Nursing

Public health-655-Mental Health vs Mental Illness/Disorders -Topic 4 DQ 1
DISCUSSION QUESTION INSTRUCTIONS
-The question will be uploaded
– Please refer to the Links uploaded to write this paper
– Sources must be published within the last 5 years. It must be from 2017 and after and appropriate for the paper criteria and public health content.
– Please do not use blogs as references
-References should be in APA 7th ed.
-Please make sure you add the in text citations
NO PLAGARISM
-Add references to reference page
-Add the hyperlink/DOI for each reference in APA 7th edition format.
Thank you
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Solution
Mental health vs. mental disorders
Mental health and mental disorders are correlated terms used in healthcare research to verify the state and level of mental issues worldwide. The two terms differ from each other and have been used differently on so many occasions. Despite the differences, mostly mental health is used frequently by healthcare researchers. This study discusses the differences between the two terms to help public health practitioners like me support our communities efficiently regarding mental issues.
Mental health
Mental health is the state whereby individuals can live with life stressors and manage their daily activities. Individuals take advantage of their capabilities, out-matches them, cope with daily stressors such as workload, financial problems, and work productively to improve their community. Therefore, it is the state whereby individuals recognize their potential abilities and understand life stressors to contribute to their community (Lindert et al.,2017). For instance, individuals might be stressed by their daily work schedule, which could be overwhelming. Instead of feeling vulnerable and remaining startled by the situation, they decide to focus on the positive outcome of their stressful schedule and find alternatives that can best work out for them.
Mental disorders
Mental disorders are clinically significant conditions that involve changes in moods, emotions, feelings, and an individual’s interaction with others. They are mostly associated with the family, workplace, or other life issues. They are influenced by biological, environmental, and psychophysiological factors that make it complicated to manage the condition (Telles-Correia et al.,2018). Mental disorders have impacted people’s lives worldwide (Vaingankar et al.,2020). The number of those suffering from mental disorders increases globally. Mental disorders have no profound treatment but can be controlled through medication and therapies to help individuals cope with their daily activities (Eifert,2019).
Conclusion
Mental health and mental disorders are distinctively related to each other. In one way or another, they advance each other to help public health practitioners better support their communities. For instance, public health practitioners must understand the factors associated with a patient’s mental disorder to prescribe the right treatment management and therapies. Therefore, a thorough background check must be conducted to determine the life stressors. During the treatment management process, a patient can recognize their capabilities and is mostly encouraged to focus on them more as a destruction from the daily routines to enlighten their positive mental health.
References
Eifert, E. K. (2019). Introduction to special issue on mental disorders as a chronic issue. American Journal of Health Education, 50(4), 207-209. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19325037.2019.1621645
Lindert, J., Bilsen, J., & Jakubauskiene, M. (2017). Public mental health. European Journal of Public Health, 27(suppl_4), 32-35. https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article/27/suppl_4/32/4430520?login=true
Telles-Correia, D., Saraiva, S., & Gonçalves, J. (2018). Mental disorder—the need for an accurate definition. Frontiers in psychiatry, 9, 64. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00064/full
Vaingankar, J. A., Chong, S. A., Abdin, E., Kumar, F. D. S., Chua, B. Y., Sambasivam, R., … & Subramaniam, M. (2020). Understanding the relationships between mental disorders, self-reported health outcomes and positive mental health: findings from a national survey. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 18(1), 1-10. https://hqlo.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12955-020-01308-0

Discussion response
Amelia
Scenario 4: A 27-year-old patient with a history of substance abuse is found unresponsive by emergency medical services (EMS) after calling the patient’s roommate. The roommate states that he does not know how long the patient has been lying there. The patient received naloxone in the field and has become responsive. He complains of burning pain over his left hip and forearm. Evaluation in the ED revealed a large amount of necrotic tissue over the greater trochanter and the forearm. EKG demonstrated prolonged PR interval and peaked T waves. Serum potassium level 6.9 mEq/L.
Genetics
The road from drug use to drug addiction is influenced by the environment and certain genetic factors predisposing individuals to addiction. Genetic risk factors for any disease, including substance abuse, can be caused by gene variants, phenotype severity, and gene-gene interactions (Volkow & Muenke, 2012). Included in the genetic risk inherited for addictive tendencies, exposure to both acute and chronic drug use can change synaptic function, neural plasticity, and gene expression in the brain’s reward center (Kim et al, 2017).
Rhabdomyolysis
The process of rapid muscle breakdown from either trauma, medications, genetic illnesses, toxin, or prolonged immobility is known as Rhabdomyolysis (Torres et al., 2015). In this patient’s case, assumptions must be made during the initial evaluation in that the patient responded to medication used to treat drug overdose, and the length of time immobile is unknown.
The process of Rhabdomyolysis starts in the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle. In cases where the likely cause of this illness is prolonged immobility, the process of Rhabdomyolysis begins with a direct injury to skeletal muscle. During this injury, hypoxia to the muscle decreases energy production in the form of ATP. This decrease in energy production impairs cellular permeability in muscle cells, disrupting the sodium-potassium pumps (Mccance & Huether, 2018). This disruption in the sodium-potassium pump then leads to an increase in sodium ions within the affected skeletal muscle cells, driving calcium that follows the sodium ions into the cells. This increase in calcium activates proteolytic enzymes, which in turn destroy the plasma membrane and release cytosolic components, including potassium and other cellular contents (Mccance & Huether, 2018).
This process of Rhabdomyolysis accounts for the necrosis of muscle breakdown found in both the forearm and greater trochanter and the increase in serum potassium levels,hich lead to prolonged PR intervals and peaked T waves (Levis, 2013).
Alternative Causes
Every illness is unique, just like the patients that experience them. Each condition has specific factors that lead an advanced practice provider to certain conclusions regarding a root cause. In this particular case study, assumptions are made initially due to the need for rapid treatment. A detailed patient history, including medical conditions and drug history, both prescription and non-prescription, may change certain factors related to the root cause of the illness. Certain medical conditions, including psychiatric and physical, put patients at risk for prolonged immobilization and increase the need for pain control due to that lack of mobility. Misjudgments in medications for pain control, combined with a prior history or genetic predisposition to substance abuse, then put patients at risk for overdose. The process of the necrosis of muscle tissue can begin with introducing toxins into the body. Whether intentionally or unintentionally, this jumpstart leads to the process of tissue death and increase in serum potassium levels and the observed EKG changes.
References
Kim, H.-D., Call, T., Magazu, S., & Ferguson, D. (2017). Drug addiction and histone code alterations. In Advances in experimental medicine and biology (pp. 127–143). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53889-1_7
Levis, J. (2013). Ecg diagnosis: Hyperkalemia. The Permanente Journal, 17(1), 69–69. https://doi.org/10.7812/tpp/12-088
Mccance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2018). Pathophysiology – e-book: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). Mosby.
Torres, P. A., Helmstetter, J. A., Kaye, A. M., & Kaye, A. D. (2015). Rhabdomyolysis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. The Ochsner journal, 15(1), 58–69.
Volkow, N. D., & Muenke, M. (2012). The genetics of addiction. Human Genetics, 131(6), 773–777. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-012-1173-3
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Solution
Discussion Response: Cellular Processes and the Genetic Environment
Hi Amelia, your discussion post offers an informative analysis. I like that your scenario offers significant demographic information on the patient without violating privacy expectations. The demographic information includes the age of the patient, condition at the time of analysis, chief complaint, and health assessment readings. In addition, I like that you discuss genetics and inheritance in relation to addiction. Most medical conditions and health concerns have a genetic predisposition. Besides that, I like you talk of rhabdomyolysis with a focus on rapid muscle breakdown and necrosis. Additionally, I like that you talk of alternative causes of the symptoms reported by the patient. While your discussion is information, I feel that it can be improved. Firstly, there is a need to link the discussion to the case. For instance, when talking about rhabdomyolysis, there is a need to link the condition to the patient in the scenario, showing how the symptoms and explaining any of the symptoms that do not match (Webb et al., 2016). Secondly, I feel that there is a need for a clear flow in the discussion. The material on genetics talks about addiction while the diagnosis is presented as rhabdomyolysis. There is no clear link between addiction and rhabdomyolysis. It would be more appropriate to discuss genetics in relation to rhabdomyolysis since there is no clear indication of addiction in the patient (Rastegar & Fingerhood, 2020). Thirdly, there is a need to mention specific genes. Generalizing for genes without mentioning specific genes results in a weak argument. For instance, rhabdomyolysis is associated with channelopathies, muscular dystrophies and metabolic myopathies, all genetic conditions that predispose to rhabdomyolysis (Walk, 2017). Overall, I feel that although your discussion is well presented, it could be improved by including the two mentioned points.
References
Rastegar, D., & Fingerhood, M. (Eds.) (2020). The American Society of Addiction Medicine Handbook of Addiction Medicine (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
Walk, D. (Ed.) (2017). Clinical Handbook of Neuromuscular Medicine. Springer.
Webb, A., Angus, D., Finfer, S., Gattioni, L., & Singer, M. (2016). Oxford Textbook of Critical Care (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
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Leadership and management PO
Week 3 Final Project Topic and Literature Review Related to Topic
References should be five years or less since publication and be listed in the current APA Style. No Blog sites, WIKI, or another school of nursing references, please. The Final Project may be presented in your choice from the following: Pamphlet.
Topic : Nurse managers must work with staff to foster respect of different lifestyles. As a future manager, how can you provide culture-centered leadership to influence your team members and care for a culturally diverse patient population? Please incorporate concepts of cultural humility, sensitivity, or competence and one cultural theory into your response.
Week 6 Final Project Outline
Based on the selected topic, provide an outline of your proposed final project with all requirements listed below:
The outline can be presented in a bullet point, numbered, or lettered format. Please include the method of delivery, intended audience, introduction, main body, conclusion, and the three references- to include any updated resources based on your findings since week 3.
Rubrics:
Final Project Outline: Outline presented includes the method of delivery, a substantial overview of introduction, main body and conclusion with three references in correct APA formatting.
APA formatting: All three articles listed are in the correct APA format, no errors noted. Articles are published within the past 5 years.
WEEK 9 Leadership Project:
Upload your completed final project here with references and detailed speaker notes. Pamphlet, you can attach a separate speaker what you would be saying to your intended audience. Refer to Week 3 Final Project for the topics you can choose from.
Suggested formatting for three available modes of Final Project Presentations:
• Pamphlet- These are a great educational tool for an audience, it is reader friendly and provides a bulk of information in a small space. From the chosen topic, respond in detail, addressing each question or main point. The pamphlet should be professional, include images, broken down into three columns. Three references listed within past five years listed in Current APA Style.
Rubrics:
Critical Analysis: Communicates purpose of project with superior understanding of material, shows insight and engages patients or reader. Style is appropriate for intended audience. Presents an exemplary articulation and insightful analysis of significant concepts and/or theories presented for the chosen topic. Ideas are professionally sound and creative; they are supported by scientific evidence that is credible and timely.
Content: Offers detailed and specific examples to educate on the chosen topic. Includes a minimum of five tips for preventive care for the patient. Includes information that should be shared with family or caregivers. Includes local resources in the community that might be available. Includes at least three references.
Mechanics: Information is well organized and clearly communicated. Assignment is free of spelling and grammatical errors.
APA Format: Follows all the requirements related to format, length, source citations, and layout.
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Solution
One of the theories that can be utilized to understand the importance of cultural diversity in the workplace is the social cognitive theory. The social cognitive theory suggests that individuals will use categorization in the way of coping with a large amount of information and simplifying their worldview (Abdullah, 2019). The different categorizations include easily visible characteristics such as sex, age, race, or gender. Therefore when an individual sees a person of a particular race, they may process certain behaviors related to that even when such believes or characteristics are not visible to the given individual. This is therefore referred to as stereotyping. Stereotypes are therefore related to categorization and overgeneralization of characteristics of large groups of people.

Health Outcome – nursing
How is data used to evaluate health outcomes within your work environment and at the national level? Provide an example for both.
Must be related to Emergency Room
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Solution
Data in Healthcare
Data in healthcare organizations is crucial in maintaining quality care and patient satisfaction (Shah, 2019). Health organizations need to evaluate their health outcomes. The main aim is to ensure patient safety and quality management of the facilities in reducing disease, mortality, and morbidity rates among patients. The data recorded at the patient level, organization, and departmental levels are essential in making decisions for future references. This study discusses how data is used to evaluate health outcomes at the emergency room and national level.
Data Used at the Emergency Room
The emergency room is mainly affected by the issue of overcrowding that slows the patients’ treatments. Most emergency rooms are faced with a shortage of staff and emergency beds. Therefore, the health organization needs to evaluate health outcomes in this department. Data is retrieved from patients, their medication, number of admission days, and the beds. For example, information collected at the emergency room is used to make decisions that can help the hospital manage the number of patients and reduce unnecessary readmissions to get space to admit the most critical patients.
Data used at the National Level
Data is used at the national level to assess health outcomes to manage ultimate quality care nationally (Tinker, 2018). Data is retrieved from various hospitals that focus on similar departments. Information is collected from patients, processes, techniques the hospitals are using, the tools, and the duration most admitted patients take regularly. The data is then compared, analyzed and the results are used to make appropriate decisions that can help the nation improve healthcare. For example, data is collected on five psychiatric hospitals. Their information will be compared against each other based on the factors that will be identified. Once the final data is analyzed, the nation will make decisions that can help solve the problems raised by the hospitals to manage quality services. Health outcomes also help patients make decisions regarding their wellbeing. They decide if the healthcare services benefit them; if not, they divert to those facilities that provide quality care and improve their wellbeing.
References
Shah, A. (2019). Using data for improvement. Bmj, 364. https://www.bmj.com/content/364/bmj.l189.full
Tinker, A. (2018). The Top Seven Healthcare Outcome Measures and Three Measurement Essentials. https://www.healthcatalyst.com/insights/top-7-healthcare-outcome-measures/

Assignment
How does the registered nurse use guided research in the clinical setting?
Explore your clinical site and relate one quality improvement (QI) study currently being analyzed. What is benchmarked in the study? What role does the nurse play in the QI study?
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Solution
Assignment
How does the registered nurse use guided research in the clinical setting?
The registered nurse utilizes guided research in the clinical setting to follow laid-out quality standards that guarantee patients the best outcomes. By following guided research, registered nurses can therefore be able to guarantee their patients quality outcomes. Utilizing guided research, a registered nurse is able to make the right clinical decisions and avoid issues such as medical errors (Li et al., 2019). For instance, there’s a high probability that a patient may get misidentified in a healthcare facility that does not use identifiers. On the other hand, the guided research that advocates for the use of two identifiers before providing care, performing a procedure, or administering medication to a patient can play a significant role in helping to prevent the misidentification of a patient. Guided research helps registered nurses to adhere to certain standards of practice that guarantee the best outcomes for patients (Li et al., 2019).
Explore your clinical site and relate one quality improvement (QI) study currently being analyzed. What is benchmarked in the study? What role does the nurse play in the QI study?
The quality improvement study that is currently being analyzed in my clinical site of an emergency department is the use of an effective emergency triage system. According to Zachariasse et al. (2019), an effective emergency triage system should prioritize both nontrauma and trauma patients according to their level of acuity and also consider the resource availability and the local disease burden. The role of the nurse in the quality improvement initiative involving the use of an effective emergency triage system, being actively involved in the completion of triage forms, and attending to patients in the emergency department. The quality improvement study involving the use of an effective emergency triage system is therefore benchmarking the under triage rate in the emergency department. According to Zachariasse et al. (2019), an under-triage rate that exceeds 5% will result in significant patient safety concerns.
References
Li, S., Cao, M., & Zhu, X. (2019). Evidence-based practice. Medicine, 98(39), e17209. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000017209
Zachariasse, J. M., van der Hagen, V., Seiger, N., Mackway-Jones, K., van Veen, M., & Moll, H. A. (2019). Performance of triage systems in emergency care: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 9(5), e026471. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026471

Ethical Dilemma Paper
Ethical Dilemma using Technology
This week you will use the ethical dilemma provided (Telemedicine) and apply the Ethical Decision-Making Model from the text. Information presented will also focus on the application to your role as an administrator and the implications to nursing practice. This assignment will require thoughtful reflection.
Topic: Telemedicine
Instructions:
Review the grading rubric BEFORE continuing with the assignment.
Refer to the Ethical Model for Decision-Making on pages 95-97 (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2022).
Reviewthe literature and cite a minimum of 3 journal articles. Additional references may include the course textbooks and websites from the list of Informatics websites provided in the Resources.
Submit a written paper and include a cover page and a reference page (Use APA format)
Use headings noted below
Maximum 1000 words not including the cover page and reference page. Refer to the rubric for additional information.
The written assignment should include the following headings and content:
An introductory paragraph (following the title of the paper)
Examine the Ethical Dilemma: What is the purpose for choosing this topic? Describe the background for this ethical issue related to nursing informatics.
Literature Review: Search the literature for possible alternatives. Provide a summary of the literature review, identifying at least 2 alternatives of the ethical issue as it relates to nursing informatics. Hypothesize ethical arguments-What are the pros and cons for the alternatives?
Implication to Nursing Practice and Informatics:Investigate, compare, and evaluate the arguments for each alternative. Discuss the implications of the ethical issue and the identified alternatives to nursing practice and informatics.
Application: Choose the alternative you would recommend. Discuss why you chose this alternative and how the alternative applies to your role as a nurse leader/nurse educator.
Formulate the Plan:Describe the plan for the alternative you chose and how the plan would be implemented?
Conclusion
Examine the Ethical Issue (15pts) 1. Background of the ethical issue related to technology.
15 to >11.0 pts
Accomplished
• Clearly describes the background of the ethical issue related to technology in detail
11 to >9.0 pts
Intermediate
• Vague description of the background providing some information of the ethical issue related to technology
9 to >0 pts
Novice
• Background information not related to the ethical issue or technology
15 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
Literature Review and Summary of the Ethical Issue(s) (20 pts) • Search the literature for possible alternatives. • Provide a summary of the literature review, identifying at least 2 alternatives of the ethical issue as it relates to technology. • Hypothesize ethical arguments-What are the pros and cons for the alternatives?
20 to >15.0 pts
Accomplished
• Presents an insightful and thorough analysis of the ethical issue related to technology • Uses problem-solving and critical thinking skills and identifies 2 alternatives of the ethical issue as it relates to technology • Excellent research into the issues with clearly documented references relevant to the topic
15 to >9.0 pts
Intermediate
• Presents a thorough analysis of the ethical issue • Uses problem-solving and critical thinking skills and identifies 1 alternative of the ethical issue as it relates to technology • Good research into the issues with documented relevance to the topic
9 to >0 pts
Novice
• Presents a superficial or incomplete analysis of the ethical issue • Uses limited problem-solving and critical thinking skills without identifying an alternative of the ethical issue • Limited research and documented relevance to the topic
20 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Implications of the Ethical Issue to Nursing Practice and Informatics (20 pts) • Discuss the implications of the ethical issue and the identified alternatives to nursing practice and informatics
20 to >15.0 pts
Accomplished
• Clearly describes the implications of the ethical issue to nursing practice and informatics • Presents a detailed, insightful and thorough discussion
15 to >9.0 pts
Intermediate
• Presents a thorough analysis of most of the identified issues/problems • Information not clearly explained
9 to >0 pts
Novice
• Presents a superficial or incomplete analysis of some of the identified issues • Missing relevant details
20 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Application (15 pts) Choose the alternative you would recommend. Discuss why you chose this alternative and how the alternative applies to your role as a nurse leader/nurse educator.
15 to >11.0 pts
Accomplished
• Clearly describes in detail, why and how this ethical issue applies to your role
11 to >9.0 pts
Intermediate
• How and why this ethical issue applies to your role is not clearly defined
9 to >0 pts
Novice
• Missing how or why the ethical issue applies to your role
15 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Formulate the Plan (10 pts) Act on your chosen alternative-Describe the plan and how the plan would be implemented?
10 to >8.0 pts
Accomplished
• Presents a detailed, insightful and thorough plan for implementation
8 to >6.0 pts
Acceptable
• Plan for implementation not clearly explained
6 to >0 pts
Novice
• Missing relevant details of the plan for implementation
10 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Searching the Literature (10 pts) • Journal articles are within the last 5 years • Course textbooks and informatics websites may be used as additional resources
10 to >8.0 pts
Accomplished
•At least 3 journal articles are cited
8 to >6.0 pts
Acceptable
• At least 2 journal articles are cited
6 to >0 pts
Novice
• At least 1 journal articles is cited or none
10 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Writing and APA including: (10 pts) 1. Writing is clear, objective, formal, and professional 2. Correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation 3. Use APA format for written assignment including an introduction and a conclusion 4. Cover page according to APA format. 5. Reference page according to APA format.
10 to >8.0 pts
Accomplished
• Complete formatting and writing • APA with 1 or fewer errors.
8 to >6.0 pts
Proficient
• 2-3 formatting, writing or APA errors
6 to >0 pts
Not Acceptable
• More than 5 formatting, writing or APA errors
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Solution
Ethical Dilemma: Telemedicine
Introduction
In the present time, the utilization of telemedicine has increased significantly, especially since the onset of the COVID19 pandemic. According to McGonigle & Mastrian (2021), telemedicine is the practice of medicine that relies on technology to deliver care to patients at a distance. A healthcare practitioner in one location relies on telecommunication devices and infrastructure to deliver care to a patient at a distant location. The practice of telemedicine leads to the emergence of numerous ethical dilemmas in the delivery of health care services, such as the influence on the patient-provider relationships and the confidentiality and privacy of patients. This paper will examine the ethical dilemmas associated with the practice of telemedicine, explore the literature related to such ethical dilemmas and finally highlight the implications of the ethical dilemmas related to the use of telemedicine to nursing practice and informatics.
Examine the Ethical Dilemma
With the increased use of telemedicine in the current times, it is important for healthcare practitioners to understand the ethical dilemmas that might arise with the use of such technology. Understanding medical dilemmas related to telemedicine can help healthcare practitioners to adopt the right strategies to mitigate ethical issues related to the use of telemedicine technology in reaching patients (Kichloo et al., 2020).
Relating to the use of telemedicine technology to attend to patients, the ethical dilemma that emerges relates to the interference of the patient-provider relationship and the privacy and confidentiality of patients. The use of telemedicine has a significant impact on the patient-provider relationship, which is the foundation of all treatment therapies. By relying on telecommunication devices and not being in physical contact with patients, health care practitioners might fail to establish an effective patient-provider relationship which can have a significant negative impact on patient outcomes (Moghbeli et al., 2017). The use of telemedicine technology can therefore interfere with the physical evaluation of a patient and make healthcare practitioners miss out on important details, which can subsequently contribute to poor outcomes among patients. The use of telemedicine technology to reach patients can result in health care practitioners not following the ethical principles of beneficence and nonmaleficence, which are central to the therapeutic relationship between a healthcare practitioner and a patient (Moghbeli et al., 2017).
The use of telemedicine to reach distant patients also raises an ethical dilemma related to the privacy and confidentiality of patients. The telecommunication infrastructure used in telemedicine has numerous security issues that can contribute to access of private patient information to third parties either on the physician side or on the patient side (Nittari et al., 2020).
Literature Review
According to Keenan et al. (2021), considering the main ethical issues related to the use of telemedicine which includes the privacy and confidentiality of patients and the weakening of the patient-provider relationship, different alternatives can be adopted to try and address these ethical issues. One of the strategies that can help to address the ethical issues related to poor patient-provider relationships in the use of telemedicine is enhancing the communication between a patient and a healthcare practitioner. Healthcare practitioners should utilize multimedia formats of communication such as messages, calls, videos, and images to try to enhance communication in telemedicine interactions which can significantly boost patient-provider relationships. Relying on multimedia forms of communication, including written, spoken, and other media forms such as images and video, can help significantly to improve the communication between healthcare providers and patients. This can resolve the ethical issue related to are patient-provider relationship which eventually contributes to the breaking of the ethical principles of beneficence and nonmaleficence (Keenan et al., 2021).
According to Nittari et al. (2020), the adoption of security procedures such as two-factor authentication and strong passwords can also go a long way in solving ethical issues related to patient privacy and confidentiality in the use of telemedicine. By providing guidelines such as relying on two-factor authentication and strong password to secure the different devices used in telemedicine, both physicians and patients can be able to avoid any security breaches that can interfere with the privacy and confidentiality of patients (Nittari et al., 2020).
Relying on multimedia formats to enhance the communication between patients and providers in the use of telemedicine technology can significantly benefit patients by enhancing the patient-provider relationship, which is vital to the therapeutic relationships and also ensuring the preservation of the principle of beneficence and nonmaleficence in the healthcare relationship (Moghbeli et al., 2017). On the other hand, the utilization of multimedia formats in telemedicine in a bid to enhance the patient-provider relationship can be time-consuming. The implementation of security strategies such as Two Factor authentication in the use of strong passwords to protect the privacy and confidentiality of both patients and healthcare providers during the use of telemedicine can have significant benefits of denying access to private patient information by any third parties. On the other hand, the adoption of a security strategy would require resources to sensitize both patients and physicians on the importance of different security measures in preserving patient privacy and confidentiality (Nittari et al., 2020).
The implication to Nursing Practice and Informatics
The two of the main ethical dilemma issues that emerged with the increased use of telemedicine in health care delivery include the weakening of the patient-provider relationship and the risk related to the privacy and confidentiality of patients during the use of telemedicine technology. In nursing practice, the establishment of an effective patient-provider relationship is central to assuring the patients of the best outcomes. When using telemedicine technology, nurses should rely on multimedia format of media such as audiovisual and written to effectively communicate with patients and form sufficient patient-provider relationships that can guarantee patients of the best outcomes through the principles of beneficence and nonmaleficence (Keenan et al., 2021). Assuring patients of privacy and confidentiality is also important in the use of telemedicine. By relying on security measures such as two-factor authentication and strong passwords, nurses can ensure that patient information and interactions that occur through the use of telemedicine technology are secure and cannot be addressed by any third parties. Avoiding security breaches in telemedicine technology can also help to improve the utilization of such technology among patient populations (Keenan et al., 2021).
Application
In the use of telemedicine, the alternative I would recommend to resolve ethical issues related to the technology is the enhancement of better security measures such as two-factor authentication and strong password to protect the privacy and security of both patients and healthcare practitioners. Nurse leaders should therefore be at the forefront of sensitizing their teams and implementing measures to enhance privacy and confidentiality in telemedicine platforms.
Formulate the Plan
In a healthcare facility, the plan to promote privacy and confidentiality in the use of telemedicine technology could include educating both patients and health care providers on ways to improve security in the use of such technology. Healthcare practitioners and patients would therefore be taught strategies such as two-factor authentication and the use of strong passwords in telemedicine technology to boost security and confidentiality.
Conclusion
In summary, the practice of telemedicine leads to the emergence of numerous ethical dilemmas in the delivery of health care services, such as the influence on the patient-provider relationships and the confidentiality and privacy of patients. Nurse leaders need to formulate effective strategies for dealing with the ethical dilemmas in the use of telemedicine technology, such as adopting strategies to boost the security and privacy of patients and enhancing communication to boost the patient-provider relationships.
References
Keenan, A. J., Tsourtos, G., & Tieman, J. (2021). The Value of Applying Ethical Principles in Telehealth Practices: Systematic Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(3), e25698. https://doi.org/10.2196/25698
Kichloo, A., Albosta, M., Dettloff, K., Wani, F., El-Amir, Z., Singh, J., Aljadah, M., Chakinala, R. C., Kanugula, A. K., Solanki, S., & Chugh, S. (2020). Telemedicine, the current COVID-19 pandemic, and the future: a narrative review and perspectives moving forward in the USA. Family Medicine and Community Health, 8(3), e000530. https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2020-000530
McGonigle, D., & Mastrian, K. (2021). Nursing Informatics and the Foundation of Knowledge (5th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Moghbeli, F., Langarizadeh, M., & Ali, A. (2017). Application of Ethics for Providing Telemedicine Services and Information Technology. Medical Archives, 71(5), 351. https://doi.org/10.5455/medarh.2017.71.351-355
Nittari, G., Khuman, R., Baldoni, S., Pallotta, G., Battineni, G., Sirignano, A., Amenta, F., & Ricci, G. (2020). Telemedicine Practice: Review of the Current Ethical and Legal Challenges. Telemedicine and E-Health, 26(12), 1427–1437. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2019.0158

Discussion: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder-WK564N
It is estimated that more than 6% of the U.S. population will experience posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in their lifetime (National Center for PTSD, 2010). This debilitating disorder often interferes with an individual’s ability to function in daily life. Common symptoms of anxiousness and depression frequently lead to substance abuse issues and even physical ailments. For this Discussion, as you examine the Thompson Family Case Study in this week’s Learning Resources, consider how you might assess and treat clients presenting with PTSD.
Learning Objectives
Students will:
• Assess clients presenting with posttraumatic stress disorder
• Analyze therapeutic approaches for treating clients presenting with posttraumatic stress disorder
• Evaluate outcomes for clients with posttraumatic stress disorder
To prepare:
• Review this week’s Learning Resources and reflect on the insights they provide.
• View the media Academic Year in Residence: Thompson Family Case Study, and assess the client in the case study.
• For guidance on assessing the client, refer to pages 137–142 of the Wheeler text in this week’s Learning Resources.
Note: To complete this Discussion, you must assess the client, but you are not required to submit a formal Comprehensive Client Assessment.
QUESTION
Post an explanation of your observations of the client William in Thompson Family Case Study, including behaviors that align to the PTSD criteria in DSM-5.
Then, explain therapeutic approaches you might use with this client, including psychotropic medications if appropriate.
Finally, explain expected outcomes for the client based on these therapeutic approaches. Support your approach with evidence-based literature.
NOTE
ALL REFERENCES SHOULD BE 5 YRS OR LESS AND INCLUDE THE TEXTBOOK BY WHEELER AS PART OF YOUR REFERENCES

Develop a 3-page paper, written to your organization’s leadership team, addressing nursing staffing shortages and how it is impacting your intensive care unit in your hospital. Identify and review two scholarly resources that focus on change strategies implemented by healthcare organizations to address the nursing staffing shortage. Write a white paper to your organization’s leadership that addresses nursing staffing shortages. Describe the nursing staffing shortage and its impact on your hospital’s critical care unit. Use organizational data to quantify the impact (if necessary, seek assistance from leadership or appropriate stakeholders in your organization). Provide a brief summary of the two articles you reviewed from scholarly resources on nursing staffing shortages. Explain how the nursing staffing shortage is being addressed in other organizations. Summarize the strategies used to address the organizational impact of the nursing staffing shortage presented in the scholarly resources you selected. Explain how they may impact your hospital and critical care unit both positively and negatively. Be specific and provide examples.
Use only references from the year 2016 to 2021, and include both these references in your paper:
1. Broome, M., & Marshall, E. S. (2021). Transformational leadership in nursing: From expert clinician to influential leader (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Springer.
Chapter 2, “Transformational Leadership: Complexity, Change, and Strategic Planning” (pp. 34–62)
Chapter 3, “Current Challenges in Complex Health Care Organizations and the Quadruple Aim” (pp. 66–97)
2. Jacobs, Barbara, MSN, NEA-BC, RN-BC, CCRN-K, McGovern, Julie, MA, SPHR, Heinmiller, Jamie, et al. (2018). Engaging Employees in Well-Being: Moving From the Triple Aim to the Quadruple Aim. Nursing Administration Quarterly, 42, 231-245. https://doi.org/10.1097/NAQ.0000000000000303
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Solution
Analysis of a Pertinent Healthcare Issue: Nursing Staffing Shortage
Nurse staffing shortage is a significant problem facing the healthcare sector in the United States. According to Haddad et al. (2020), registered nurses constitute the country’s largest group of medical professionals. However, the U.S. continues to register an increase in the vacancy gap for registered nurses. Approximately 7.2% more registered nurses are currently provided to provide patent care in various healthcare settings across the country (Haddad et al., 2020). Nursing staffing shortage is associated with multiple factors, including high turnover, lack of potential educators, aging population, aging workforce, and inequitable distribution of workforce in the healthcare sector. Hence, nurse staffing shortage is likely to worsen due to the anticipated increase in the aging population in the United States in the future. Therefore, state and federal governments should strive to address nurse staffing shortages to prevent this clinical issue’s adverse outcomes. This paper presents nursing staffing shortage and its effect on the hospital’s critical care unit, a summary of articles on nursing staffing shortages, strategies for addressing nursing staffing shortage in other organizations, strategies for addressing the effects of nursing staffing shortage on the organization, and positive and negative impacts of the selected strategy on the healthcare organization and critical care unit.
Nursing Staffing Shortage and its Effect on the Hospital’s Critical Care Unit
Nurse staffing shortage is a major clinical issue facing our hospital, especially the critical care unit. Nurses form the largest group of medical professionals involved in providing direct care to critically-ill patients in the critical care unit in the hospitals. The quality and safety of patient care in the ICU depends on nursing staff performance. Thus, nursing shortage in the urgent care unit leads to adverse outcomes, particularly a high rate of patient falls. The critical care unit records approximately 4.00 falls/1000 patient days. This rate is three times higher than the national benchmark for patient falls in the Intensive Care Unit, 1.30 falls/1,000 patient days (Venema et al., 2019). The high rate of patient fall is associated with inadequate nurse practitioners to provide bedside care to critically-ill patients. According to LeLaurin & Shorr (2019), bedside care is a quality improvement project strategy for preventing patient fall in the critical care unit.
A Brief Summary of Articles on Nursing Staffing Shortages
The first article, which was authored by Mar? et al. (2019), focuses on the impact of local and global policies on the nursing shortage. The authors portray the nursing shortage as multifaceted that can only be addressed through global and local measures. The study findings recommend a nursing policy that supports incorporating national social security agendas into nursing practices. This program would improve nurses’ employment and working conditions, regulate nurses’ salaries, and facilitate lifelong learning for nurse practitioners. These measures would lead to nurses’ job satisfaction and a high retention rate, thus resolving the nursing shortage in healthcare organizations.
The second study was conducted by Tamata et al. (2021) to evaluate the perception of registered nurses perception of the factors contributing to the nursing shortage in public hospitals. The study findings indicate that nurse shortage is associated with high work overload and long working hours, resulting in work-related stress and burnout, making nurses quit their jobs.
Strategies for Addressing Nursing Staffing Shortage in other Organizations
Other healthcare organizations are also facing nurse staffing shortages. These organizations are using different strategies to address this clinical issue to improve the quality and safety of patient care to achieve positive health outcomes. The first strategy involves giving higher wages to registered nurses (RNs). RNs are motivated to continue working in healthcare organizations with higher pay than other industry players. Another strategy adopted by other organizations includes hiring foreign nurse practitioners to provide patient care in various departments depending on their specialization.
Strategies for Addressing Nursing Staffing Shortage Effects in the Organization
Strategies for addressing nurses in the selected articles can be used to resolve the effects of the nurse staffing shortage in the organization. The organization’s nurse staffing shortage has resulted in high morbidity, and mortality rates and increased inpatient falls in the critical care unit. These adverse health outcomes can be resolved by improving nurses’ employment and working conditions, increasing nurses’ salaries, supporting lifelong learning for nurse practitioners. The management should also provide nurses with the essential support to enable them to cope with work-related stress, which is the primary cause of the high rate of nurse turnover leading to nurse shortages (Broome & Marshall, 2021). Additionally, leaders should engage nurses in making significant decisions, especially those affecting them, to motivate them to continue working in the organization (Jacob et al., 2018).
Positive and Negative impacts of the Selected Strategies on the Healthcare Organization and Critical Care Unit
The proposed strategies will impact the healthcare organization and critical care unit positively. Appropriate nurse staffing will enable nurses to provide quality and safe patient care, including bedside care, thus reducing the high rate of patient falls reported in the critical care unit. On the other hand, the proposed measures, such as improving nurses’ employment and working conditions, increasing nurses’ salaries, and supporting lifelong learning for nurse practitioners, will significantly increase the overall operational cost.
Overall, nurse staffing shortage is a significant issue facing healthcare organizations, particularly the critical care unit. Many patients falls are reported in this department due to the lack of adequate registered nurses to provide bedside care to the patients. Hence, the organization should adopt various evidence-based measures, such as improving nurses’ employment and working conditions, increasing nurses’ salaries, supporting lifelong learning for nurse practitioners to resolve nurse shortage, thus improving the quality and safety of patient care in critical care unit.
References
Broome, M., & Marshall, E. S. (2021). Transformational leadership in nursing: From expert clinician to influential leader (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Springer.
Haddad, L, M, Annamaraju, P, Toney-Butler, T, J. (2020). Nursing Shortage. [Updated 2020 Dec 14]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493175/
Jacobs, Barbara, MSN, NEA-BC, RN-BC, CCRN-K, McGovern, Julie, MA, SPHR, Heinmiller, Jamie, et al. (2018). Engaging Employees in Well-Being: Moving From the Triple Aim to the Quadruple Aim. Nursing Administration Quarterly, 42, 231-245. https://doi.org/10.1097/NAQ.000000000000030
LeLaurin, J. H., & Shorr, R. I. (2019). Preventing falls in hospitalized patients: state of the science. Clinics in geriatric medicine, 35(2), 273-283.
Mar?, M., Bartosiewicz, A., Burzy?ska, J., Chmiel, Z., & Januszewicz, P. (2019). A nursing shortage–a prospect of global and local policies. International nursing review, 66(1), 9-16.
Tamata, A. T., Mohammadnezhad, M., & Tamani, L. (2021). Registered nurses’ perceptions on the factors affecting nursing shortage in the Republic of Vanuatu Hospitals: A qualitative study. Plos one, 16(5), e0251890.
Venema, D. M., Skinner, A. M., Nailon, R., Conley, D., High, R., & Jones, K. J. (2019). Patient and system factors associated with unassisted and injurious falls in hospitals: an observational study. BMC geriatrics, 19(1), 1-10.

Please this assignment should be written by writer 1307
References can not be older than 5 years
Assignment 1: “Captain of the Ship” Project – Bipolar Disorders
Select an adult or older adult client with a bipolar disorder that you have seen in your practicum.
In 3-4 pages, write a treatment plan for your client. In which you do the following:
Describe the HPI and clinical impression for the client.
Recommend psychopharmacologic treatments and describe specific and therapeutic end points for your psychopharmacologic agent. (This should relate to HPI and clinical impression.).
Recommend psychotherapy choices (individual, family, and group) and specific therapeutic endpoints for your choices.
Identify medical management needs, including primary care needs, specific to this client.
Identify community support resources (housing, socioeconomic needs, etc.) and community agencies that are available to assist the client.
Recommend a plan for follow-up intensity and frequency and collaboration with other providers.

Assignment 1: Lab Assignment: Differential Diagnosis for Skin Conditions
Properly identifying the cause and type of a patient’s skin condition involves a process of elimination known as differential diagnosis. Using this process, a health professional can take a given set of physical abnormalities, vital signs, health assessment findings, and patient descriptions of symptoms, and incrementally narrow them down until one diagnosis is determined as the most likely cause.
In this Lab Assignment, you will examine several visual representations of various skin conditions, describe your observations, and use the techniques of differential diagnosis to determine the most likely condition.
To Prepare
Review the Skin Conditions document provided in this week’s Learning Resources, and select one condition to closely examine for this Lab Assignment.
Consider the abnormal physical characteristics you observe in the graphic you selected. How would you describe the characteristics using clinical terminologies?
Explore different conditions that could be the cause of the skin abnormalities in the graphics you selected.
Consider which of the conditions is most likely to be the correct diagnosis, and why.
Search the Walden library for one evidence-based practice, peer-reviewed article based on the skin condition you chose for this Lab Assignment.
Review the Comprehensive SOAP Exemplar found in this week’s Learning Resources to guide you as you prepare your SOAP note.
Download the SOAP Template found in this week’s Learning Resources, and use this template to complete this Lab Assignment.
The Lab Assignment
Choose one skin condition graphic (identify by number in your Chief Complaint) to document your assignment in the SOAP (Subjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plan) note format rather than the traditional narrative style. Refer to Chapter 2 of the Sullivan text and the Comprehensive SOAP Template in this week’s Learning Resources for guidance. Remember that not all comprehensive SOAP data are included in every patient case.
Use clinical terminologies to explain the physical characteristics featured in the graphic. Formulate a differential diagnosis of three to five possible conditions for the skin graphic that you chose. Determine which is most likely to be the correct diagnosis and explain your reasoning using at least three different references, one reference from current evidence-based literature from your search and two different references from this week’s Learning Resources.
week’s Learning Resources
http://www.skinsight.com/professionals
Dains, J. E., Baumann, L. C., & Scheibel, P. (2019). Advanced health assessment and clinical diagnosis in primary care (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby.
Chapter 28 Rashes and skin lesions see attached documents
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Solution
WEEK 4 Assignment 1: Differential Diagnosis for Skin Conditions
The purpose of this SOAP note is to describe various skin condition presentations, focusing on a particular example given. It will use medical terminologies to describe the skin condition given and provide a more probable diagnosis based on the appearance (Bnedetti, 2019). The SOAP note will also suggest differential diagnoses for the same skin condition, which can be eliminated based on the clinical presentations of the condition to reach the definitive diagnosis.
Skin Condition Picture 3
Week 4
Skin Comprehensive SOAP Note Template
Patient Initials: _JM______ Age: __29____ Gender: ___M___
SUBJECTIVE DATA:
Chief Complaint (CC): “I have been having this itchy rash on my beard for 2 weeks”
History of Present Illness (HPI): JM is a 29-year-old white male who presented at the emergency department alone and walking unsupported with a complaint of an itchy red rash on his beard that started about 2 weeks ago. He explains that when it started, he did not think but was serious because it was just a simple itch without any rash or pain. He only got worried when the rash did not go away and he developed painful blisters. The rash is located on the right side of his chin and has red swollen blisters with watery secretions. It is associated with partial hair loss on the affected area. The itch is relieved by scratching but he says this makes the pain worse by rupturing the blisters. There are no other associated symptoms and the pain is equal at all times and has no variations.
He reports that he has been using OTC paracetamol for the pain and applying petroleum jelly on the area. These helped a little with the itch.
Medications: Paracetamol 500 mg TID
Allergies: Allergic to penicillin medication, gives him skin rash and swelling
Past Medical History (PMH):
Childhood asthma that resolved at age 10 years
Past Surgical History (PSH):
No past surgeries
Sexual/Reproductive History:
He identifies as a heterosexual male, not married but he is in a committed relationship with his girlfriend of 4 years. The have a son together and are planning to get married soon.
Personal/Social History: JM is a 29-year-old male patient. He is a lawyer and works at local law firm. He is not married yet but has a girlfriend and son. He says he does not smoke tobacco/ cigarettes. He however drinks beer occasionally when he goes for parties. He takes about three beers per party. He denies use of illicit drugs. Patient says he is a Catholic but only attends church on special occasions like Christmas.
Health Maintenance:
He is an active member of a local gym where he exercises thrice a week. He also jogs every morning before work. He lives with his girlfriend and son in a supportive neighborhood. He has annual dentist appointments.
Immunization History: He reports having received all this childhood vaccinations as recommended, and takes the seasonal flu shot.
He recently received COVID-19 vaccines, all doses as recommended.
Significant Family History:
Mother 58 years has diabetes type 2.
No history of other chronic illnesses in the family.
REVIEW OF SYSTEMS:
General: reports no fever, fatigue, or recent trauma. He also reports no recent changes in appetite, diet, or weight.
HEENT:
He reports no headaches, no dizziness, no changes in vision, no tinnitus, no sore throat, no bleeding gums, no difficulty or painful swallowing, no ear discharges, no blood
Respiratory:
The patient denies difficulty breathing or breathlessness with any activity. Reports no cough, no wheezing. No history of exposure to smoke.
Cardiovascular/Peripheral Vascular:
Patient denies having palpitations, no shortness of breath with activities, and no chest pains.
Gastrointestinal:
He denies diarrhea, nausea, or vomiting. He reports good bowel movements, no constipation.
Genitourinary:
Patient denies pain associated with urination, he also reports clear urine, no blood. No urgency or increased urination frequency. Denies terminal hesitancy or dribbling of micturition. No abnormal urethral discharge.
Musculoskeletal:
He denies pain or swelling in joints and muscles in both the lower and upper extremities. The patient states that he can easily play ball with his 2-year-old son without any difficulties.
Neurological:
He denies having headaches or dizzy spells. No memory loss. Denies abnormal/involuntary movements. No numbness or tingling sensations in extremities or face.
Psychiatric:
Patient denies any extreme emotional distress. He reports no auditory or visual disturbances and no feeling of self-harm.
Skin/hair/nails:
Patient complains of a big-blistered rash on his left beard. The rash is painful and oozes a clear foul-less fluid. He also reports hair loss in patches on the affected area.
He reports no change on the nails such as abnormal discoloration. He reports no other skin changes in any parts of the body.
OBJECTIVE DATA:
Physical Exam:
Vital signs: Temperature 98.6 (37C), PR 98 beats/min, RR 20 breaths/min and strong, O2 Sat 100% on room air, BP 125/78 mmHg
General: Patient is A & O, in fair general condition, well-groomed, and dressed appropriately according to the weather.
HEENT: Head is normal size, no masses, no lesions, no scars, good hair distribution throughout the scalp, no rashes, and no tenderness on palpation.
Neck: Trachea is midline. No masses, no lumps, or edema. No lymphadenopathy. No distended vessels.
Chest/Lungs: On inspection, the chest rises symmetrically with respiration, no masses, no lesions, no gynecomastia. No surgical/traumatic scars. The chest is resonant to percussion throughout. Normal vesicular breath sounds were heard on auscultation, no added breath sounds.
Heart/Peripheral Vascular: Apex beat felt on palpation, S1 and S2 heard. No murmurs, rubs, or gallops.
Abdomen: Abdomen is of normal fullness, no distension and moves with respiration. No lesions of obvious swelling, and no scars seen. The umbilicus is inverted. No tenderness on light palpation. On deep palpation, no masses, no organomegaly felt. Bowel sounds present on all 4 quadrants, no bruits.
Genital/Rectal: The patient reports that he does not have any issues with the genital. He refused thorough examination.
Musculoskeletal: No edema/swelling in upper and lower extremities. He can differentiate sharp, light, and dull touch on both extremities. The normal color of nails for race and ethnicity. Symmetrical muscle development in upper and lower extremities. Good muscle tone and strength. Good motion range in all joints. Absence of crepitus, inflammation, edema, and tenderness. Muscle strength is 5/5 in all groups
Neurological: A&O x4 in time, place, and person. He is able to follow and understand simple and complex commands. Good recent and remote memory. Cranial nerves II -XII are grossly intact. Deep tendon reflexes were intact. Able to differentiate soft, hard, blunt, and sharp sensations on upper and lower extremities. He can also distinguish between hot and cold temperatures.
Skin: There is a notable red rash on the beard, partial hair loss was noted on the affected area. Red pruritus blisters are seen. No other areas of the skin were affected.
Diagnostic results& tests:
Direct microscopic examination or,
Fungal culture – for micro-organism identification (Vazheva & Zisova, 2021).
Potassium hydroxide wet mount of plucked hairs/ scales
ASSESSMENT:
Diagnosis- Tinea barbae (Kuruvella, & Pandey, 2021)
This is the most likely diagnosis for the patient based on the location and distribution of the rash on the beard only. The rash usually forms a solitary patch that is circular, with raised scaly edge. It has ring-shaped central hypopigmentation (Bnedetti, 2019). The border can be popular and itch is always common. This is typical with the patient description.
DDx: Based on the characteristics of the skin lesion, the other differential diagnoses most likely could be as follows; (Bnedetti, 2019).
Allergic contact dermatitis
Bacterial folliculitis
Pseudofolliculitis barbae
Acne vulgaris
Cutaneous candidiasis
Conclusion
The diagnosis of skin conditions always requires a keen examination of the characteristic resonation of various rashes or lesions they produce (Bnedetti, 2019). Lab diagnosis is used to identify particular organisms causing the condition. Proper diagnosis helps in early treatment and prevention of recurrence.
PLAN: This section is not required for the assignments in this course (NURS 6512), but will be required for future courses.
References
Bnedetti J. (2019). Description of Skin Lesions. MSD MANUAL Professional Version. https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/approach-to-the-dermatologic-patient/description-of-skin-lesions
Dains, J. E., Baumann, L. C., & Scheibel, P. (2019). Advanced health assessment and clinical diagnosis in primary care.
Kuruvella, T., & Pandey, S. (2021). Tinea Barbae. NCBI. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563204/
Vazheva, G., & Zisova, L. (2021). Tinea barbae profunda caused by trichophyton rubrum – an autoinoculation from a primary tinea pedis. Folia Medica, 63(2), 292-296. https://doi.org/10.3897/folmed.63.e54559