Nursing

Orem Theory of Self Care Reflection
During weeks 3 and 6, you will complete a nursing theorist video analysis/reflection of one of the nursing theorist videos provided in the course ( Use Orem’s Theory). We highly recommend that you watch as many of these videos as you can throughout the course. This is a great opportunity for you to see and hear directly from the actual theorists that you are reading about in the text.
After watching one of the theorist videos, reflect on what you have learned.
Compose a paper that addresses the following: ONE ANSWER PER PARAGRAPH PLEASE….ALL THE QUESTIONS NEED TO BE ANSWERED
Explain why you chose to watch this particular theorist’s video.
Describe the parts of your personal philosophy where you agree or disagree with this theorist.
Is there anything that surprised you in the video? If so, what surprised you?
Would you recommend this video to another student? If so, why would you recommend it?
What value did you receive from watching it?
Your paper should be 2–3 pages in length, in APA style, typed in Times New Roman with 12-point font, and double-spaced with 1? margins. If outside sources are used, they must be cited appropriately.
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Solution
Reasons for watching the video
I chose to watch the video related to Orem’s Theory because the theory relates significantly to my nursing perspective. I believe that a nurse’s primary role is to help care for patients in their time of need. Orem’s self-care deficit theory is therefore vital in my perspective of nursing because the theory clearly highlights that nurses are involved in providing specialized assistance to individuals in conditions that result in self-care deficit. Through the assistance of nurses, patients with self-care deficits are therefore able to meet their self-care needs.
Personal philosophy in comparison to Orem’s Theory
My personal nursing philosophy agrees with Orem’s self-care deficit theory in some areas, while it disagrees with the theory in other instances. My nursing philosophy is based on the view that nursing is both an art and a science. The science part of nursing comes with drawing up various evidence-based practices and researching to come up with effective interventions to assure patients of quality outcomes. On the other hand, the art part of nursing comes with communicating with patients effectively and providing specialized care to meet the needs of patients. My nursing philosophy of viewing nursing as both a science and art agrees with Orem’s self-care deficit theory. Through Orem’s theory, nursing is viewed as the art of providing specialized assistance to individuals with certain disabilities to meet their self-care needs. A nurse combines the scientific and artistic elements of nursing to identify the self-care needs of a patient and effectively plug the self-care deficit (ONeill, 2019).
Orem’s definition of humans is also similar to that of my nursing philosophy. In my nursing philosophy, I view humans as the main recipients of care services from nurses. On the other hand, Orem defines humans as children, men, and women who receive care either individually or as social units. Orem views humans as the main recipients of direct care from nurses (Borji et al., 2017).
Orem’s theory’s perspective of the environment is also similar to that of my personal nursing philosophy. I believe that the environment includes various elements that affect a patient, including where they live, their culture, family, and occupation, among other elements. Orem’s theory defines the environment as the biological, physical, and chemical features, including community, culture, and family of patients. Therefore, the self-care deficit needs of a patient will be significantly affected by their environment (Borji et al., 2017).
Despite my nursing philosophy agreeing with Orem’s theory, our definition of health seems to differ. I define health as a synthesis of illness and wellness, which is greatly affected by the experiences and the perception of a given individual across their lifespan. The level of health affecting an individual will be related to the interactive processes between the environment and human beings. In contrast, Orem defines health as being functionally or structurally sound and whole. According to Orem, health encompasses both individuals and groups. According to Orem, health is a result of reflecting on oneself, communicating effectively with others, and symbolizing various experiences (Borji et al., 2017).
Orem’s theory also includes various concepts such as self-care, self-care agency, and basic conditioning factors, which are concepts that I have not integrated into my personal philosophy. According to Orem, self-care is the ability of an individual to perform various activities on their own behalf to maintain health, life, and well-being. On the other hand, according to Orem, self-care agency is the ability of an individual to effectively engage in various self-care activities, which will be significantly affected by various conditioning factors. The basic conditioning factors that will affect the self-care agency of an individual will therefore influence the health state, developmental state, health care system factors, patterns of living, environmental factors, availability, and adequacy of resources (Didisen et al., 2017).
Surprises in the video
What surprised me watching Orem describe her self-care deficit theory is Orem’s description of when nursing care is needed among patients. According to Orem, patients only require nursing services when they experience a self-care deficit which is when a patient is unable to meet their self-care needs. Although I agree with Orem that patients need nursing services when they experience self-care deficit, there are situations where patients may need nursing services even before they experience self-care deficit. For instance, the involvement of nurses in patient education to prevent certain diseases and illnesses can be seen as a nursing intervention that is adopted before patients experience self-care deficit.
I would recommend this video to another student because it clearly highlights the central concepts of Orem’s self-care deficit theory. The video would help other students to clearly understand Orem’s theory and merge it with their personal philosophy of nursing. I benefited from watching the video in that I was able to integrate their self-care deficit concept into my nursing philosophy.
References
Borji, M., Sharifi, A., Otaghi, M., & Kazembeigi, S. (2017). The Impact of Orem’s Self-Care Model on the Quality of Life in Patients with Type II Diabetes in Ilam. Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, 10(1), 213–220. https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1100
Didisen, N. A., Binay, S., & Yardimci, F. (2017). Orem’s Self-care Deficit Theory and Nursing Care in Relation to Pneumonia: A Case Report. Studies on Ethno-Medicine, 11(4), 311–317. https://doi.org/10.1080/09735070.2017.1357223
Kelly ONeill. (2019, October 19). Dorothea Orem Self Care Theory [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=al99yu-T39k&ab_channel=KellyONeill

Assignment: Analyzing Group Techniques
Group therapy can alleviate feelings of isolation and foster a supportive and collaborative environment for sharing difficult feelings in order to facilitate healing. For many people, being part of a group that has a shared understanding of a struggle provides a unique opportunity to gain an understanding of their own experiences.
As you examine one of the group therapy demonstrations from this week’s Learning Resources, consider the role and efficacy of the leader and the reasons that specific therapeutic techniques were selected.
To prepare:
Select one of the group therapy video demonstrations from this week’s required media Learning Resources.
The Assignment
In a 3- to 4-page paper, identify the video you selected and address the following:
What group therapy techniques were demonstrated? How well do you believe these techniques were demonstrated?
What evidence from the literature supports the techniques demonstrated?
What did you notice that the therapist did well?
Explain something that you would have handled differently.
What is an insight that you gained from watching the therapist handle the group therapy?
Now imagine you are leading your own group session.
How would you go about handling a difficult situation with a disruptive group member? How would you elicit participation in your group?
What would you anticipate finding in the different phases of group therapy?
What do you see as the benefits and challenges of group therapy?
Support your reasoning with at least three peer-reviewed, evidence-based sources, and explain why each of your supporting sources is considered scholarly. Attach the PDFs of your sources.
By Day 7.
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Solution
Assignment: Analyzing Group Techniques
Group therapies alleviate isolation feelings and enhance a supportive and collaborative environment that allows members to share difficult feelings to attain healing. Group therapy is a form of counseling effective for treating psychological disorders that include substance abuse and addiction. The purpose of this assignment is to analyze group therapy techniques. The selected group therapy video is by the Center for Addiction Treatment Studies that focus on Interpersonal Group Therapy for Addiction Recovery.
Demonstrated Group Therapy Techniques& Evidence from Literature
Addiction is a complicated disease that affects many areas of an individual’s life. Studies show that group therapy is an approach shown to be effective in treating substance use disorders, especially with a view of preventing potential relapses among clients. Group therapy is a powerful component of addiction recovery as connecting with peers suffering from similar challenges assists in reducing the shame and isolation that accompany addiction. The approach also reminds one that they are not alone in their struggles. Therefore, group therapy offers a safe place for the addiction recovery victims to be vulnerable and share all their worries, discomforts, and shame, as demonstrated in the video by Jimmy.
The video demonstrates a host of interpersonal group therapy techniques like vulnerability and shame that Jimmy, the supportive and collaborative approach that members of the group show to him, and the non-interference role in sharing that the therapist plays. These techniques are essential in interpersonal group therapy as they allow members to share their secrets and gain trust and confidence in the group. Jimmy makes disclosures about how he started using drugs. This happens when a group has sufficient cohesiveness and readiness by the individual to reveal. Disclosures like Jimmy’s should never be forced, especially by the therapist. Disclosures show trust in the group and take risks by members to reveal their past secrets.
Evidence from existing literature supports the interpersonal group techniques noticed in the video. Firstly, the commentary by Devin Ashwood, an interpersonal group therapy teacher, supports the techniques as he asserts that interpersonal group therapies offer benefits like enhanced trust and the ability to make disclosures. However, they also show that members can be vulnerable and at risk of sharing personal information. Dingle et al. (2017) show that interpersonal group therapies can enhance emotional regulations and allow participants to feel more comfortable. The study observes that people suffering from substance use disorder (SUD) have difficulties expressing their emotions’ awareness, feelings, and regulations. As a scholarly source, the article shows evidence of the benefits of using group therapies based on its research findings. The implication is that these people require interventions that can help them deal with challenges associated with addiction recovery.
Therapists can also find challenges dealing with the management of complicated group matter due to their limited experiences and training and over-dependence on educational groups (Mahon & Leszcz, 2017). The other technique in the video and supported by literature is the interpersonal group therapy process stages that include here-and-now, and formation of genuine interpersonal and genuine relationships occurs. Another source of evidence is the Niedermoser et al. (2020) study that focuses on the benefits of interpersonal group psychotherapy among individuals with major depressive disorders. The study shows that these therapies enhance life at work for these individuals to perform better in their lives.
Therapist Doing Well
Interpersonal group therapies focus on members of the group and their abilities to interact with each other well. One notices that the therapist does well not interfere in the discussion. The therapist does not offer any opinion but allows the group members to offer potential solutions to Jimmy based on their past and using the interpersonal group therapy stages.
Doing Something Differently
Therapists offering counsel, especially for addiction recovery, need sufficient skills, knowledge, and experience to control the process effectively. As illustrated, group therapies focus on clients and how they can attain more trust and confidence to share their challenges and past experiences dealing with their conditions. Based on the video, I would do differently to ensure that all members can participate in giving Jimmy their trust to improve cohesion in the group.
Insight Gained on Handling of Group Therapy
Handling group therapy requires a therapist to know the kind of therapy they will use to encourage members to participate and feel confident and comfortable, especially cohesion among them. A core insight attained from watching the therapist handle the therapy is that allowing members to share their experiences and difficulties without interference is important. The approach is essential in attaining each stage of the group therapy, right from here-and-now to more complex, difficult dynamics that need more attention.
Leading a Group Session
Leading group therapy sessions, especially using the interpersonal group approach, requires a therapist to have sufficient experience and skills to handle the complex nature of these settings. Handling a difficult situation with a disruptive member of the group requires one to incorporate a collaborative approach where all members share their sentiments on such conduct and implore the perpetrator to focus on the main goals of the therapy. Further, a therapist can elicit participation by handling the group as one of the members and not questioning responses.
Anticipated findings
Different phases of interpersonal group therapy lead to in-depth findings and the development of trust. Therefore, I anticipate that group members will gain more trust, share their experiences, and benefit from the vulnerabilities that they have through the disclosures of others.
Benefits and Challenges of Group Therapy
Group therapy provides several benefits that include increased awareness, participation, and sharing of vulnerabilities. The therapy also allows clients to make fundamental disclosures to their overall good (Mahon & Leszcz, 2017). However, discomfort in the early stages, development of trust, and feelings of shame are challenges that make the therapy difficult to use. Difficulties in facilitation are evident, as demonstrated by the article by Wendt & Gone (2018), who assert that complex dynamics are a significant challenge to these therapies. Individuals are afraid of making disclosures of their past secrets to attain recovery or healing.
Conclusion
The use of interpersonal group therapy among individuals recovering from drug addiction is effective as it allows them to share experiences and enhance trust. Therapists can only guide the process but not control it. Despite these therapies’ challenges, they contain several benefits for clients and practitioners.
References
Center for Addiction Treatment Studies (2016). Interpersonal Group Therapy for Addiction
Recovery Demonstration.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=szS31h0kMI0
Dingle, G. A., Neves, D. D. C., Alhadad, S. S., & Hides, L. (2018). Individual and interpersonal
emotion regulation among adults with substance use disorders and matched controls. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(2), 186-202. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12168
Mahon, L., & Leszcz, M. (2017). The interpersonal model of group psychotherapy. International
Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 67(sup1), S121-S130. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207284.2016.1218286
Niedermoser, D. W., Kalak, N., Kiyhankhadiv, A., Brand, S., Walter, C., Schweinfurth, N., &
Lang, U. E. (2020). Workplace-related interpersonal group psychotherapy to improve life at work in individuals with major depressive disorders: a randomized interventional pilot study. Frontiers in psychiatry, 11, 168.https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00168
Wendt, D. C., & Gone, J. P. (2018). Complexities with group therapy facilitation in substance
use disorder specialty treatment settings. Journal of substance abuse treatment, 88, 9-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2018.02.002

PHN 652-Topic 4 DQ 1-Public Health Nursing Assessments
QUESTION- TOPIC 4 DQ 1 What techniques can be used in conducting a community health needs assessment? Which technique do you feel is the most effective?
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Solution
Community Health Needs Assessment
Community health needs assessment has a more significant impact on the healthcare sector. The assessment process assists in the identification of community health problems. Through the assessment, the community health workers and health practitioners can improve the community’s health needs, thus promoting quality care among the population (King & Roach, 2016). The study focuses on community health needs assessment techniques and the most effective one at the community level.
Techniques
Survey
The survey technique helps collect concrete and conclusive data from the community, especially in a large population. Data is collected using questionnaires or personally structured questions, face to face interviews. Surveys are effective at community levels because of the simple language type conveyed in the forms or used by investigators to collect information from the community members (Mabunda et al., 2016). Their responses make it easier to determine the community health need and the appropriate manner to handle them.
Key Informant Approach and Community Forums
This technique enables information to be gathered in a more specific way. The assessment is conducted based on those people who are more knowledgeable about a particular issue in the community. Most precisely, those community members who have been in the community for a long time and understand the community both internally and externally. An assessment conducted through community forums, like women-focused groups, helps know the exact problem affecting the people.
Most Effective Technique
All the techniques are crucial in conducting the community health needs assessment. In this case, I will choose the survey as the most effective one. This is because, through survey, an assessment can be conducted in a more randomized and inclusive manner. The survey targets anyone in the community and thus takes part in the process as they represent the community population. This enables the participant to give views and opinions based on experiences (Mabunda et al., 2016).
References
King, C. J., & Roach, J. L. (2016). Community health needs assessments: a framework for America’s hospitals. Population health management, 19(2), 78-80. https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pop.2015.0053?journalCode=pop
Mabunda, J. T., Khoza, L. B., Lebese, R. T., & Van den Borne, H. B. (2016). Needs assessment for adapting TB directly observed treatment intervention programme in Limpopo Province, South Africa: A community-based participatory research approach. African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine, 8(2), 1-7.https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.4102/phcfm.v8i2.981

NRNP 6552 Discussion: Different Roles of the Nurse Practitioner
The shortage of physicians allows non-physician professionals to practice to the full extent of their education and training which gives patients more options for types of services (ANA, n.d.). Many non-physician health care providers are trained and willing to help meet this need but are not permitted to do so because of limitations in their scope of practice. Given the shortage of primary care physicians, allowing non-physician professionals to practice to the full extent of their education and training gives patients more options and more types of services (ANA, n.d.)
Advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) can practice to the full extent of education, training, and certification with regard to individual State practice regulations concerning requirements such as clinical supervision or mandatory collaboration with physicians. A certified registered nurse practitioner (CRNP) competencies include functioning as an independent practitioner while demonstrating the highest level of accountability for professional practice. APRN’s provide the full spectrum of health care services including health promotion, disease prevention, health protection, anticipatory guidance, counseling, disease management, palliative, and end-of-life care (NONPF, 2017). Providers use advanced health assessment skills to differentiate between normal, variations of normal and abnormal findings. Diagnostic screening and strategies aid in the development of diagnosing disease. Medications are prescribed within the scope of practice. Patients with acute and chronic diseases are managed while providing patient-centered care that recognizes cultural diversity (NONPF, 2017).
A physician’s assistant (PA) role is comprised of primary care and specialty care in the medical and surgical fields. Professional competencies for physician assistants include effective and appropriate application of medical knowledge, interpersonal and communication skills, patient care, professionalism, practice-based learning and improvement, and systems-based practice (AAPA, 2013).
The scope of practice for certified nurse midwives (CNMs) includes primary health care for women from adolescence through menopause, contraceptive care, prenatal and postnatal care, care of the newborn during the first month of life, gynecology, family planning services, health promotion, disease prevention, and individualized wellness education and counseling (Marzalik et al., 2018). Prescriptive authority varies from state to state (Marzalik et al., 2018)
Influence on my future practice as an APRN will come from clinical practicum and learning experiences. The PA profession is an emerging profession that provides a substantial contribution to the healthcare workforce in all medical specialty areas (Kulo et al., 2021). PA’s practice under a physician giving them a broad knowledge base. This background will challenge my thought process when it comes to diagnosing and treating patients. A surgical PA would be able to provide procedural techniques such as suturing that I may not have exposure to in a primary care office setting. Though similar to an advanced practice nursing degree, the PA’s role with provide a different view and approach to treatment through their diverse training and education. A CNM can provide specific training regarding women’s health, and neonatal health. Their specified education is targeted of women’s health and allows for the expertise that the specialized field requires. A CNM will help expand my role as a Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP) my bridging primary care with women’s health. Healthcare providers educated to provide primary healthcare services such as CNM’s are projected to play a key role in meeting the demand of access to affordable healthcare since the passing of the Affordable Care Act in 2010 (Hastings-Tolsma et al., 2015). A CNM can provide me with insight into caring for a pregnant woman and specific considerations for the high-risk pregnant population. While working with an FNP during my first clinical rotation I quickly realized the vast amount of knowledge a primary care provider must possess in order to adequately manage patients of all populations. Initiating insulin treatment for a type 2 diabetic and starting statin treatment when lifestyle modifications have not improved cholesterol levels are examples of treatment plans I learned from my previous primary care preceptor. Gaining and applying knowledge from different mid-level providers can improve practice and clinical skills to create a well-rounded FNP.
References
American Academy of Physician Assistants (AAPA) (2013). Competencies for the Physician Assistant Profession. https://www.aapa.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/PA-Competencies-updated.pdf
American Nurses Association (ANA). (n.d.). Scope of Practice. https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/aprn/
Hastings-Tolsma, M., Tanner, T., Hensley, J. G., Anderson, J., Patterson, E., Dunemn, K. N., & Purcell, S. K. (2015). Trends in Practice Patterns and Perspectives of Colorado Certified Nurse-Midwives. Policy, Politics & Nursing Practice, 16(3/4), 97–108. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1177/1527154415601477
Kulo, V., Fleming, S., Gordes, K. L., Jun, H.-J., Cawley, J. F., & Kayingo, G. (2021). A physician assistant entry-level doctoral degree: more harm than good? BMC Medical Education, 21(1), 274. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02725-5
Marzalik, P. R., Feltham, K. J., Jefferson, K., & Pekin, K. (2018). Midwifery education in the U.S. – Certified Nurse-Midwife, Certified Midwife, and Certified Professional Midwife. Midwifery, 60, 9–12. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1016/j.midw.2018.01.020
The National Organization of Nurse Practitioner Faculties (NONPF). (2017). Nurse Practitioner Core Competencies Content. https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.nonpf.org/resource/resmgr/competencies/2017_NPCoreComps_with_Curric.pdf
Response
So true the shortage of Physicians and non-physicians has allowed APRNs to have more professional responsibilities. An Advanced Practice Nurse can work as either an FNP or Midwife with the appropriate training. Although both of these clinical positions are underutilized in some communities, each of these disciplines can facilitate cost-saving and effective care when collaborating together (Casey et al., 2017). The FNP works in tandem with the Midwife, the symbiotic relationship can help reduce pregnancy-related deaths in the United States (Krishnaswami & Del C Colon-Gonzalez, 2019). The collaboration should foster respect and communication (Smith, 2016).
Maternity patients must receive timely medical care from the perinatal point to the postnatal time frame. An FNP typically provides medical management, family planning, and management of patients in the beginning months of their pregnancies (Van Hecke et al., 2019). For complicated cases and pregnancies beyond the first trimester, the FNP can refer the case to the Midwife’s practice or to an obstetrician.
References
Casey, M., O’Connor, L., Cashin, A., Smith, R., O’Brien, D., Nicholson, E., O’Leary, D., Fealy, G., McNamara, M., Glasgow, M. E., Stokes, D., & Egan, C. (2017). An overview of the outcomes and impact of specialist and advanced nursing and midwifery practice, on quality of care, cost and access to services: A narrative review. Nurse Education Today, 56, 35–40. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2017.06.004
Krishnaswami, J., & Del C Colon-Gonzalez, M. (2019). Reforming Women’s Health Care: A Call to Action for Lifestyle Medicine Practitioners to Save Lives of Mothers and Infants. American journal of lifestyle medicine, 13(5), 495–504. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827619838461
Smith, D. C. (2016). Interprofessional Collaboration in Perinatal Care. The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing, 30(3), 167–173. doi:10.1097/JPN.0000000000000187.
Van Hecke, A., Goemaes, R., Verhaeghe, S., Beyers, W., Decoene, E., & Beeckman, D. (2019). Leadership in nursing and midwifery: Activities and associated competencies advanced practice nurses and midwives. Journal of Nursing Management. 2019;27(6):1261-1274. doi:10.1111/jonm.12808
Discussion: Different Roles of the Nurse Practitioner
The term ‘history” is broad in meaning. Within that broad framework archeologists tend to focus their careers on various specialties and areas of interest, such as specific historical eras or geographical areas.
So it is with nurses. Within the broad framework of healthcare, nurse practitioners focus their careers on various roles. These roles may in part be based on narrower areas of interest such as women’s health. Careers also focus on selected technical nursing specialties.
For this Discussion, you will explore your professional interests and those interests are addressed in specific guidelines and competencies. You also examine the different nurse practitioner roles related to women’s health and how these roles might impact the way you work.
To prepare:
Review the modular structure of this course and reflect on how each module defines the specific skills needed as an advanced Nurse Practitioner (NP).
Review the ANA guidelines, NP competencies, and the Ethic resources found in this week’s Learning Resources and consider how they impact the work of the NP.
By Day 3
Post a brief explanation about the differences in roles related to a CRNP, a CNM, and a PA and how each of these roles might impact the how you practice as a FNP. Be specific and provide examples.
Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses.
By Day 6
Respond to at least two of your colleagues’ posts on two different days and provide additional insight to your colleagues related to issues and topics they may want to also consider. Use the Learning Resources and/or the best available evidence from current literature to support your explanation.
Note: For this Discussion, you are required to complete your initial post before you will be able to view and respond to your colleagues’ postings. Begin by clicking on the “Post to Discussion Question” link and then select “Create Thread” to complete your initial post. Remember, once you click on Submit, you cannot delete or edit your own posts, and you cannot post anonymously. Please check your post carefully before clicking on Submit!
Week 1 Discussion: Career Goals, Strength and Challenges
Certified Registered Nurse Practitioner (CRNP), Certified Nurse Midwifery (CNM), and Physician Assistant are all mid-level providers yet have different roles in the health care system. Mid-level providers have their position and specialty in providing care to other areas of health care. Also, every state has its unique scope on how they function and providing care to the individual. Manning et al. (2018) described that as paradigms of health care delivery evolve, mid-level providers such as nurse practitioners and physician assistants have become an essential consideration in the health care workforce planning and patient care. According to the AMA Journal of Ethics (2021), physician assistants are health care professionals licensed to practice medicine under physician supervision. Their role is to conduct physical exams, diagnose and treat illnesses, order, and interpret tests, counsel on preventive health care, assist in surgery, and write prescriptions (AMA Journal of Ethics, 2021). AANP (2021) described that the Nurse Practitioner has autonomously and collaborates with health care professionals and other individuals; NPs provide a full range of primary, acute, and specialty health care services. A nurse-midwife is a licensed health care professional who specializes in women’s reproductive health and childbirth. In addition, attending births, perform annual exams, give counseling, and write prescriptions (Staff Writers, 2021). In a profession as dynamic as nursing, and with evolving health care demands, changes in the scope of practice and overlapping responsibilities are inevitable in our current and future health care system. Each of these roles will have a significant impact on my practice as a Nurse Practitioner. Mid-level providers working in different areas and specialties significantly impact each other by providing care to each area that the patient needs it.
For example, last semester, I did my clinical rotation for adults across the life span. I had a female patient came to the clinic with an annual pap smear. The result came in, and it was positive; my preceptor was able to refer the patient to Gynecology for further examination and treatment. Another example, when I have a patient who came in with non-compliance Type 2 diabetes with acute kidney injury. My preceptor and I are able to refer the patient to Endocrinologist, nutritionist, nephrologist, and community group for diabetes. The number of patients with multiple and chronic medical conditions is increasing globally, which causes functional and emotional impairment to increase in health care demands. Ang et al. (2021) explain that collaboration in health care has been shown to enhance patient outcomes, including reducing preventable adverse drug effects, lowering morbidity and mortality rates, and adjusting medication dosages, especially in medical-based departments in a hospital. Besides improving patient care, health care providers have also benefited from teamwork, including reduced overlapping tasks, reduced burnout, and increased job satisfaction (Ang et al., 2021).
References
AANP. (2021). What’s a nurse practitioner (NP).https://www.aanp.org/about/all-about-nps/whats-a-nurse-practitioner
AMA Journal of Ethics. (2021). Illuminating the art of medicine.https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/physician-assistants-and-their-role-primary-care/2012-05
American Nurses Association (ANA). (n.d.). Scope of practice.https://www.nursing-world.org/practice-policy/scope-of-practice/
Ang, W. C., Abd Rahim, S. N., Abd Rahman, N. F., Muhamad, S. N., Rokimi, W. R., & Ng, S.C. (2021). Healthcare Professionals’ Experiences on Interdisciplinary Collaboration in a Medical Department of a Malaysian General Hospital. Medicine & Health (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia), 16(1), 246–255.https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.17576/MH.2021.1601.20
Manning, B. T., Bohl, D. D., Hannon, C. P., Redondo, M. L., Christian, D. R., Forsythe, B., Nho, S. J., & Bach, B. R. (2018). Patient Perspectives of Midlevel Providers in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 6(4), 1–7.
Staff Writers. (2021). What is a certified nurse-midwife (CNM)?https://www.nursepractitionerschools.com/certified-nurse-midwife/
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Solution
Discussion Post: Different Roles of the Nurse Practitioner
Nursing roles have been evolving, especially in the face of medical advances and the shortage of medical personnel. This has created a need for nurses’ roles to be redefined, as their numbers increase and they take on more responsibilities. In fact, a new generation has been created among nurses with state regulations governing their supervision, prescriptive authority, and scope of practice (Schober, 2016). Generally, advanced practice registered nurses (APRN) have a broad scope of practice that includes assessing, diagnosing, and treating medical conditions, as well as prescribing medication and equipment, and ordering and interpreting diagnostic exams like MRIs and bloodwork (Zaccagnini & Pechacek, 2019). There are three main groups of APRNs with distinctive roles as discussed. Firstly, are certified registered nurse practitioners (CRNP). This is a type of APRN with a nurse practitioner (NP) license. Their role is to help improve patient satisfaction, lower health care costs, and address the continuing primary care shortage. They are differentiated from other APRNs as they look at the patient wellbeing and health from a whole-person perspective. Besides that, they are involved in policy advocacy to improve health care and access, particularly for low-income individuals, children, and other marginalized groups (Stewart & DeNisco, 2020). Secondly, are certified nurse midwives (CNM). This is a licensed nurse specializing in women’s reproductive health and childbirth. They give counseling, perform annual exams, give primary care, and perform gynecological exams. Additionally, they provide parental education, prenatal care, and family planning services. Also, they offer training programs, maintain medical records, collaborate with other medical personnel in providing specialized care, educate expectant and new parents on nutrition, measure and monitor fetal development, and give intrapartum, postpartum, and newborn care (DeNisco & Beauvais, 2020). Thirdly, a physician assistant (PA) works interdependently with licensed physicians to diagnose and treat diseases and illnesses and to prescribe medication. They can treat patients independently of a physician. Furthermore, they can write prescriptions, order and interpret laboratory tests, assist in surgery, perform minor bedside procedures, diagnose patients, develop treatment plans, and obtain patient histories (Joel, 2018). In this respect, it is clear that CRNP, CNM, and PA have distinctive roles as APRNs.
References
DeNisco, S. M. & Beauvais, A. M. (2020). Advanced Practice Nursing: Essential Knowledge for the Profession (4th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC.
Joel, L. A. (2018). Advanced Practice Nursing: Essentials for Role Development (4th ed.). F.A. Davis Company.
Schober, M. (2016). Introduction to Advanced Nursing Practice: An International Focus. Springer International Publishing.
Stewart, J. G., & DeNisco, S. M. (Eds.) (2021). Role Development for the Nurse Practitioner (3rd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Leaning, LLC.
Zaccagnini, M., & Pechacek, J. M. (Eds.) (2019). The doctor of nursing practice essentials: a new model for advanced practice nursing (4th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC.

Chi-Square and Correlation– TOPIC 4 DQ 2
QUESTION-TOPIC 4 DQ 2
Explain the differences between parametric and nonparametric tests. How do you determine if a parametric or nonparametric test should be used when analyzing data?
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Solution
Differences between Parametric and Nonparametric Tests
A parametric test is a test that will make assumptions related to the defining properties of the population distributions from which given data will be drawn. On the other hand, a non-parametric test is a statistical test that makes no assumptions related to the defining properties or the parameters of the population distributions from which given data is drawn (Derrick et al., 2020). In this regard, non-parametric tests refer to a null category mainly because statistical tests will assume one thing or another related to the properties of the source population. Parametric tests include tests such as the analysis of variance and T-tests. Such tests assume that the underlying populations are normally distributed (Derrick et al., 2020). Parametric tests also assume that an equal-interval scale is used in one’s measure. On the other hand, non-parametric tests are statistical tests that do not make assumptions related to the distribution of the source population. In this regard, non-parametric tests can be referred to as distribution-free tests (Schober & Vetter, 2020). In summary parametric tests that make assumptions related to a parameter of a population. On the other hand, non-parametric tests are tests that are utilized in the case of independent variables that might be non-metric (Schober & Vetter, 2020).
Type of Test to use when Analyzing Data
To determine if a parametric or nonparametric test should be utilized when analyzing data one should consider whether the sample size is large enough and whether the mean represents the center of distribution of data (Schober & Vetter, 2020). An accurately centered mean and a large enough sample size calls for a parametric test. On the other hand a median representing the center of distribution of given data a nonparametric test should be utilized even if the sample size is large enough (Schober & Vetter, 2020).
References
Derrick, B., White, P., & Toher, D. (2020). Parametric and Non-Parametric Tests for the Comparison of Two Samples Which Both Include Paired and Unpaired Observations. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods, 18(1), 2–23. https://doi.org/10.22237/jmasm/1556669520
Schober, P., & Vetter, T. R. (2020). Nonparametric Statistical Methods in Medical Research. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 131(6), 1862–1863. https://doi.org/10.1213/ane.0000000000005101

Describe the budgeting tool(s) you will use and the steps you plan to take in order to identify the financial resources necessary for your Strategic Plan issue. Explain your rationale for your selected tool(s) and plans. Explain your plans for outlining the timeline for implementation of your proposed change. Explain which timeline tool(s) you will use and how they will represent the activities needed to successfully plan and implement your project. Explain how your timeline can allow leeway for variance.
To prepare:
Review the information on budgeting in this week’s Learning Resources. Which tools (e.g., Revenue Projection Model, Capital Budgeting Analysis, Depreciation Calculator, Profit, and Loss Projection) would be most useful for developing your Strategic Plan?
Review the information on PERT and other timeline tools, in this week’s Learning Resources, including Dr. Huston’s presentation in the media program. Use PERT or another tool to analyze and represent the activities that will need to be completed to successfully plan and implement your proposed change. Be sure to note dependencies (e.g., a task/milestone that must be completed in order to trigger the next step), and realistically assess the minimum time needed to complete the entire project.
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Solution
Budgeting and Timeline Tools
The healthcare budget is crucial since it helps healthcare facilities carry out expenses and revenue within a specific period. The discussion focuses on the strategic plan budgeting tools, steps to identify essential resources, selected tools and plan rationale, plans on implementing timeline outlining, and timeline tool effectiveness in allowing leeway for variance.
Selected Budgeting Tool and Steps to Identify Essential Resources
The main budgeting tool will be the spreadsheet for the strategic plan budgeting. As stated by Barradas-Pires et al. (2021), the plan to ensure that financial resources are identified for budgeting and management issues will involve;
Determining the strategic position
Prioritizing my objectives
Developing a viable plan
Executing and managing the plan
Reviewing and revising the set plan.
Selected Tool and Plan Rationale
Spreadsheets will help set strategic plan budgeting concerns to determine the total cost of carrying out the healthcare facility’s operating cost to balance and monitor expenses and revenues (Crown, 2020). Therefore, through the five-step plan, it will be easier to budget effectively by identifying the existing resources and meaningful ways of utilizing them, addressing risks, and identifying opportunities aligned with strategic plan objectives.
Plans on Implementing Timeline Outlining
Since the organization encourages collaboration whenever carrying out any plan, outlining the timeline for implementation will involve the following process;
Brainstorm my proposed outcomes
Assign implementation responsibility to the team.
Carry out a risk assessment
Budget establishment
Develop and assign tasks on the implementation plan
Develop the schedule for the implementation plan
Timeline Tools to Use and their Effectiveness
The implementation of the proposed changes will follow a linear timeline to involve informed and inclusive decision-making. According to OfficeTimeline (2021), an office timeline effectively helps create a picture of daily events within a defined timeframe, thus avoiding project complications.
Timeline Tool in Allowing Leeway for Variance
The office timeline can easily allow leeway for variance. For instance, OfficeTimeline (2021) posits that it will be easy to develop a work breakdown structure through the office timeline, identify project dependencies, important milestones, and determine the amount of time needed to carry out the strategic plan.
Conclusion
Spreadsheet and office timeline tools will be essential for the strategic plan.
References
Barradas-Pires, A., DiazNuila Alcazar, M., Martínez-Rubio, A., & Dimopoulos, K. (2021). Something has got to give: funding innovation in an era of rigid budgeting, and why physicians should care. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology.
Crown, W. H. (2020). The potential role of constrained optimization methods in healthcare decision-making. Applied health economics and health policy, 18(4), 461-462.
Officetimeline (2021). Quick Start to Office Timeline Pro. https://support.officetimeline.com/hc/en-us/articles/360035991954-Quick-Start-to-Office-Timeline-Pro

NURS 6521 Neurologic and Musculoskeletal Disorders and Opioids
Assignment: Decision Tree for Neurological and Musculoskeletal Disorders
For your Assignment, your Instructor will assign you one of the decision tree interactive media pieces provided in the Resources. As you examine the patient case studies in this module’s Resources, consider how you might assess and treat patients presenting symptoms of neurological and musculoskeletal disorders.
To Prepare
• Review the interactive media piece assigned by your Instructor.
• Reflect on the patient’s symptoms and aspects of the disorder presented in the interactive media piece.
• Consider how you might assess and treat patients presenting with the symptoms of the patient case study you were assigned.
• You will be asked to make three decisions concerning the diagnosis and treatment for this patient. Reflect on potential co-morbid physical as well as patient factors that might impact the patient’s diagnosis and treatment.
By Day 7 of Week 8
Write a 1- to 2-page summary paper that addresses the following:
Briefly summarize the patient case study you were assigned, including each of the three decisions you took for the patient presented.
Based on the decisions you recommended for the patient case study, explain whether you believe the decisions provided were supported by the evidence-based literature. Be specific and provide examples. Be sure to support your response with evidence and references from outside resources.
What were you hoping to achieve with the decisions you recommended for the patient case study you were assigned? Support your response with evidence and references from outside resources.
Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with each of the decisions and the results of the decision in the exercise. Describe whether they were different. Be specific and provide examples.
Alzheimer’s Disease
76-year-old Iranian Male
BACKGROUND
Mr. Akkad is a 76 year old Iranian male who is brought to your office by his eldest son for “strange behavior.” Mr. Akkad was seen by his family physician who ruled out any organic basis for Mr. Akkad’s behavior. All laboratory and diagnostic imaging tests (including CT-scan of the head) were normal.
According to his son, he has been demonstrating some strange thoughts and behaviors for the past two years, but things seem to be getting worse. Per the client’s son, the family noticed that Mr. Akkad’s personality began to change a few years ago. He began to lose interest in religious activities with the family and became more “critical” of everyone. They also noticed that things he used to take seriously had become a source of “amusement” and “ridicule.”
Over the course of the past two years, the family has noticed that Mr. Akkad has been forgetting things. His son also reports that sometimes he has difficult “finding the right words” in a conversation and then will shift to an entirely different line of conversation.
SUBJECTIVE
During the clinical interview, Mr. Akkad is pleasant, cooperative and seems to enjoy speaking with you. You notice some confabulation during various aspects of memory testing, so you perform a Mini-Mental State Exam. Mr. Akkad scores 18 out of 30 with primary deficits in orientation, registration, attention & calculation, and recall. The score suggests moderate dementia.
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MENTAL STATUS EXAM
Mr. Akkad is 76 year old Iranian male who is cooperative with today’s clinical interview. His eye contact is poor. Speech is clear, coherent, but tangential at times. He makes no unusual motor movements and demonstrates no tic. Self-reported mood is euthymic. Affect however is restricted. He denies visual or auditory hallucinations. No delusional or paranoid thought processes noted. He is alert and oriented to person, partially oriented to place, but is disoriented to time and event [he reports that he thought he was coming to lunch but “wound up here”- referring to your office, at which point he begins to laugh]. Insight and judgment are impaired. Impulse control is also impaired as evidenced by Mr. Akkad’s standing up during the clinical interview and walking towards the door. When you asked where he was going, he stated that he did not know. Mr. Akkad denies suicidal or homicidal ideation.
Diagnosis: Major neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer’s disease (presumptive)
RESOURCES
§ Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (2002). Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Decision Point One
Select what you should do:
Begin Exelon (rivastigmine) 1.5 mg orally BID with an increase to 3 mg orally BID in 2 weeks
: Begin Aricept (donepezil) 5 mg orally at BEDTIME
Begin Razadyne (galantamine) 4 mg orally BID
Learning Resources
Required Readings (click to expand/reduce)
Rosenthal, L. D., & Burchum, J. R. (2021). Lehne’s pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice nurses and physician assistants (2nd ed.) St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
Chapter 11, “Basic Principles of Neuropharmacology” (pp. 67–71)
Chapter 12, “Physiology of the Peripheral Nervous System” (pp. 72–81)
Chapter 12, “Muscarinic Agonists and Cholinesterase Inhibitors” (pp. 82–89)
Chapter 14, “Muscarinic Antagonists” (pp. 90-98)
Chapter 15, “Adrenergic Agonists” (pp. 99–107)
Chapter 16, “Adrenergic Antagonists” (pp. 108–119)
Chapter 17, “Indirect-Acting Antiadrenergic Agents” (pp. 120–124)
Chapter 18, “Introduction to Central Nervous System Pharmacology” (pp. 125–126)
Chapter 19, “Drugs for Parkinson Disease” (pp. 127–142)
Chapter 20, “Drugs for Alzheimer Disease” (pp. 159–166)
Chapter 21, “Drugs for Seizure Disorders” (pp. 150–170)
Chapter 22, “Drugs for Muscle Spasm and Spasticity” (pp. 171–178)
Chapter 24, “Opioid Analgesics, Opioid Antagonists, and Nonopioid Centrally Acting Analgesics” (pp. 183–194)
Chapter 59, “Drug Therapy of Rheumatoid Arthritis” (pp. 513–527)
Chapter 60, “Drug Therapy of Gout” (pp. 528–536)
Chapter 61, “Drugs Affecting Calcium Levels and Bone Mineralization” (pp. 537–556)
American Academy of Family Physicians. (2019). Dementia. Retrieved from http://www.aafp.org/afp/topicModules/viewTopicModule.htm?topicModuleId=5
This website provides information relating to the diagnosis, treatment, and patient education of dementia. It also presents information on complications and special cases of dementia.
Linn, B. S., Mahvan, T., Smith, B. E. Y., Oung, A. B., Aschenbrenner, H., & Berg, J. M. (2020). Tips and tools for safe opioid prescribing: This review–with tables summarizing opioid options, dosing considerations, and recommendations for tapering–will help you provide rigorous Tx for noncancer pain while ensuring patient safety. Journal of Family Practice, 69(6), 280–292.
Rubric Detail
Select Grid View or List View to change the rubric’s layout.
Name: NURS_6521_Week8_Assignment_Rubric
• Grid View
• List View
Excellent Good Fair Poor
Briefly summarize the patient case study you were assigned, including each of the three decisions you took for the patient presented. Be specific. 18 (18%) – 20 (20%)
The response accurately and thoroughly summarizes in detail the patient case study assigned, including specific and complete details on each of the three decisions made for the patient presented. 16 (16%) – 17 (17%)
The response accurately summarizes the patient case study assigned, including details on each of the three decisions made for the patient presented. 14 (14%) – 15 (15%)
The response inaccurately or vaguely summarizes the patient case study assigned, including details on each of the three decisions made for the patient presented. 0 (0%) – 13 (13%)
The response inaccurately and vaguely summarizes the patient case study assigned, including details on each of the three decisions made for the patient presented, or is missing.
Based on the decisions you recommended for the patient case study, explain whether you believe the decisions provided were supported by the evidence-based literature. Be specific and provide examples. Be sure to support your response with evidence and references from outside resources. 23 (23%) – 25 (25%)
The response accurately and thoroughly explains in detail how the decisions recommended for the patient case study are supported by the evidence-based literature.
The response includes specific and relevant outside reference examples that fully support the explanation provided. 20 (20%) – 22 (22%)
The response accurately explains how the decisions recommended for the patient case study are supported by the evidence-based literature.
The response includes relevant outside reference examples that lend support for the explanation provided that are accurate. 18 (18%) – 19 (19%)
The response inaccurately or vaguely explains how the decisions recommended for the patient case study are supported by the evidence-based literature.
The response includes inaccurate or vague outside reference examples that may or may not lend support for the explanation provided or are misaligned to the explanation provided. 0 (0%) – 17 (17%)
The response inaccurately and vaguely explains how the decisions recommended for the patient case study are supported by the evidence-based literature, or is missing.
The response includes inaccurate and vague outside reference examples that do not lend support for the explanation provided, or is missing.
What were you hoping to achieve with the decisions you recommended for the patient case study you were assigned? Support your response with evidence and references from outside resources. 18 (18%) – 20 (20%)
The response accurately and thorough explains in detail what they were hoping to achieve with the decisions recommend for the patient case study assigned.
The response includes specific and relevant outside reference examples that fully support the explanation provided. 16 (16%) – 17 (17%)
The response accurately explains what they were hoping to achieve with the decisions recommended for the patient case study assigned.
The response includes relevant outside reference examples that lend support for the explanation provided that are accurate. 14 (14%) – 15 (15%)
The response inaccurately or vaguely explains what they were hoping to achieve with the decisions recommended for the patient case study assigned.
The response includes inaccurate or vague outside reference examples that may or may not lend support for the explanation provided or are misaligned to the explanation provided. 0 (0%) – 13 (13%)
The response inaccurately and vaguely explains what they were hoping to achieve with the decisions recommended for the patient case study assigned, or is missing.
The response includes inaccurate and vague outside reference examples that do not lend support for the explanation provided, or is missing.
Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with each of the decisions and the results of the decisions in the exercise. Describe whether they were different. Be specific and provide examples. 18 (18%) – 20 (20%)
The response accurately and clearly explains in detail any differences between what they expected to achieve with each of the decisions and the results of the decisions in the exercise.
The response provides specific, accurate, and relevant examples that fully support whether there were differences between the decisions made and the decisions available in the exercise. 16 (16%) – 17 (17%)
The response accurately explains any differences between what they expected to achieve with each of the decisions and the results of the decisions in the exercise.
The response provides accurate examples that support whether there were differences between the decisions made and the decisions available in the exercise. 14 (14%) – 15 (15%)
The response inaccurately or vaguely explains any differences between what they expected to achieve with each of the decisions and the results of the decisions in the exercise.
The response provides inaccurate or vague examples that may or may not support whether there were differences between the decisions made and the decisions available in the exercise. 0 (0%) – 13 (13%)
vaguely explains in detail any differences between what they expected to achieve with each of the decisions and the results of the decisions in the exercise, or is missing.
The response provides inaccurate and vague examples that do not support whether there were differences between the decisions made and the decisions available in the exercise, or is missing.
Written Expression and Formatting – Paragraph Development and Organization:
Paragraphs make clear points that support well developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are carefully focused–neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance. 5 (5%) – 5 (5%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity. 4 (4%) – 4 (4%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 80% of the time. 3.5 (3.5%) – 3.5 (3.5%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 60%–79% of the time. 0 (0%) – 3 (3%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity less than 60% of the time.
Written Expression and Formatting – English writing standards:
Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation 5 (5%) – 5 (5%)
Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors 4 (4%) – 4 (4%)
Contains a few (1–2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors 3.5 (3.5%) – 3.5 (3.5%)
Contains several (3–4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors 0 (0%) – 3 (3%)
Contains many (? 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding
Written Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, running head, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list. 5 (5%) – 5 (5%)
Uses correct APA format with no errors 4 (4%) – 4 (4%)
Contains a few (1–2) APA format errors 3.5 (3.5%) – 3.5 (3.5%)
Contains several (3–4) APA format errors 0 (0%) – 3 (3%)
Contains many (? 5) APA format errors
Total Points: 100
Name: NURS_6521_Week8_Assignment_Rubric

Discussion response
Destiny
Coronavirus-19 has been around for almost two years. When Covid-19 first came around, the entire nation was thrown into a frenzy. Some leaders within our countries received warnings regarding the highly contagious virus before it became a national issue, and these same leaders chose to disregard the warnings (Sanger, D. E., Lipton, E., Sullivan, E., & Crowley, M. (2020, March 19). Covid-19 has been a national health care issue and stressor from the beginning. The virus has depleted resources and health care professionals (Harper, K. B. (2021, August 5). The supply of resources drastically shot up during the beginning of the pandemic. Many health care professionals were not equipped with the proper personal protective equipment. Not having the correct PPE for workers increased the risks of works getting sick, being in quarantine which ultimately lead to more stress on the hospitals all across the nation (Hospital experiences responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. (n.d.). Limited equipment such as ventilators and hospital beds also lead to many issues that professionals had to resolve on short notice.
As a registered nurse I have witnessed the pandemic unfold within the hospital system. Initially, many nurses quit due to PPE shortages. Fortunately, volunteers donated a plethora of PPE supplies for health care workers. Once the hospital was caught up with the supply demands, PPE was available as needed at my current organization. The numbers have decreased and hospital beds and ventilators are not in high demand at our facility. When those resources were in high demand, we utilized some areas of the hospital that were not being used. We created more hospital rooms to match the demand that we were facing. My health care organization also dedicated a whole unit to covid patients at the beginning of the pandemic. Of course this increased and more rooms on different units were added as needed. My organization adapted well to the resources and information that they had to combat this national health care issue. Covid-19 will be around with us for years to come, I believe that health care organizations like mine now have a plan of action to abide by if another pandemic similar to this one were to arise.
References
Harper, K. B. (2021, August 5). Texas hospitals are hit by a staffing crisis as burnout depletes the workforce and covid-19 surges. The Texas Tribune. Retrieved November 29, 2021, from https://www.texastribune.org/2021/08/05/texas-hospitals-nurses-covid/.
Hospital experiences responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. (n.d.). Retrieved November 29, 2021, from https://www.oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-06-20-00300.pdf.
Sanger, D. E., Lipton, E., Sullivan, E., & Crowley, M. (2020, March 19). Before the virus outbreak, a cascade of warnings went unheeded. Retrieved November 29, 2021, from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/19/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-outbreak.html.
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Solution
Current Healthcare Issues (Review)
Since the emergency of the Covid-19 pandemic, the healthcare sector and related stakeholders have faced a hard time mitigating the problem. The country’s healthcare and emergency response units have been frantic to establish measures and practical strategies to contain the virus. The government, healthcare professionals, agencies, and related stakeholders have worked collaboratively on prevention, education, surveillance, containment, treatment coordination, and delivery to the public (COVID-19 response, n.d). The efforts to address the public’s care needs during the pandemic have exposed the sector’s shortcomings to address emergency cases such as effective teamwork, healthcare professional’s shortage, limited resources, and challenges in meeting the needs of vulnerable populations in the country (How is WHO responding to COVID-19, 2021). More so, the Covid endemic has seen the country face diverse challenges ranging from risk of virus containment and mitigating the overstretched health industry to the knock-on effects from the containment efforts in health, livelihood, and education systems. Shortage of resources such as professional workers and equipment such as PPEs has derailed the fight against the spread of the virus (Strengthening health systems during a pandemic: The role of development finance, 2020). In an effort to have a successful mitigation plan, the diverse stakeholders have adopted engaging the vulnerable communities, increasing support for the healthcare systems, adopting measures to sustain livelihoods, building resilience, and utilizing volunteers to address workers shortage.
As a registered nurse, I have seen the unfolding of the pandemic from the healthcare center stage. From the onset of the Covid-19, the direct players in the healthcare system such as nurses and physicians have been the frontline fighters of the virus. There was initial fear among the nurses attending to the patients due to lack or shortage of adequate protective gears. Some of the professional workers left work in fear of being infected. The high demand for care services coupled with limited resources led to my organization leaders dedicating a specified team to address the high patients’ number. Establishing a special team to address the pandemic issues helps the organization adapt to the pandemic needs and effective employee management. While the covid-19 has caused devastating impacts such as loss of life, unemployment, disruption of the school calendar, and global travel, the pandemic has positively enabled effective planning for future pandemics. Being a nurse, I have equally understood and appreciated the role and power of teamwork in crisis and addressing current and future health issues.
References
Strengthening health systems during a pandemic: The role of development finance. (2020, June 25). OECD. Retrieved December 2, 2021, from https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/strengthening-health-systems-during-a-pandemic-the-role-of-development-finance-f762bf1c/
How is WHO responding to COVID-19? (2021, November 23). WorldHealthOrganization. Retrieved December 2, 2021, from https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/who-response-in-countries
COVID-19 response. (n.d). VSO. Retrieved December 2, 2021, from https://www.vsointernational.org/COVID-19
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t-Test and ANOVA Testing- Classmate Response (1): Topic 5 DQ 1
QUESTION-Compare the various types of ANOVA by discussing when each is most appropriate for use. Include specific examples to illustrate the appropriate use of each test and how interaction is assessed using ANOVA.
Classmate (Catherine) Response-
The ANOVA, also known as analysis of variance, is a statistical method used to test if the results of a survey are significant or not. In other terms, the test is meant to determine whether a researcher should reject the null hypothesis or accept the alternate hypothesis (Mackenzie, 2018). The test is used to determine whether there is a difference between groups. For example, an ANOVA test can be used to determine which therapy for psychiatric patients between counseling or medication is more effective.
There are two types of ANOVA, ‘one-way’ ANOVA and ‘two-way ANOVA. One-way ANOVA has one independent variable with two layers. It is used to gain more information on the impact of the dependent variable on the independent variable. It can be used to determine the relationship between one or many dependent variables on the independent variable. Its null hypothesis (H0) is that there is no difference between the groups and equality between the means (Mackenzie, 2018). On the other hand, its alternate hypothesis (H1) is that there is a difference between the means of the groups. For example, it is used to determine the effectiveness of various types of medicines in treating malaria.
On the other hand, a two-way ANOVA is used to determine the impacts of more than one independent variable on a dependent (Mackenzie, 2018). For example, it is used in a statistical test examining the implications of age and gender and age on infant weight. While age and gender are independent variables, infant weight is a dependent variable.
Interaction effects arise when one variable depends on the value of another variable. An interaction effect occurs when the impact of one factor directly depends on the level of the other factor (Frost, J2021). For example, drug intoxication depends on the amount of alcohol or drug substances an individual consumes, such that the more alcohol consumption, the higher the intoxication levels.
References
Frost, J. (2021, June 10). Understanding interaction effects in statistics. Statistics ByJim. https://statisticsbyjim.com/regression/interaction-effects/
Mackenzie, R. J. (2018, July 20). One-way vs. two-way ANOVA: Differences, assumptions, and hypotheses. Informatics from Technology Networks. https://www.technologynetworks.com/informatics/articles/one-way-vs-two-way-anova-definition-differences-assumptions-and-hypotheses-306553
One-Way vs Two-Way ANOVA: Differences, Assumptions and Hypotheses
A key statistical test in research fields including biology, economics and psychology, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is very useful for analyzing datasets. It allows comparisons to be made between three or more groups of data. Here, we summarize the key differences between these two tests, including …
www.technologynetworks.com
Understanding Interaction Effects in Statistics
Interaction effects occur when the effect of one variable depends on another variable. Learn how to interpret them and problems of excluding them.
statisticsbyjim.com
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Solution
ANOVA Test
Catherine, your post is quite informative. I agree with you that ANOVA, also known as analysis of variance, is a statistical process applied to test if the outcomes of a survey are essential or not. It is one of the most often used statistical approaches in medical research (Kim, 2017). This type of test help individuals comprehends how different groups respond, with a null hypothesis for a test that means different groups are equivalent. If there’s a statistically significant result, then it implies that the two populations are not equal. I support your point that ‘one-way’ ANOVA and ‘two-way ANOVA are some of the ANOVA types. One way ANOVA compares means of 2 or more independent groups defines whether statistical evidence that the related population means are meaningfully different.
On the other hand, Two-way ANOVA determines the effect of 2 insignificant predictor variables on constant outcome variables and analyzes the impact of independent variables on the anticipated outcome and their relationship to the outcome itself. There are some assumptions concerning these two types of ANOVA. For one, the results of one-way ANOVA may be well-thought-out as reliable provided that the following assumptions are met: that response variable residuals are generally distributed and that the variances of populations are equivalent (Sureiman & Mangera, 2020). In two-way ANOVA, the assumptions are that populations from which samples are attained should be generally distributed, observations for between and within groups should be independent, variances between populations should be equal, and besides, data are nominal and interval. Generally, care providers and marketers find it convenient to use the ANOVA test as it has the advantages of affording the overall equality test of group means, control the overall rate of type I error and besides, it’s a parametric test, so it’s more influential if normality assumptions hold.
References
Kim, T. K. (2017). Understanding one-way ANOVA using conceptual figures. Korean Journal of anesthesiology, 70(1), 22. DOI: 10.4097/kjae.2017.70.1.22
Sureiman, O., & Mangera, C. M. (2020). Conceptual Framework on Conducting Two-Way Analysis of Variance. Journal of the Practice of Cardiovascular Sciences, 6(3), 207. DOI: 10.4103/jpcs.jpcs_75_20

Using the question you selected in your Week 2 Project (Part 1 of the Course Project), locate 4 or more full-text research articles that are relevant to your PICOT question. Include at least 1 systematic review and 1 integrative review if possible. Use the search tools and techniques mentioned in your readings this week to enhance the comprehensiveness and objectivity of your review. You may gather these articles from any appropriate source, but make sure at least 3 of these articles are available as full-text versions.
Prepare to summarize and synthesize the literature
To complete:
Write a 3-page literature review that includes the following:
A synthesis of what the studies reveal about the current state of knowledge on the question that you developed
Point out inconsistencies and contradictions in the literature and offer possible explanations for inconsistencies.
Preliminary conclusions on whether the evidence provides strong support for a change in practice or whether further research is needed to adequately address your inquiry
Your literature review summary table with all references formatted in correct APA style
Note: Certain aspects of conducting a standard review of literature have not yet been covered in this course. Therefore, while you are invited to critically examine any aspect of the studies (e.g., a study’s design, appropriateness of the theoretic framework, data sampling methods), your conclusion should be considered preliminary. Bear in mind that five studies are typically not enough to reflect the full range of knowledge on a particular question and you are not expected to be familiar enough with research methodology to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of all aspects of the studies.