Nursing

How does Air Fluidized Therapy (AFT) enable specialty beds to facilitate pressure wound healing?
It must be in APA format and include:
Abstract
Main body
References (no less than 5 articles and no more than 10 articles)
Major (Level 1) section headings should include:
Introduction (Use the Title of the paper as the heading for the introduction, not the word Introduction)
Methods
Results
Discussion
Implications for Nursing
This is a group paper so organization and time management are important.
Discuss the following in your paper:
*Is there a way to improve something already in practice, or
*Stop doing something already in practice, or
*Start doing something not already in practice
Abstract
One or two sentences describing the problem and the significance of the problem relative to nursing (or the topic of the paper). Purpose statement. One or two sentences about the methods. One or two statements about the findings. One or two statements about the importance of the findings. One or two statements about why this is important for nursing practice.
Keywords: three or four words describing main concepts of the paper
Title of Paper
Start the paper here. This is your introduction. There should be a description of the problem of the phenomenon of interest (topic of your EBP project and why it is a problem). End this section with your purpose statement (the purpose of this paper is to review the evidence regarding x) There should be citations in this section. Sepsis is a problem for trauma patients. About x amount of trauma patients become septic (citation). A proposed intervention for the treatment of sepsis is fluid resuscitation (citation). However, the amount remains in question. Current practice suggests using… (citation). The purpose of this paper is to answer the question: Does evidence support…..?
Discussion
Describe what the results implicate. Write a conclusion.
Implications for Nursing
Explain what this means for nursing.
The 8 references:
Arnold, Malgorzata; Yanez, Cecilia; Yanez, Blanca. Wound Healing in the Long-Term Acute Care Setting Using an Air Fluidized Therapy/Continuous Low-Pressure Therapeutic Bed, Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing: May/June 2020 – Volume 47 – Issue 3 – p 284-290 doi: 10.1097/WON.0000000000000646
Barbosa, S., Brito, K., Santana, E., Diniz, I., Matos, S., Andrade, S., Aguiar, E., Félix, L., Souza, A., Souza, E., Silva, M., & Soares, M. (2016). Prevalence and Risk Factors for Pressure Ulcer in Hospitalized Adults. International Archives Of Medicine, 9. doi:10.3823/1976
Black, J., Berke, C., & Urzendowski, G. (2012). Pressure Ulcer Incidence and Progression in Critically Ill Subjects. Journal of Wound, Ostomy & Continence Nursing, 39(3), 267–273. https://doi.org/10.1097/won.0b013e3182514c50
Denzinger, M., Rothenberger, J., Held, M., Joss, L., Ehnert, S., Kolbenschlag, J., Daigeler, A., & Krauss, S. (2019). A quantitative study of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) on conventional and microclimate management capable mattresses and hospital beds. Journal of tissue viability, 28(4), 194-199.
Griffey J, Barnes J, Bardonner MK. Use of Air-Fluidized or Fluid Immersion Redistribution Support Surfaces for the Treatment of Stage 4 Pressure Injuries: A Case Series. Wound Manag Prev. 2021 Jan;67(1):35-43. PMID: 33448941.
Raetz JG, Wick KH. Common Questions About Pressure Ulcers. Am Fam Physician. 2015 Nov 15;92(10):888-94. PMID: 26554282.
Serraes, B. (2018, June 1). Prevention of pressure ulcers with a static air support surface: A systematic review. Wiley Online Library. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/iwj.12870
Spear, Marcia DNP, ACNP-BC, CWS, CPSN, CANS; Thurman, Kristen PT, CWS Real-Time Pressure Assessment and Monitoring With a Fluid Immersion Simulation Support Surface Show Clinical and Financial Benefits for Flap Management, Plastic Surgical Nursing: January/March 2017 – Volume 37 – Issue 1 – p 39-44 doi: 10.1097/PSN.0000000000000175
My main focus of the paper is the abstract and the discussion as that is my contribution to the paper. My group said we can work on it independently but I don’t see how which is why I’m putting 4 pages so that you can freely write the paper with intro, body, etc.

Identifying Research Methodologies
In this Assignment, you will identify clinical areas of interest (Ventilator-associated Pneumonia) and inquiry and practice searching for research in support of maintaining or changing the common and best practices. You will also analyze this research to compare the research methodologies employed.
Based on the clinical issue of interest (Ventilator-associated Pneumonia) and using keywords related to Ventilator-associated Pneumonia, search at least four different databases (CINAHL, ProQuest, MEDLINE, PubMed, ScienceDirect, or TRIP) to identify at least four relevant peer-reviewed articles related to Ventilator-associated Pneumonia. You should not be using systematic reviews for this assignment, select original research articles.
Review the results of your peer-reviewed research and reflect on the process of using an unfiltered database (randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, or case studies) to search for peer-reviewed research.
Reflect on the types of research methodologies contained in the four relevant peer-reviewed articles you selected.
After reading each of the four peer-reviewed articles you selected, analyze the methodologies applied in each of the four peer-reviewed articles. Your analysis should include the following:
1. The full citation of each peer-reviewed article in APA format.
2. A brief (1-paragraph) statement explaining why you chose this peer-reviewed article and/or how it relates to Ventilator-associated Pneumonia, including a brief explanation of the ethics of research related to your clinical issue of interest (as a nurse working in a critical care unit for many years).
3. A brief (1-2 paragraph) description of the aims / purpose of the research of each peer-reviewed article.
4. A brief (1-2 paragraph) description of the research methodology used. Be sure to identify if the methodology used was qualitative, quantitative, or a mixed-methods approach. Be specific.
5. A brief (1- to 2-paragraph) description of the strengths of each of the research methodologies used, including reliability and validity of how the methodology was applied in each of the peer-reviewed articles you selected.
Be sure to include clear and comprehensive introduction, purpose of this assignment, and conclusion on this paper.
Use only references from years 2016 to 2021 but use and include two from the following references:
1. Melnyk, B. M., & Fineout-Overholt, E. (2018). Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare: A guide to best practice (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.
2. Grant, M. J., & Booth, A. (2009). A typology of reviews: an analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies. Health Information and Libraries Journal, 26(2), 91–108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x
3. Hoare, Z., & Hoe, J. (2013). Understanding quantitative research: Part 2. Nursing Standard, 27(18), 48-55. doi:10.7748/ns2013.01.27.18.48.c9488
4. Hoe, J., & Hoare, Z. (2013). Understanding quantitative research: Part 1. Nursing Standard (through 2013), 27(15-17), 52-7. doi:10.7748/ns2012.12.27.15.52.c9485
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Solution
Introduction
The selection of this clinical inquiry was triggered by a dramatic increase in the rate of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) in the Intensive Care Units (ICUs). According to Villar et al (2016), the rate of Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is relatively high among critically ill patients in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Oral pathogens get into the lower respiratory system during aspiration causing Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) among patients receiving this treatment therapy (Zand et al., 2017). According to Kocaçal Güler and Türk (2019), this infection is associated with adverse health outcomes, including a longer ICU stay, increased mechanical ventilation duration, and a higher mortality rate. Studies show that good oral hygiene care hinders the respiratory pathogens from colonizing the dental plaque, thus preventing the VAP (Hua et al., 2016). Thus, this evidence-based project assesses the efficacy of chlorhexidine oral rinse or chlorhexidine plus toothbrushing in preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia.
Full citation of selected article Article #1 Article #2 Article #3 Article #4
Enwere, E. N., Elofson, K. A., Forbes, R. C., & Gerlach, A. T. (2016). Impact of chlorhexidine mouthwash prophylaxis on probable ventilator-associated pneumonia in a surgical intensive care unit. International journal of critical illness and injury science, 6(1), 3.
Veitz-Keenan, A., & Ferraiolo, D. M. (2017). Oral care with chlorhexidine seems effective for reducing the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Evidence-based dentistry, 18(4), 113-114. de Lacerda Vidal, C. F., de Lacerda Vidal, A. K., de Moura Monteiro, J. G., Cavalcanti, A., da Costa Henriques, A. P., Oliveira, M., … & Lacerda, H. R. (2017). Impact of oral hygiene involving toothbrushing versus chlorhexidine in the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a randomized study. BMC infectious diseases, 17(1), 1-9. Khan, M., Mohamed, Z., Ali, S., Saddki, N., & Sukminingrum, N. (2018). The effects of oral care with 0.2% chlorhexidine with toothbrushing to prevent ventilator associated pneumonia in adults’ intensive care units. European Respiratory Journal; 52 (62): 1-7. DOI: 10.1183/13993003.congress-2018.PA4697
Why you chose this article and/or how it relates to the clinical issue of interest (include a brief explanation of the ethics of research related to your clinical issue of interest) This article was selected since it aligns with the clinical issue of study. The article is about the relationship between chlorhexidine mouthwash prophylaxis and probable ventilator-associated pneumonia. Similarly, the clinical issue of inquiry focuses on the use of chlorhexidine gluconate oral rinse and ventilator-associated pneumonia bundle in preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia. The ethics of research related to the clinical issue of inquiry involves obtaining written consent from the selected sample population as proof of their willingness to participate in the clinical trial involving chlorhexidine gluconate oral rinse and ventilator-associated pnuemonia bundle to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia in a population at a high risk of developing this condition.
This article is about the efficacy of Oral care with chlorhexidine in reducing the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Hence, it was selected since it aligns with the clinical issue of inquiry that involves the use of chlorhexidine gluconate oral rinse and ventilator-associated pneumonia bundle in preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia. The ethics of research related to the clinical issue of inquiry involves affirming confidentiality. Participants are assured that the collected information will only be used for the purpose of the study and their personal information will not be disclosed. The article was chosen since it related to the clinical issue of inquiry. It compares the efficacy of various forms of oral hygiene, including toothbrushing and chlorhexidine in preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia. Similarly, the clinical issue of inquiry focuses on the use of chlorhexidine gluconate oral rinse and ventilator-associated pneumonia bundle in preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia. The ethics of research related to the clinical issue of inquiry entails ensuring that study benefits overweigh the risks. Additionally, patients are not involved in clinical trials that might result in death of the participants. This article was selected since it related with the clinical issue of inquiry. This article is about the impact of oral care with tooth brushing and 0.2% chlorhexidine on preventing ventilator associated pneumonia in adult patients in the intensive care units. Similarly, the clinical issue of inquiry focuses on the use of chlorhexidine gluconate oral rinse and ventilator-associated pnuemonia bundle in preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia. The ethics of research related to the clinical issue of inquiry involves obtaining informed consent from the participants before the study.
Brief description of the aims of the research of each peer-reviewed article This study aims at evaluating the effect of implementing routine chlorhexidine mouthwash prophylaxis in reducing the pneumonia rate in mechanically-ventilated patients in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU). The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of oral care with chlorhexidine in lowering the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Specifically, the study focuses on assessing the effect of various forms of oral health care, including mouthwashes, tooth brushing or swabs or a combination of two of these forms in preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients under mechanical ventilation. This study aims at evaluating the efficacy of oral hygiene, including tooth brushing and chlorhexidine in gel at 0.12% in lowering the ventilator-associated pneumonia rate, mechanical ventilation duration, the length of stay, and death rates in the Intensive Care Units (ICUs). The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of oral chlorhexidine and the combination of chlorhexidine and tooth brushing in reducing the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia among mechanically ventilated patients in the ICU.
Brief description of the research methodology used Be sure to identify if the methodology used was qualitative, quantitative, or a mixed-methods approach. Be specific. The authors conducted a retrospective cohort study. The quantitative research methodology was used to collect data from 158 patients who met the inclusion criteria following the screening of mechanically ventilated patients with respiratory cultures.
The authors’ utilized quantitative methodology to collect data from the selected participants. The participants consisted of critically ill pneumonia patients receiving mechanical ventilation. The researchers utilized a quantitative methodology to collect data during the study. Data was collected from 213 patients who met the inclusion criteria. Quantitative research methodology was used to collect data during the study. The authors collected data from 63 patients who were mechanically ventilated at the ICU in the Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). The participants were assigned to the study and control groups randomly. The control group had a total of 32 patients, receiving 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinse twice daily. On the other hand, the study group had 31 patients, practicing tooth brushing and receiving 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouth rinse twice daily.
A brief description of the strengths of each of the research methodologies used, including reliability and validity of how the methodology was applied in each of the peer-reviewed articles you selected. The major strength of quantitative research methodology involves being relatively easy to analyze. Thus, data collected during study is easily analyzed using different statistical methodologies. This data collection methodology is highly reliability since it is consistent during data collection. Additionally, it is highly validity since it yielded accurate results during the study. Quantitative research methodology is associated with various strengths. One of the greatest strengths involves having a clear grounding in theory. Variants are tested on established theories and models based on the developed hypotheses. Thus, theories are redefined based on the identified variables. This methodology is reliable since it provides consistent results throughout the study. Additionally, it is valid since it gives accurate results. Quantitative research methodology is attributed to straightforward analysis of the collected data. Statistical tests to be used during data analysis are selected based on the collected data. Hence, this data collection methodology supports straightforward interpretation and presentation of the study findings with limited errors. This methodology is highly reliable since the collected data can be tested and checked. Data validity is also evident in this study since the methodology has given accurate results. The major strength of this data collection methodology involves supporting a larger sample size, which allows for generalization of study findings. Furthermore, multiple data sets can be evaluated at once in quantitative research methodology. Quantitative method is highly reliable due to its consistency throughout data collection process. Additionally, this methodology has a high validity rate since it gives accurate results.
General Notes/Comments The rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia reduces following the use of chlorhexidine mouthwash prophylaxis.
Oral hygiene care (OHC), such as chlorhexidine mouthwash lowers the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia from approximately 25% to 19% in critically ill patients. Oral hygiene care, including Tooth brushing plus 0.12% chlorhexidine gel reduces the rate of the ventilator-associated pneumonia. Additionally, tooth brushing reduces mechanical ventilation mean time in ICU patients. Tooth brushing plus 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouth rinse twice daily is more effective in preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia among critically ill patients being mechanically ventilated in the ICU.
Conclusion
The rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia among critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation is relatively high. This issue can be addressed through evidence-based practices (EBP) specifically oral hygiene care (OHC), including chlorhexidine oral wash or chlorhexidine plus tooth brushing twice daily. These interventions are effective in reducing the high rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia and mechanical ventilation duration among critically ill patients in the ICU.
References
De Lacerda Vidal, C. F., de Lacerda Vidal, A. K., de Moura Monteiro, J. G., Cavalcanti, A., da Costa Henriques, A. P., Oliveira, M., … & Lacerda, H. R. (2017). Impact of oral hygiene involving toothbrushing versus chlorhexidine in the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a randomized study. BMC infectious diseases, 17(1), 1-9.
Enwere, E. N., Elofson, K. A., Forbes, R. C., & Gerlach, A. T. (2016). Impact of chlorhexidine mouthwash prophylaxis on probable ventilator-associated pneumonia in a surgical intensive care unit. International journal of critical illness and injury science, 6(1), 3.
Hua, F, Xie, H, & Worthington, HV, et al. (2016). Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 10:Cd008367.
Khan, M., Mohamed, Z., Ali, S., Saddki, N., & Sukminingrum, N. (2018). The effects of oral care with 0.2% chlorhexidine with toothbrushing to prevent ventilator associated pneumonia in adults’ intensive care units. European Respiratory Journal; 52 (62): 1-7. DOI: 10.1183/13993003.congress-2018.PA4697
Kocaçal Güler, E., & Türk, G. (2019). Oral chlorhexidine against ventilator-associated pneumonia and microbial colonization in intensive care patients. Western journal of nursing research, 41(6), 901-919.
Veitz-Keenan, A., & Ferraiolo, D. M. (2017). Oral care with chlorhexidine seems effective for reducing the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Evidence-based dentistry, 18(4), 113-114.
Villar, C. C., Pannuti, C. M., Nery, D. M., Morillo, C. M., Carmona, M. J. C., & Romito, G. A. (2016). Effectiveness of intraoral chlorhexidine protocols in the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia: meta-analysis and systematic review. Respiratory care, 61(9), 1245-1259.
Zand, F. Zahed L, & Mansouri P, et al. (2017). The effects of oral rinse with 0.2% and 2% chlorhexidine on oropharyngeal colonization and ventilator associated pneumonia in adults’ intensive care units. J Crit Care; 40: 318–322.

Nursing during an epidemic, pandemic or natural disaster across the country or around the globe
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NURS 6521 Advanced Pharmacology, medule 1, week 1, Discussion: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
HV
Discussion: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
As an advanced practice nurse assisting physicians in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders, it is important to not only understand the impact of disorders on the body, but also the impact of drug treatments on the body. The relationships between drugs and the body can be described by pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
Pharmacokinetics describes what the body does to the drug through absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, whereas pharmacodynamics describes what the drug does to the body.
Photo Credit: Getty Images/Ingram Publishing
When selecting drugs and determining dosages for patients, it is essential to consider individual patient factors that might impact the patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes. These patient factors include genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, behavior (i.e., diet, nutrition, smoking, alcohol, illicit drug abuse), and/or pathophysiological changes due to disease.
For this Discussion, you reflect on a case from your past clinical experiences and consider how a patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes may alter his or her response to a drug.
To Prepare
Review the Resources for this module and consider the principles of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
Reflect on your experiences, observations, and/or clinical practices from the last 5 years and think about how pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors altered his or her anticipated response to a drug.
Consider factors that might have influenced the patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes, such as genetics (including pharmacogenetics), gender, ethnicity, age, behavior, and/or possible pathophysiological changes due to disease.
Think about a personalized plan of care based on these influencing factors and patient history in your case study.
By Day 3 of Week 1
Post a description of the patient case from your experiences, observations, and/or clinical practice from the last 5 years. Then, describe factors that might have influenced pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes of the patient you identified. Finally, explain details of the personalized plan of care that you would develop based on influencing factors and patient history in your case. Be specific and provide examples.
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WEEK 11, NURS 6521N, WALDEN, ASSIGNMENT, OFF-Label drug use in Pediatrics
Week 11: Pediatrics
Children, like adults, deal with variety of health issues, but they also have issues that are more prevalent within their population. One issue that significantly impacts children is the prescription of drugs for off-label use. As an advanced practice nurse, how do you determine the appropriate use of off-label drugs in pediatrics? Are there certain drugs that should be avoided with pediatric patients?
This week, you examine the practice of prescribing off-label drugs to children. You also explore strategies for making off-label drug use safer for children from infancy to adolescence, as it is essential that you are prepared to make drug-related decisions for pediatric patients in clinical settings.
Learning Objectives
Students will:
• Evaluate the practice of prescribing off-label drugs to children
• Analyze strategies to make the off-label use of drugs safer for children
• Identify key terms, concepts, and principles related to prescribing drugs to treat patient disorders
________________________________________
Learning Resources
Required Readings (click to expand/reduce)
Rosenthal, L. D., & Burchum, J. R. (2018). Lehne’s pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice providers. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
• Chapter 8, “Drug Therapy in Pediatric Patients” (pp. 65—67)
Corny, J., Lebel, D., Bailey, B., & Bussieres, J. (2015). Unlicensed and off-label drug use in children before and after pediatric governmental initiatives. The Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 20(4), 316–328. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4557722/
This article highlights pediatric governmental initiatives to prevent unlicensed and off-label drug use in children. Review these initiatives and guidelines and how they might impact your practice as an advanced practice nurse.
Panther, S. G., Knotts, A. M., Odom-Maryon, T., Daratha, K., Woo, T., & Klein, T. A. (2017). Off-label prescribing trends for ADHD medications in very young children. The Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 22(6), 423–429. doi:10.5863/1551-6776-22.6.423
Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.
This study examines the frequency of off-label prescribing to children and explores factors that impact off-label prescribing. This study also examines off-label prescribing to children with ADHD.
Required Media (click to expand/reduce)
Laureate Education (Producer). (2019i). Therapy for pediatric clients with mood disorders [Interactive media file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.
________________________________________
Assignment: Off-Label Drug Use in Pediatrics
The unapproved use of approved drugs, also called off-label use, with children is quite common. This is because pediatric dosage guidelines are typically unavailable, since very few drugs have been specifically researched and tested with children.
When treating children, prescribers often adjust dosages approved for adults to accommodate a child’s weight. However, children are not just “smaller” adults. Adults and children process and respond to drugs differently in their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
Photo Credit: Getty Images
Children even respond differently during stages from infancy to adolescence. This poses potential safety concerns when prescribing drugs to pediatric patients. As an advanced practice nurse, you have to be aware of safety implications of the off-label use of drugs with this patient group.
To Prepare
• Review the interactive media piece in this week’s Resources and reflect on the types of drugs used to treat pediatric patients with mood disorders.
• Reflect on situations in which children should be prescribed drugs for off-label use.
• Think about strategies to make the off-label use and dosage of drugs safer for children from infancy to adolescence. Consider specific off-label drugs that you think require extra care and attention when used in pediatrics.
By Day 5 of Week 11
Write a 1-page narrative in APA format that addresses the following:
• Explain the circumstances under which children should be prescribed drugs for off-label use. Be specific and provide examples.
• Describe strategies to make the off-label use and dosage of drugs safer for children from infancy to adolescence. Include descriptions and names of off-label drugs that require extra care and attention when used in pediatrics.
Reminder: The School of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The Sample Paper provided at the Walden Writing Center offers an example of those required elements (available at http://writingcenter.waldenu.edu/57.htm). All papers submitted must use this formatting.
Therapy for Pediatric Clients with Mood Disorders
An African American Child Suffering From Depression
Decision Point One
Begin Zoloft 25 mg orally daily
RESULTS OF DECISION POINT ONE
• Client returns to clinic in four weeks
• No change in depressive symptoms at all
Decision Point Two
Increase dose to 37.5 mg orally daily
RESULTS OF DECISION POINT TWO
• Client returns to clinic in four weeks
• Depressive symptoms decrease by 20%. Client reports feeling a little bit better
Decision Point Three
Maintain current dose
Guidance to Student
At this point, sufficient symptom reduction has not been realized. Should either increase dose or consider different SSRI. At 8 weeks post-initiation of therapy, there should have been a significant (as defined as 50%) decrease in symptoms. This would be considered an adequate trial of antidepressant and change in dose or to a different agent would be appropriate.
Therapy for Pediatric Clients with Mood Disorders
An African American Child Suffering From Depression
Decision Point One
Begin Paxil 10 mg orally daily
RESULTS OF DECISION POINT ONE
• Client returns to clinic in four weeks
• Reduction in The Children’s Depression Rating Scale by 5 points overall, but with complaints of nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
Decision Point Two
Decrease dose for 7 days then return to previous 10 mg day dose
RESULTS OF DECISION POINT TWO
• Client returns to clinic in four weeks
• Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea subsides with dose reduction, but returns with reinitiation of 10 mg dose
Decision Point Three
Attempt to decrease dose for another 7 days then return to 10 mg dose
Guidance to Student
Temporarily decreasing the drug for 7 days and then increasing is an acceptable option- however, if the side effects return with the reinitiation of the dose, you will need to select a different agent as these side effects are unfavorable to the client and may result in refusal to take treatment. Also, continuing to drop medication dose to subtherapeutic level will do minimal to treat depressive symptoms. Changing to a different SSRI would be the ideal choice as not all SSRIs have the same side effect profile in all clients. It would not be appropriate to increase the dose at this time as it would most likely result in increased intensity of side effects.
Therapy for Pediatric Clients with Mood Disorders
An African American Child Suffering From Depression
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
The client is an 8-year-old African American male who arrives at the ER with his mother. He is exhibiting signs of depression.
• Client complained of feeling “sad”
• Mother reports that teacher said child is withdrawn from peers in class
• Mother notes decreased appetite and occasional periods of irritation
• Client reached all developmental landmarks at appropriate ages
• Physical exam unremarkable
• Laboratory studies WNL
• Child referred to psychiatry for evaluation
MENTAL STATUS EXAM
Alert & oriented X 3, speech clear, coherent, goal directed, spontaneous. Self-reported mood is “sad”. Affect somewhat blunted, but child smiled appropriately at various points throughout the clinical interview. He denies visual or auditory hallucinations. No delusional or paranoid thought processes noted. Judgment and insight appear to be age-appropriate. He is not endorsing active suicidal ideation, but does admit that he often thinks about himself being dead and what it would be like to be dead.
You administer the Children’s Depression Rating Scale, obtaining a score of 30 (indicating significant depression)
RESOURCES
§ Poznanski, E., & Mokros, H. (1996). Child Depression Rating Scale–Revised. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
Decision Point One
Select what you should do:
Begin Zoloft 25 mg orally daily
Begin Paxil 10 mg orally daily
Begin Wellbutrin 75 mg orally BID
Therapy for Pediatric Clients with Mood Disorders
An African American Child Suffering From Depression
Decision Point One
Begin Paxil 10 mg orally daily
RESULTS OF DECISION POINT ONE
• Client returns to clinic in four weeks
• Reduction in The Children’s Depression Rating Scale by 5 points overall, but with complaints of nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
Decision Point Two
Increase dose to 20 mg orally daily
RESULTS OF DECISION POINT TWO
• Client returns to clinic in four weeks
• Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea has increased and client is refusing to take medication
Decision Point Three
Discontinue Paxil and begin Prozac 10 mg orally daily
Guidance to Student
Temporarily decreasing the drug for 7 days and then increasing is an acceptable option- however, if the side effects return with the reinitiation of the dose, you will need to select a different agent as these side effects are unfavorable to the client and may result in continued refusal to take treatment. Changing to a different SSRI may be appropriate if the trial decrease of dose is unsuccessful and if the nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea return with reinitiation of 20 mg orally daily. Changing the medication may be appropriate as not all SSRIs have the same side effect profile in all clients.
Therapy for Pediatric Clients with Mood Disorders
An African American Child Suffering From Depression
Decision Point One
Begin Wellbutrin 75 mg orally BID
RESULTS OF DECISION POINT ONE
• Client returns to clinic in four weeks
• Child is unable to fall asleep at night
Decision Point Two
Change from immediate release to extended release 150 mg orally daily in the morning
RESULTS OF DECISION POINT TWO
• Client returns to clinic in four weeks
• Child’s sleep patterns return to baseline. No change in depressive symptoms
Decision Point Three
Change to SSRI
Guidance to Student
You can continue drug therapy for another 4 weeks, however, it is discouraging that there have been no changes in depressive symptomatology. Increasing the dose to 300 mg orally daily may be appropriate if the child is tolerating the medication well. Changing to an SSRI may also be appropriate, but it may be more prudent to give the Wellbutrin at an appropriate dose for an adequate duration of therapy before switching therapeutic classes.
REFERENCE GIVEN IN THE SYUDENT PORTAL
Panther, S. G., Knotts, A. M., Odom-Maryon, T., Daratha, K., Woo, T., & Klein, T. A. (2017). Off-label prescribing trends for ADHD medications in very young children. The Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 22(6), 423–429. doi:10.5863/1551-6776-22.6.423
-REFERENCE GIVEN IN THE STUDENT PORTAL
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• J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther
• v.20(4); Jul-Aug 2015
• PMC4557722
J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2015 Jul-Aug; 20(4): 316–328.
doi: 10.5863/1551-6776-20.4.316
PMCID: PMC4557722
PMID: 26380572
Unlicensed and Off-Label Drug Use in Children Before and After Pediatric Governmental Initiatives
Jennifer Corny, PharmD, Candidate,1 Denis Lebel, BPharm, MSc,1 Benoit Bailey, MD, MSc,2 and Jean-François Bussières, BPharm, MSc, MBA 1,3
Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer
This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Governmental agencies (US Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency) implemented initiatives to improve pediatric clinical research, starting in 1997 and 2007, respectively. The aim of this review was to quantify the unlicensed and off-label drug uses in children before and after these implementations.
METHODS: Literature review of unlicensed and off-label drug uses was performed on PubMed and Google-Scholar from 1985 to 2014. Relevant titles/abstracts were reviewed, and articles were included if evaluating unlicensed/off-label drug uses, with a clear description of health care setting and studied population. Included articles were divided into 3 groups: studies conducted in United States (before/after 2007), in Europe (before/after 2007), and in other countries.
RESULTS: Of the 48 articles reviewed, 27 were included. Before implementation of pediatric initiatives, global unlicensed drug use rate in Europe was found to be 0.2% to 36% for inpatients and 0.3% to 16.6% for outpatients. After implementation, it marginally decreased to 11.4% and 1.26% to 6.7%, respectively. Concerning off-label drug use rates, it was found to be 18% to 66% for inpatients and 10.5% to 37.5% for outpatients before the implementation. After implementation, it decreased marginally to 33.2% to 46.5% and to 3.3% to 13.5%, respectively. In other countries, unlicensed and off-label drug use rates were found to be, respectively, 8% to 27.3% and 11% to 47%.
CONCLUSIONS: Governmental initiatives to improve clinical research conducted in children seem to have had a marginal effect to decrease the unlicensed and off-label drug uses prevalence in Europe.
INDEX TERMS: off-label use, pediatrics, review
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INTRODUCTION
Before a drug can be approved for sale in a given market, governmental authorities in each country have to assess its safety, efficacy, and quality. At the end of this process, pharmaceutical companies are granted market authorization, and the drug gets a license for marketing in the country (e.g., Notice of Compliance in Canada). The drug also has a label (i.e. drug monograph), specifying the details for drug use (e.g., target population, dose, indication, specific use).
Virtually all drugs that get an approval for use in adults should also get an approval for use in children; this is often not the case considering the paucity of clinical research for that population. Therefore, drug monographs are frequently silent about the use of the drug in children. However, in most legislation, clinicians can prescribe to children a drug approved for adult (i.e., an off-label use). In some case, clinicians must also import from another country a drug that has not obtained a license for marketing (i.e., an unlicensed use). Both situations expose clinicians and patients to delays, costs, and risks. In response to these challenges, governmental authorities have established various strategies and regulations to oversee and promote clinical research in children and hopefully to decrease both unlicensed and off-label drug uses.
In 1997, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) adopted the FDA Modernization Act (FDAMA),1 followed in 2002 by the Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act (BPCA),2 which provided an incentive for drug companies to conduct FDA-requested pediatric studies. In 2003, the FDA also created the Pediatric Research Equity Act (PREA), which requires drug companies to study their products in children under certain circumstances.3 In Europe, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) created the European (EU) Pediatric Regulation, in 2007.4 Its objective was to improve the health of children in Europe by facilitating the development and availability of medicines for that population. In other countries, such as in Canada, the Pediatric Expert Advisory Committee was created in 2009 to provide advice to Health-Canada in the development, licensing, and post-approval monitoring of drugs.5
Our hypothesis was that even though these initiatives were not implemented to decrease unlicensed or off-label drug use rates, they probably would have a favorable consequence on those uses. Ten years after the first regulations, we could expect that the prevalence of unlicensed and off-label prescriptions in children would have decreased. Thus, we reviewed the literature to explore the effect of the regulatory changes.
The primary objective of this literature review was to determine the effect of governmental initiatives to improve clinical research in children on unlicensed and off-label drug uses in inpatient and outpatient settings in the world. The secondary objective was to determine the unlicensed and off-label drug use rates in countries where no governmental initiatives to improve clinical research in children have been implemented.
Panther, S. G., Knotts, A. M., Odom-Maryon, T., Daratha, K., Woo, T., & Klein, T. A. (2017). Off-label prescribing trends for ADHD medications in very young children. The Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 22(6), 423–429. doi:10.5863/1551-6776-22.6.423
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Solution
Off-label prescribing involves the prescription of drugs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of diseases other than the condition being treated (Panther et al., 2017). Prescription of these drugs to children is done under multiple circumstances including when limited clinical research is available regarding the treatment of children with particular infections. The absence of effective, licensed, standard and safe therapeutic options for specific health conditions also promote the use of off-label drugs in children. Moreover, the easy access of these medicines as well as the doctor’s knowledge of the child’s illness can result in these prescriptions. For example the FDA prohibitive costs makes the availability of approved drugs expensive and time consuming especially when the child is in a critical condition (Corny et al., 2015).
The strategies for making the off-label use and dosage of drugs safer for children from infancy to adolescence include development of medications suitable for all age groups (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2018). As such, the formulation, taste and strength of drugs should be accommodative to various ages. In addition, pharmaceuticals should be restricted from manufacturing and marketing these products for purposes other than safety and effectiveness. Physicians should also prescribe the drugs for their effectiveness following the review of scientific evidence associated with the drug and not from pharmaceutical incentives.
Extra care and attention is necessary during the prescription of off-label drugs to pediatrics. Some of these drugs are SSRI antidepressants like Prozac often used for the management of mental health disorder (Laureate Education, 2019i). Others include morphine used for pain management and Amoxicillin (high dose), antibiotic, for treatment of otitis media. The use of these drugs should maintain dosages appropriate to age to prevent side effects relating to poisoning and death.
References
Corny, J., Lebel, D., Bailey, B., & Bussieres, J. (2015). Unlicensed and off-label drug use in children before and after pediatric governmental initiatives. The Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 20(4), 316–328. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4557722/
Laureate Education (Producer). (2019i). Therapy for pediatric clients with mood disorders [Interactive media file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.
Panther, S. G., Knotts, A. M., Odom-Maryon, T., Daratha, K., Woo, T., & Klein, T. A. (2017). Off-label prescribing trends for ADHD medications in very young children. The Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 22(6), 423–429. doi:10.5863/1551-6776-22.6.423
Rosenthal, L. D., & Burchum, J. R. (2018). Lehne’s pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice providers. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.

Follow rubric.
The purpose of this reflective paper on leadership skill is to assist students to gain an understanding of nursing leadership and management. This reflective scholarly writing is designed to help students organize their thouphts on leadership skills, to document their work and experiences. It is designed to reflect their thinking process.

Instructions

This assignment requires personal relfection. You must reflect on your own leadership skills and personality. Therefore, you can write in the first person if you choose to do so. Reference to peer reviewed literature is required to demonstrate understanding of leadership thoeires and practice and will form the basis of your personal reflection.

Instructions/Component of the Reflection:

Identify and reflect on one leadership skill from a personal perspective
Include a critical reflection of the leadership skill, your own thinking and learning processes as well as implications for future learning.
Identify what you can do to to enhance your personal leadership capacity
The reflection must be one page in length
It should be typed, double-spaced and in a 12-point Times New Roman font with 1-inch margins.
Grammar and spelling will be evaluated.
Rubric
Some Rubric (1)
Some Rubric (1)
Criteria Ratings Pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Description of criterion
Date:_________ Grading Criteria Possible Points Points Earned Provide an introduction Professor comments: 10 Provide an overview on one leadership skill from a personal perspective Professor comments: 15 Include a critical reflection of the leadership skill, your own thinking and learning processes as well as implications for future learning. Professor comments: 30 Identify what you can do to to enhance your personal leadership capacity Professor comments: 20 Discuss and explain the implication, relevancy and significance of the leadership skill to nursing. Professor comments: 10 Provide a conclusion Professor comments: 5
100.0 pts
Total Points: 100.0

Section 1: Summary of the Issue
To prepare:
Consider the information on strategic planning in the Learning Resources.
Review any feedback you received from your Instructor on your Module 1 Assignment. If necessary, continue to refine your focus to clarify the strategic plan issue.
To prepare your Summary of the Issue section, proceed as follows:
Investigate the background related to this issue. What conditions have contributed to this situation? Is there data (beyond what you identified for the Week 2 Discussion) that should be examined?
Conduct research to assess what has been attempted in the past, by various individuals or organizations, to address this issue.
Think about any broader issues that should be examined to better understand this issue. For instance, consider economic, political, and/or social considerations.
To complete:
Write a 2- to 3-page summary of the strategic plan issue. Include the following in your summary:
The strategic plan issue and how the issue’s need is evident in the group or organization.
The mission and vision of the group or organization. (Note: Be sure you have reviewed and implemented feedback from your Week 4 Discussion 1: Mission and Vision Statements.)
Background, including:
Data from historical analysis and forecasting to support the need for the plan
Evidence from the literature to support the need for the plan
Previous attempts by various individuals and groups to address this issue
Stakeholders that should be included in the strategic planning process
Section 2: SWOT Analysis
To prepare:
Conduct a SWOT analysis for your Strategic Plan, reviewing and incorporating any insights you have gained from feedback from Week 4 Discussion 2: Preparing for a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats Analysis. Identify two strengths, two weaknesses, two opportunities, and two threats that warrant attention relative to the identified strategic plan issue.
Reflect on how you distinguished between weaknesses and threats and consider whether the threats or weaknesses also pose opportunities.
To complete:
Write a 2- to 3-page summary that conveys the results of your SWOT analysis. Include:
Two organizational strengths
Two organizational weaknesses
Two market opportunities
Two environmental threats
An explanation of whether the threats and/or weaknesses may also pose opportunities
By Day 7
Submit the following sections of your Strategic Plan, using the provided template:
Section 1: Summary of the Issue (2–3 pages)
Section 2: SWOT Analysis (2–3 pages)
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Solution
Summary of the Issue
The summary of the issue paper will evaluate Section one and two which assesses the strategic plan issue summary and SWOT analysis.
Section One: Strategic Plan Issue Summary
Organizational strategic issues are the critical challenges in an organization that requires informed decision to clarify future events. Hence, when the challenges affect the organizational mission, the organization management needs to develop an effective solution to prevent accelerating the situation. Hence, in part one of the strategic plan issue summary, the main evaluation will be on the strategic plan issue and the issue evidence, mission and vision of the group, and the issue background summary.
The Strategic Plan Issue and the Issue Evidence
The issue that requires the healthcare organization’s attention is funding and management of the organization’s branches. The issue has been of great concern since, if not well-looked into by the organization’s management, it may paralyze its operation, thus risking its competitive advantage and sustainability. According to Ginter et al. (2018), healthcare management should always be vigilant to handle issues affecting their organization when a crisis arises to avoid escalating the problem to an ungovernable situation. For instance, management and funding are crucial since they affect the nursing staff and patients who rely on its services. The nursing staff’s main effects include poor salaries, late payment, and insufficient health insurance cover, which are part of funding issues. On management issues, one will find that the employees face burnouts as they try to put things together, thus risking their mental health. Moseley III ( 2017) posits that organizations should always have greatly motivated their nursing staff to promote healthcare workers’ productivity.
However, it is most likely that when healthcare workers face payment issues and unending workload, their morale fades out; thus, they will fail to help healthcare attain its sets objectives and overall goals. For instance, the healthcare organization’s aim while introducing several branches was to increase their efforts to serve their target communities. In that case, when these branches face issues with management and funding, the healthcare providers will face difficulties trying to help the healthcare facility provide quality care and satisfactory patient services. On the same, patients also get affected since they may be required to seek services elsewhere since when healthcare faces funding and management, the patient receives unsatisfactory services. For example, the patients are most likely to face insufficient medicines and lab services which might also risk the healthcare facility’s reputation.
Mission and Vision of the Healthcare Organization
The healthcare organization’s mission and vision statements for the strategic plan are:
Mission: Our Mission is to boost integrity, inclusivity, compassion and provide a more people-centric environment.
Vision: The organization’s vision is to provide unmatched leadership that will boost the organization’s sustainability and competitiveness in offering quality healthcare and patient-satisfactory services.
According to Elrod et al. (2017), mission and vision statements enable healthcare organizations to align their activities towards achieving the set organizational goals. The issue of funding and management revolves around people making it necessary to have a mission and vision statement that focuses more on being people-centric. Such an approach will help the organization achieve its competitive edge considering that funding and management require a careful approach since in as much as the organization will fail to reach its goals, it corrected seamlessly by setting a positive perspective to its people. As a result, if the organization management will find it necessary to conduct an organizational restructuring and lay off, they have to ensure that they have considered the best approach towards it by engaging in people-centric leadership.
The Issue Background Summary
The Healthcare industry is experiencing changes that might lead to most healthcare organizations’ downfall if not well-thought-of. According to Shahid et al. (2019), most healthcare issues arise from healthcare cost rise and spiraling of healthcare equipment as most organizations have to keep up with the new technology. As a result, Moseley III ( 2017) asserts that most healthcare organizations have been engaging in numerous change management to ensure that their organizations keep up with the emerging changes to avoid disrupting their services completely. In that case, the healthcare organization had a good initial plan concerning how they can help the communities they serve to achieve better health by increasing their health centers for accessibility. However, they did not consider possible industry changes and curb the situation. As a result, when the healthcare cost started to surge, they did not have a backup plan to design effective ways to fund and manage these additional branches. As a result, the healthcare workers and patients started experiencing unexpected disruptions, which also has been impacting the organization’s reputation even for the operational branches. For instance, due to late payments, the organization has encountered numerous resignations from the healthcare providers seeking employment from their competitive partners. Also, the patient numbers are declining, affecting healthcare sustainability and position in the market. Hence, coming up with a strategic plan will help secure its position in the healthcare market and boost its sustainability. However, there will be a need to ensure that the organization realizes factors that can optimize and opt-out to reclaim their initial position and service to their target community (Moseley III, 2017). In that case, the main stakeholders involved in the strategic plan include healthcare providers, nurse leaders, managers, and change expert personnel to help healthcare management make informed decisions.
Section Two: SWOT Analysis
Healthcare organization requires conducting an analysis regularly to identify their position and factors that might risk their sustainability and competitive advantage. Bhaduri (2020) accentuates that SWOT analysis is the best approach by healthcare facilities since it points out the organization’s weaknesses and strengths to help them formulate means to be more productive for sustainability purposes. Also, through SWOT analysis, the healthcare organizations manage to identify opportunities and threats, which help them design ways to increase their competitive edge. Therefore, for the organizational strategic plan, there will be the identification of two strengths, weaknesses, possible threats, and opportunities.
Strategic Plan Strengths
The main strengths include integrated teamwork and medical record system and focus on innovation and research. For example, the healthcare organization has an existing patient scheduling system to help identify laboratory tests, doctor’s comments, and patient availability. Such information will be crucial since it will help acknowledge how funding and management affect the healthcare branch medical centers’ operations. In addition, Healthcare organization indulges in education and research activities, which will help identify the main factors affecting the organization’s management and funding procedures. In such a case, there will be a comparison of the existing literature and the organization’s situation on the best way to handle the issue at hand using evidence-based practice.
Strategic Plan Weaknesses
The strategic plan’s main weaknesses include funding management and intensity care variation. For the funding management weakness, the weakness is essential to note since, without proper funding management, there will always be instances of conflicts within the organization and the stakeholders. Also, through the intensity care variation, the different healthcare branches may differ in terms of the funding and management consistency, thus failing to give the bigger picture of the current funding and management issue.
Strategic Plan Opportunities
The main opportunities for the strategic plan success include different care center branches and research translation into practice. For instance, the existence of different care centers will help widen the strategic plan scope for better results. In addition, the research translation into practice will also help generate room for discoveries on how to solve the funding and management issues.
Strategic Plan Threats
The strategic plan’s main threats include stakeholders’ failure to cooperate and the lack of highly qualified change experts. For instance, the stakeholders may fail to cooperate due to unsettled financial conflict, while failure to have a qualified change expert may complicate the initial issues.
Threats and Weaknesses as Possible Opportunities
A threat or weakness poses limitations, defects, or faults that derail a project’s goal or objective. On the other hand, Bhaduri (2020) states that opportunities represent all favorable conditions within an organization environment that can help achieve and improve the organization’s status. However, there is a possibility where with critical examination, change experts can make the organization’s weaknesses and threats be a part of the opportunities. Wang (2019) state that healthcare management can realize effective opportunity by considering organizational threats and weaknesses as the potential opportunities. From the strategic plan, the main weaknesses include funding management and intensity care variation, while the threats include stakeholders’ failure to cooperate and lack of highly qualified change experts. One way to turn these weaknesses and threats into opportunities is to recognize and acknowledge their availability. The healthcare managers should analyze the healthcare organization situation to foster the creation of an informed market plan. Such acknowledgment helps an organization prepare fully to learn more about the weaknesses and threats and design ways to improve them.
There is always a need to leverage them on other people, to turn them fully into opportunities. Hence, the strategic plan’s weaknesses and threats will help the healthcare organization management restructure its brand value proposition and organizational campaigns to help them receive grants and potential partners that will help fund some of their services. Such steps will help the organization manage to plan on fund allocation and keep aside emergency funds if the potential partners withdraw their funding to maintain the healthcare branches’ sustainability. Also, on matters concerning the variation of care intensity weakness and failure to have a qualified change expert threat, the organization can use it as an opportunity to book for a benchmarking period with an organization that offers similar services and which tends to be more successful. Such opportunities will help learn different techniques to help the organization achieve success in its strategic plan. Hence, despite the weaknesses and threats during the strategic plan, they still pose an opportunity for our healthcare organization to curb the funding and management issues experienced by its branch health centers.
Conclusion
Through the summary of the strategic plan issue and SWOT analysis, it is evident that it is possible to achieve the project’s goals and objectives.
References
Bhaduri, S. D. (2020). United States of America: Health Care System Overview and SWOT Analysis. The Indian Practitioner, 73(9), 46-49.
Elrod, J. K., & Fortenberry, J. L. (2017). Centers of excellence in healthcare institutions: what they are and how to assemble them. BMC health services research, 17(1), 15-24.
Ginter, P. M., Duncan, W. J., & Swayne, L. E. (2018). The strategic management of health care organizations. John Wiley & Sons.
Moseley III, G. B. (2017). Managing health care business strategy. Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Shahid, N., Rappon, T., & Berta, W. (2019). Applications of artificial neural networks in health care organizational decision-making: A scoping review. PloS one, 14(2), e0212356.
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Adolescent Brain
Psychology and Education | Coursework
Instructions
Your textbook details a sequence in which the human brain develops. The limbic system or the seat of emotions and experience of rewards, (p. 344) is said to be completely developed in early adolescence. However, the pre-frontal cortex, also called the judgment region doesn’t finish developing until at least a person is nearly an adult.
We could reasonably suggest that during the adolescent stage, it may be biologically difficult for a person to wrangle their emotions, impulses, and behaviors.
As a medical educator, how would you teach a group of parents about why their adolescent boys and girls are “acting out”?
In approximately 3 pages, create a “fact sheet” in MS Word that includes a chart, images, banners, tables, etc., that explain why adolescent children may be less logical and more emotional in their decision-making. As part of your fact sheet, include ideas on how parents can best support their teenagers during this time
Be sure that you use peer-reviewed research and the textbook to support your 3-page handout.
Writing Requirements (APA format)
Length: 2.5-3 pages (not including title page or references page)
Includes engaging presentation elements (i.e. images, banners, tables)
Attributes proper credit to outside sources (due to the creative nature of this assignment, attribution may look different than it does in a standard essay – that is ok so long as you credit your source in such a way that your audience can easily track down the sources you reference)

Public Health Data Collection and Descriptive Statistics- TOPIC 2 DQ 1
TOPIC 2 DQ 1 PROF QUESTION-
Frequency Distributions- Why are they useful?
Oftentimes it can be difficult to “connect the dots” and see how these concepts are applied in practice. One way frequency distributions are often used are used in public health is to describe a sample, or the participants in a study. We can use frequency distributions to visualize the breakdown of gender, race/ethnicity, income, and many other demographic examples. This helps give us an overview of the participants.
How else do you imagine using frequency distributions in public health?
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Explain the diagnostic criteria for your assigned neurocognitive disorder.
Explain the evidenced-based psychotherapy and psychopharmacologic treatment for your assigned neurocognitive disorder.
Identify the risks of different types of therapy and explain how the benefits of the therapy that might be achieved might outweigh the risks.
Support your rationale with references to the Learning Resources or other academic resource.