:
Static flexible Actual
Number of Surgeries 1,200 1,300 1,300
Patient revenue $2,400 $2,600 $2,535
Salary expense 1,200 1,300 1,365
Non-salary expense 600 650 585
Profit $ 600 $ 650 $ 585
The center assumes that all revenues and costs are variable and hence tied
directly to patient volume.
a Explain how each amount in the flexible budget was calculated. (Hint
: Examine the static budget to determine the relationship of each budget
line to volume
b Determine the variances for each line of the profit and loss
statement, both in dollar terms and in percentage terms. (Hint: Each line
has a total variance, a volume variance, and a management variance
c What do the Part b results tell Brandon’s managers about the surgery
center’s operations for the quarter?
Explain how each amount in the flexible budget was calculated. (Hint
: Examine the static budget to determine the relationship of each budget
line to volume
b Determine the variances for each line of the profit and loss
statement, both in dollar terms and in percentage terms. (Hint: Each line
has a total variance, a volume variance, and a management variance
c What do the Part b results tell Brandon’s managers about the surgery
center’s operations for the quarter?

Assignment: Environmental Policy
Assignment: Environmental Policy
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There are several environmental laws, regulations, and policies that currently influence your life, and they include the following:
NEPA
The Clean Air Act
The Clean Water Act
The Endangered Species Act
The Superfund
CITES
The Montreal Protocol
The Basel Convention
Choose one (1) of these environmental regulations, or another policy that interests you; then, research your chosen regulation or policy’s requirements and environmental and economic impacts.
Write a three to five (3-5) page paper in which you:
Describe three (3) key elements of the regulation or policy you chose. Specifically, discuss who is affected and what actions they are required to undertake, including federal and state agencies and specific industries, and how these requirements are enforced.
Assess three (3) effects this regulation or policy had on our environment. Next, quantify its effects, if possible, to analyze whether or not the regulation had the desired effect on the environment.
Discuss three (3) economic effects of your chosen policy or regulation. Next, describe the direct costs of implementation, as well as the effect the regulation has had on economic growth. If possible, find a benefits/cost analysis that will provide you with objective analyses of this regulation’s economic impact.
Speculate whether or not you believe that this policy or regulation has been successful overall. Next, debate whether or not your chosen policy or regulation has promoted environmental benefits or outweighed its economic costs. Lastly, determine whether you would recommend renewing this policy or regulation when it comes to its expiration date, or whether you should let the policy or regulation expire. Justify your response.
Use at least three (3) quality resources / references in this assignment, in addition to the course text. Note: Wikipedia and personal blogs do not qualify as quality resources.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, your name, your professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
Assess the various methods used to understand natural phenomena and the human impact on it, and analyze the steps taken to protect the environment.
Analyze factors influencing the use and conservation of environmental resources.
Analyze the effect of human populations on various ecosystems, including agriculture, urbanization, waste management, and pollution.
Critically evaluate sources of information about environmental science and communicate them effectively.
Use technology and information resources to research issues in environmental science.
Write clearly and concisely about environmental science using proper writing mechanics.

Assignment: Pros and cons of nursing
Assignment: Pros and cons of nursing
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Karen DeFilippis, Idalmis Espinosa
Lasharia Graham, Ijeoma Igbokwe
Karan Kortlander, Jessica McGillen
October 01, 2017
objectives
Discuss the pros and cons of continuing education in nursing in the following areas:
Impact on competency.
Impact on knowledge and attitudes.
Relationship to professional certification.
Relationship to ANA Scope and Standards of Practice.
Relationship to ANA Code of Ethics.
Impact on competency
Pros: Cons:
Increased personal knowledge Time
Increased use of EBP treatments Cost
Improved patient outcomes
Increased confidence
Developing and maintaining skills
Professional Networking
“Currently in many states, a nurse is determined to be competent when initially licensed and thereafter unless proven otherwise. Yet many believe this is not enough and are exploring other approaches to assure continuing competence in today’s environment where technology and practice are continually changing, new health care systems are evolving and consumers are pressing for providers who are competent” (Whittaker, Carson, & Smolenski, 2000).
“The ultimate outcomes of continuing nursing education (CNE) activities are to improve the professional practice of nursing and thereby the care that is provided by registered nurses to patients” (American Nurses Credentialing Center’, 2014)
Effective workplace learning, based on current evidence, appears to show potential to prevent errors, support health professional reflection on practice and performance, foster ongoing professional development, and sustain improved individual and organization performance outcomes.
Cost- “Continuing education can be costly. For instance, it is costly to pay employees to attend a nursing lecture or conference and to be away from the patients’ bedside. Additionally, purchasing videos or subscribing to magazines does require an associated payment. Lastly, implementing a change is costly it requires training and often new equipment. Without question, cost is a confounding variable” (Ward, 2013)
Time- This can be time away from work and family. For the employer ‘implementing a change in practice does require time, as does completing continuing education credit hours. This could mean time away from the patient which, in most instances, is frowned upon” (Ward, 2013)
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Pros of higher education in nursing
Enhance patients’ outcome.
Reduces medication errors.
Update with new trends.
Increased knowledge on technology use.
Treatment evaluation and recovery.
Enhance collaboration and networking.
Widens employment opportunities for nurses (University of Saint Mary,2017).
Higher nursing education prepares nurses to make a difference in delivering safe and effective care to patients, nurses gain the skills needed to safely administer medication while eliminating or reducing medication errors, monitoring and assessing the patient’s response to medications (University of Saint Mary, 2017). Nurses acquire proficiency on the use of new technologies because higher education programs explores the latest technology. Nurses are updated on the new trends in healthcare to keep up with patients’ changing needs. Nurses are able to effectively and proficiently coordinate patients’ care by collaborating and communicating with other health care teams, gain new knowledge through networking; nurses are exposed to seminars where they meet and interact with other healthcare professional.
Nurses are prepared to evaluate patients’ response to treatment and follow up after discharge to improve the quality of patients lives (University of Saint Mary, 2017). Nurses who have higher education certificates have more employment opportunities. Most hospitals requiring nurses to go back to school to get BSN, and preferring to hire nurses who have BSN.
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Cons and attitudes of not continuing with higher education in nursing
Limited career opportunities and positions.
Poor patient outcome.
Lack of confidence.
Limited Knowledge, competency and skills.
Lack of opportunities for collaboration.
There are several disadvantage of not pursing higher education in nursing, nurses are most times denied of a job or a position due to the level of their education. Nurses who starts as staff nurses are promoted to a higher position with experience, good performance and continuous education (College Grad, 2017). Studies have linked poor patients outcome to lack of nursing skills and knowledge; Thus to enhance patient’s safety and quality care, nurses are required to go for a higher education or study as recommended in Institute of medicine report . Higher education does not only benefit the patients but also boost the confidence of nurses. Lack of confidence decrease self-esteem, every nurses needs to believe in him/herself to work effectively and efficiently while collaborating with other health care team. Lack of education limits learning new skills and opportunity to grow in knowledge and also could hinder opportunities to fellowship or collaborate effectively with other health care professionals.
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Pros of continuing higher education related to the relationship to professional certification
Increases knowledge and quality of care in nursing practice.
Enhances nurses’ ability to compete in the job market.
Develops a nurses’ confidence and professionalism.
Defines nursing practice and attests to ongoing qualifications (Brunt).
The ANA defines certification as an achievement of exemplary nursing knowledge; therefore, continuing education promotes the above noted benefits. The question of mandatory continuing education for nurses has been brewing since the 1960s (Brunt). The National League for Nursing supports that mandatory continuing education should be required for relicensure. Currently, there are more than 68 various certifications available to nurses, and most of them require continuing education programs.
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CONS OF CONTINUING HIGHER EDUCATION RELATED TO THE RELATIONSHIP TO PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATION
Cons include:
Education does not assure competence.
Continuing education is expensive.
Evaluation tools are ineffective and not always accurate (Brunt).
Continuing education does not show evidence of better patient-care outcomes (Eustace, 2001).
Those opposed to mandatory continuing education maintain that as professionals, nurses are personally responsible to identify and acquire appropriate education (Brunt). Some have pointed out that mandatory continuing education does not necessarily address advanced practice nurses, or those in administration, research, and education. Others argue that it may be difficult to obtain continuing education in remote areas, and that most healthcare practitioners already take part in continuing education on their own (Brunt).
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PROS TO CONTINUING EDUCATION RELATED TO ANA SCOPE AND STANDARDS OF PRACTICE
Improves quality of patient care
Expands knowledge and contribute to career growth
Ensures competency in practice
Providing best evidence based nursing care
The scope of practice is defined by the , “who”, “what”, “where”, “when”, “why”, and “how” of nursing practice. The practice of nursing requires specialized knowledge, skills and independent decision making. Every nurse should be knowledgeable and up to date with the latest evidence based practice in order to provide the best care to their patients. With higher education nurses are able to take on leadership roles. Leadership roles are important to help lead change to transform health care, and for “public, private, and governmental health care decision makers at every level” to “include representation from nursing on boards (Campaign for Action, 2014).
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CONS TO CONTINUING EDUCATION RELATED TO ANA SCOPE AND STANDARDS OF CARE
Cost of Tuition
Balancing Personal life
Lack of appropriate knowledge on the subject
Lack of a guarantee that the continuing education standards will assist the nurse in the nursing field
The cost of going back to school can be very expensive. There are programs to help pay for some of the cost for tuition, but you still are responsible for a portion of the tuition. Some may not even know about the different programs to help you pay for school. They may be paying out of pocket. And we all know once we graduate, loan repayment will be waiting on us.
Another disadvantage of returning to school is balancing personal life. Some of us work full time jobs and have kids like myself. I also have a part time job as well. It can become very difficult squeezing classes in on top of our already busy schedule. Sometimes I don’t get a chance to do my work until the last minute when its due. I know there were plenty of times I felt like just giving up on classes because I don’t have enough time in a day to get every thing done. Then I start thinking of all the benefits of higher education
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CODE OF ETHICS provision 5 related to Continuing Education
As outlined by the ANA, provision 5 includes that nurses owe the same duties to self as others, this includes responsibility to preserve integrity and safety, maintain competence, and to continue personal professional growth (Fowler and American Nurse Association, 2010).
PROS
Fair and equal treatment
Safe patient care
Be competent
Be educated to provide the best care
Grow professional and personally
Expand career knowledge and skills
Integrity
Builds confidence
Helps guide better decision making
Creates trust
Extends positive influence
CONS
Personal and professional growth requires a time commitment
Being competent and advancing can include a financial commitment
Growing pains
Feeling out of comfort zone
The Code of Ethics is a public expression of what a nurse commits oneself to when entering the workforce as a nurse. The Code expresses values, duties, and commitments that all nurses will strive for (ANA, 2010). There are many pros and a few cons to nurses agreeing to follow the Code of Ethics. The pros mentioned above can greatly outweigh the cons. As nurses we are here to serve people, we extend ourselves to care for others. In caring for others we must also care for our self in the process. The ANA outlines for professional growth a nurse is responsible for “continued reading, study, observation, and investigation” (2010). All of the above are outlined by the ANA.
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CODE OF ETHICS PROVISION 7 RELATED TO CONTINING EDUCATION
Fowler and the American Nurses Association defined provision 7 as, a nurses participation in the advancement of the profession through contributions to practice, education, administration, and knowledge development (2010).
PROS
Advancements
In education
In practices of care
In administration
Knowledge
CONS
Having the need to want advancement
Time commitment
Possible financial commitment
Growing pains
Being pushed out of your comfort zone
Nurses are the forefront of advancement for the medical field. We hold many positions from floor nursing, administration and educators within the health care system. For the field of nursing and nurses to continue to grow and advance we all must pledge to participate in advancing the profession with education, and the search of knowledge. Examples of ways that nursing has advanced from the past is nurses now have advanced degrees such as: Master and doctoral level educations and also Nurse Practitioners. The ANA provides specifics on where nurses can advance the profession; be involved in healthcare policy, develop, maintain and implement professional standards in clinical practice, administration and education practices, and apply knowledge development, dissemination and application to practice (2010). As nurses the ANA Code of Ethics provides a pathway to things that will improve nursing practice as a whole.
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CODE OF ETHICS
CONCLUSION
References
American Nurses Credentialing Center. (2014). The Importance of Evaluating the Impact of Continuing Nursing Education on Outcomes:Professional Nursing Practice and Patient Care. Retrieved from
Fowler, M. D., & American Nurses Association. (2010). Guide to the code of ethics for nurses: Interpretation and application. Silver Spring, MD: American Nurses Association.
Ward, J. (2013, January 23). The Pros and Cons of Getting Nursing CEUs. Retrieved from Nurse Together: http://
www.nursetogether.com/pros-and-cons-getting-nursing-ceus
Whittaker, S., Carson , W., & Smolenski, M. C. (2000, September). Assuring Continued Competence – Policy Questions and Approaches: How Should the Profession Respond? Online Journal of Issues in Nursing. Retrieved from :
Brunt, B. The importance of lifelong learning in managing risks. The Nursing
Risk Management Series(3). Retrieved from
Eustace, L. (2001). Mandatory continuing education:past, present, and future trends & issues.
The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing 32(3).
References
Nursing: Scope and Standard of Practice. Retrieved from
ANA Leadership – American Nurses Foundation. Retrieved from
University of Saint Mary. (2017) Higher Nursing Education and its Impact on Patient Safety. Retrieved on September 21st from http://online.stmary.edu/rn-bsn/resources/higher-nursing-education-impact-on-patient-safety
College Grad (2017) Registered nurses. Retrieved September 24th, from https://collegegrad.com/careers/registered-nurses

Job Attitudes Measurements and Change
Job Attitudes Measurements and Change
I have a lenthy assignment due, but I have an identical assignment that has already been submitted to the class by my dear friend, and she received a pretty good grade for it. So, feel free to pull from it, just do not copy directly becuase I need to get it through the plagerism checker. So ideally, looking at 10 pages that need re-written in a master’s level. The work is done, so just put it all together and avoid direct plagerism.
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Please find the attached:
Assignment-Already started 10 pages of it
Assignment from someone else to review
Additional assignment previously completed to aid in formation of the new overall creation.
Project Template
Looks easy, well I failed this class before due to a professor on here, so I am repeating the same assignment….
Methods Section, Part 2
The three variables I have chosen for this week’s assignment to predict job attitudes in the Walden Sports, Inc. scenario are trust, perceived organizational support, and role conflict. According to the information given through out this class concerning Walden Sports, Inc., those employed by Walden Sports lack work motivation that can be linked to the acquisition of Earth Travelers (Laureate Education, 2012a).
Walden Sports, Inc. is experiencing low-performance from their employees, some examples include absenteeism, poor attendance at company sponsored social events, as well as increased turnover (Laureate Education, 2012a). Also, newer employees have formed a negative perception of the company within their short stint at Walden Sports due to the organization’s lack of support. Overall, the employees at Walden Sports have altered their behavior possibly because of the organizational changes. As their organizational consultant, I hope to diagnose the overlying cause and offer up techniques to help guide them in making some positive changes that will not only manage the employee dynamics and increase profitability at Walden Sports, Inc.
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First Variable: Trust
Trust is an important factor in everyday life, it is a mix of feeling and rational thinking as defined by Lewis & Weigert (1985). Most importantly, trust in the workplace has been linked to increased levels of organizational performance and competitiveness (Vineburgh, 2010). When employees feel that their organization is not trustworthy, they tend to find ways to reduce their vulnerability such as reducing their performance (Culbert & McDonough, 1986). From the outside looking in, Walden Sports Inc. employees appear to have a feeling of mistrust toward their employer and their management teams. The trust variable shares a common thread with perceived organizational support in that if employees do not perceive a balanced working environment, it could affect their expectations and their level of trust in their employer (Celep & Yilmazturk, 2012). I believe that the Organizational Trust Inventory (OTI) will properly examine Walden Sports and their employee’s level of organizational trust. By its very definition, the Organizational Trust Inventory measures the level of trust within an organization (Cummings & Bromiley, 1996). The OTI has an internal validity of 0.84 (dimension 1), .78 (dimension 2), and .88 (dimension 3) respectively (Nyhan & Marlowe, 1997; Butler, 1991). The model is a 12-item, and 7-point Likert scale that inquiries on my organization conducts operations in an ethical manner and the organization listens to their employees, and the organization provides proper feedback to their employees.
Second Variable: Perceived Organizational Support (POS)
According to industrial and organizational psychology expert Dr. John Meyer, organizational commitment reflects loyalty and willingness to work toward organizational objectives that have been identified by the organization (Meyer, 1997). To measure perceived organizational support, I believe that the Survey of Perceived Organizational Support (SPOS) scale would be effective and will be used to assess just how well Walden employees think their organization supports them (Celep & Yilmazturk, 2012). The SPOS is a 36-item questionnaire which incorporates a 7-point Likert scale with 1=strongly disagree, and 7=strongly agree (Eisenberger, Jones, Aselage, & Sucharski, 2004). The survey requires employees to answer statements such as the organization provides all materials for employee success or the organization values my suggestions. The scale has a reliability coefficient of .93 on the long version and .89 on the short 8-item and on the original 36-item long version carries a very high internal validity being close to 1.00 (Eisenberger, Armeli, Rexwinkel, Lynch, & Rhoades, 2001).
Third Variable: Role Conflict
The role conflict variable occurs when employees experience incompatible work demands (Karkel & Frone, 1998). Some individuals may experience role conflict while working in a certain field that may be incompatible with their personal values or beliefs, such as working on certain days that may be reserved for religious practices (Karkel & Frone, 1998). The new Walden Sports employees found themselves working for an organization that was not the same one that was presented at the time of their hire (Laureate Education, 2012c). One individual was told that he could travel at least once a month so he could talk about the vacation spots to potential buyers and has yet to take one trip (Laureate Education, 2012c). Another employee was told that the company was like a big family and that may have been true at one point, but since she has been employed the organization has failed to live up to those remarks (Laureate Education, 2012c). These employees are working for an organization that has not lived up to their side of the expectations and some employees would rather work elsewhere but feel trapped in their current position Laureate Education, 2012b). One question that each employee may be asking themselves is can I work for an organization that does not do what they say they will? This scale is composed of 14-items of which eight measures the strength of the role conflict variable while the others measure role ambiguity on a 5-point Likert scale (1=totally disagree to 5=totally agree) (Rizzo, House, & Lirtzmam, 1970). The Cronbach’s Alpha indicates coefficient of .65 (Palomino & Frezatti, 2015; Rizzo, House, & Lirtzmam, 1970). Walden employees will be asked statements such as I would prefer to work for another company or My organization keeps their commitments to their employees.
Job Attitudes Measurements and Change
Results Section
155 employees at Walden Sports Inc. were surveyed regarding their job attitude. Measured quantities included job satisfaction “JS” overall, which was subdivided into AC (affective commitment), NC (normative commitment), CC (continuance commitment) and JI (job involement. Variables leading to these attitudes were identified as TR (trust), POS (perceived organizational support, and RC (role conflict) at the company. Variables were quantified along a 7-point scale as per Likert, with 1 for strong disagreement, up to 7 for strong agreement. This helped determine which variables were most significant. All antecedents turn out to be reliable in predicting job attitude, with affective commitment (AC) ranking highest with a correlation of (? = 0.956) (see Table 1). Cronbach’s alpha for RC (7 items; ? = .924), POS (9 items; ? = .892) and TR (7 items; ? = .952), are all also highly correlated; these precursors do indeed predict job attitudes.
In fact, all the measured antecedents exceeded the usual reliability range, usually suggested as an alpha beyond about .7 to .8. AC (6 items; ? = .956), NC (6 items; ? = .931), CC(6 items; ? = .933), and JI (6 items; ? = .944) all showed high reliability.
Table I

Philosophical Theories Assignment
Philosophical Theories Assignment
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Question 1.
The idea that character traits can contribute to or take away from a happy and meaningful life describes
moral relativism.
duty theory.
virtue ethics.
care ethics.
Question 2.
If Mr. Swanson, a college professor, says that there is no such thing as right and wrong and treats questions regarding what is good and evil as relative to an individual’s values and culture, this is an example of the theory of
cultural objectivism.
cultural relativism.
deontology.
utilitarianism.
Question 3.
An example of an intrinsic value for an employee would be
accomplishing something of real value.
getting a pay raise.
receiving a bonus.
being rewarded with a gift card.
Question 4.
The idea that we are born with basic moral principles that we use to judge people’s actions describes __________ theory.
psychological altruism
duty
virtue
utilitarian
Question 5.
Which theory of ethics says that we should make decisions that produce “the greatest good for the greatest number”?
Kantian
Duty
Utilitarian
Egoism
Question 6.
Which of the following ethical frameworks explains that our decisions should be based on the overall consequences of our acts?
Virtue ethics
Duty theory
Utilitarianism
Social contract theory
Question 7.
The idea that women place a high value on caring and nurturing others is the _____ theory.
utilitarian
duty
care ethics
virtue ethics
Question 8.
Which of the following would be an immoral act but not usually considered an illegal act?
Lying on the witness stand
Stealing from an employer
Driving over the speed limit
Cheating on an exam
Question 9.
The main idea of utilitarianism is its focus on
principles of virtue.
the importance of the consequences of your actions.
personal character.
following rules with no regard to consequence.
Question 10.
Which of these statements about moral values is true?
We are born with them.
We learn them in ethics classes.
We learn them from family and friends.
We inherit them from our parents’ genetic make-up.
Question 11.
According to philosopher John Locke, which of the following statements about human rights is true?
Human rights are created by governments.
Each human has basic rights to life, health, liberty, and possessions.
What human rights you are entitled to depend on where you live.
Human rights do not stay with us during our entire life
Question 12.
Janelle gives to charity because she enjoys the gratitude and recognition from the people she helps. This is an example of
psychological egoism.
altruism.
care ethics.
virtue ethics.
Question 13.
Which of the following ethical frameworks would support child labor if the consequences produced better overall results than the available alternatives?
Deontology
Virtue ethics
Utilitarianism
Moral relativism