Nursing

Topic 2: Public Health Data Collection and Descriptive Statistic
QUESTION TOPIC 2 DQ 1 –
Frequency distributions can be graphed with bar charts, histograms or polygons. Choose one variable from the “Health Behavior Data Set” and discuss which type of graph is appropriate and why. Refer to section 2.3 in the Using and Interpreting Statistics: A Practical Text for the Behavioral, Social, and Health Sciences textbook as needed for assistance.
ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE !!
Solution
Health Behavior Data Set
Health Behavior Data set is a collection of data entailing information on the decision that can either improve or risk the wellbeing of an individual. The individual’s choices are due to lifestyle adaptation, such as healthy food, tobacco products, and physical activity (Ásgeirsdóttir & Gerdtham, 2016). An individual is responsible for their wellbeing to reduce health-related problems such as obesity and chronic diseases. Thus, the health behavior data set is organized and detailed with information on variables such as height, weight, or population intelligence to assist in processing the required data.
Frequency Distribution
Frequency distribution entails graphic data that provide helpful and brief data sets. A frequency distribution provides factual data on the number of incidences in the distribution, for example, the average number of pets in households. The data is recorded on different graphs suitable for the study. Frequency distribution helps summarize information in a simpler, accurate and detailed way that is easier to read and understand. This study focuses on measuring intelligence and behavior change in primary school children based on their childhood experiences, the graph and its effectiveness in this case.
Correlation variable
Correlation refers to the existing association between occurrences or numerical variables that vary and occur expectedly or unexpectedly(Akoglu,2018). In the correlation design, based on the tv and aggression study. The researcher is trying to determine if there is any relation between the violent tv scenes watched by children and their aggression levels. The correlation design results show that indeed the tv scenes increase aggressiveness among the children. Being that the two variables move in the same direction, it denotes a positive correlation.
The suitable graph to use in this type of distribution is a scatterplot graph. The graph helps investigate any relationship between two variables and denotes whether they are positive or negative correlations through the variables’ directions. The correlation results depend on the significances observed on the scatterplot graph compared to other charts.
References
Akoglu, H. (2018). User’s guide to correlation coefficients. Turkish journal of emergency medicine, 18(3), 91-93.https://www.sciencedirect.com/sdfe/pdf/download
Ásgeirsdóttir, T. L., & Gerdtham, U. G. (2016). Health behavior in the Nordic countries. Nordic Journal of Health Economics, 4(1), 28-40. file:///C:/Users/Dell/AppData/Local/Temp/2717-Article%20text-9061-1-10-20160426-1.pdf

Epidemiology Paper | APA Style
Write on either HIV or Tuberculosis
Write a paper (2,000-2,500 words) in which you apply the concepts of epidemiology and nursing research to a communicable disease. Refer to “Communicable Disease Chain,” “Chain of Infection,” and the CDC website for assistance when completing this assignment.
Communicable Disease Selection
Chickenpox
Tuberculosis
Influenza
Mononucleosis
Hepatitis B
HIV
Ebola
Measles
Polio
Influenza
Epidemiology Paper
Epidemiology Paper Requirements
Describe the chosen communicable disease, including causes, symptoms, mode of transmission, complications, treatment, and the demographic of interest (mortality, morbidity, incidence, and prevalence). Is this a reportable disease? If so, provide details about reporting time, whom to report to, etc.
Describe the social determinants of health and explain how those factors contribute to the development of this disease.
Discuss the epidemiologic triangle as it relates to the communicable disease you have selected. Include the host factors, agent factors (presence or absence), and environmental factors. Are there any special considerations or notifications for the community, schools, or general population?
Explain the role of the community health nurse (case finding, reporting, data collection, data analysis, and follow-up) and why demographic data are necessary to the health of the community.
Identify at least one national agency or organization that addresses the communicable disease chosen and describe how the organizations contribute to resolving or reducing the impact of disease.
Discuss a global implication of the disease. How is this addressed in other countries or cultures? Is this disease endemic to a particular area? Provide an example.
A minimum of three peer-reviewed or professional references is required.
Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A link to the LopesWrite technical support articles is located in Course Materials if you need assistance.

Culturally Sensitive and Responsive Counseling
When you begin work with couples and families, you likely will conclude after only a few cases that all couples and families are different in at least a few ways. Members of these couples and families individually belong to many different population subgroups, with each group exerting cultural influence. Based on conflict resolution traditions or power distance index of a certain culture, for instance, you may need to modify the theoretical approach you take with a client with that background.
Keep in mind that the classroom study of theory and intervention integration cannot provide a description of how to modify or tailor your theory to all the potential relational and cultural presentations you will see. It should, however, provide you with a solid foundation and a toolbox with which to work.
For this paper, select a cultural consideration (related to race, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, etc.) and think about how this consideration may impact the application of your theoretical orientation when working with couples and families. Then, reflect on how you might modify interventions in professional work in which this consideration is present.
Write a description of the cultural consideration you selected. Then, explain two challenges of applying your theoretical orientation to address this cultural consideration when working with couples and families. Explain how you might modify evidence-based interventions to be more culturally sensitive and responsive. Justify your response using evidence-based articles.
Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific references to the resources

Health Care Decisions
This paper will have three parts addressing two important pieces of legislation related to the right of individuals to make health care decisions for themselves.
Part I
The Advance Health Care Directive
Locate a copy of an advanced directive (AD) that complies with the laws of the state in which you work. Download your state’s Advance Directives ( California) here http://www.caringinfo.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3289. (Links to an external site.)
Complete the advance directive for yourself. Do not turn in your AD with your paper. The AD is for your personal use.
In your paper, Part I:
Identify where you obtained the AD and explain its compliance with state law.
Conduct research (1-2 sources) to learn more about the AD in your state and explain how it works.
Discuss how easy or difficult it was to complete the AD. Your comments should be specific and both objective and subjective. For example, when you state your personal feelings, you must relate them to the literature (textbook and research) that discusses this process and the difficulties that many people face when completing an advance directive.
(Cite/ reference any sources you use to explore these questions, including your texts.)
Part II
Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST) Form
What is a Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST) form (Links to an external site.)?
When should this form be completed?
Who can complete the form?
Who needs to sign the form to make it a legal document?
(Cite/reference any sources you use to explore these questions, including your texts.)
Part III
Tie the two first sections together by writing a summary and conclusion.
This section should address:
1. the differences between an Advance Health Care Directive and the POLST,
2. the RN’s important role in assuring the patient’s right to autonomy in choosing the healthcare interventions the patient does or does not want.
____________________________________________
Use current APA Style.
The paper should be between 3-5 pages in length excluding the title and reference page(s).
Cite and reference the course text and at least two (2) additional appropriate professional sources.
Review the rubric for further information on how your assignment will be graded.
Rubric
NURS_521_DE – Feild Activity Paper
NURS_521_DE – Feild Activity Paper
Criteria Ratings Pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Content
50 to >43.5 pts
Meets Expectations
Content is clear, thorough, and organized effectively. Main points are well supported. Meets all of the criteria of the written assignment.
43.5 to >37.5 pts
Approaches Expectations
Content is somewhat clear, thorough, and organized effectively. Some points are well supported. Meets most of the criteria of the written assignment.
37.5 to >29.5 pts
Below Expectations
Content is generally unclear, not thorough, and organized ineffectively. Main points are not well supported. Meets only a few of the criteria of the written assignment.
29.5 to >0 pts
Does Not Meet Expectations
Content is disconnected, unorganized, and does not meet the criteria of the written assignment.
50 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Clarity and Coherence
50 to >43.5 pts
Meets Expectations
Writing flows smoothly from one idea to another. Writer has taken pains to assist the reader in following the logic of the ideas expressed.
43.5 to >37.5 pts
Approaches Expectations
Sentences are mostly structured to communicate ideas clearly. Transitions between paragraphs make the writer’s points easy to follow.
37.5 to >29.5 pts
Below Expectations
Sentence structure and word choice sometimes interfere with clarity of content and distract the reader.
29.5 to >0 pts
Does Not Meet Expectations
Poor sentence structure, sentences do not make sense; no clarity evident in the paper.
50 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome References and Citations Within the Body of the Paper
12.5 to >10.88 pts
Meets Expectations
The required number of scholarly references is used and cited skillfully throughout the paper.
10.88 to >9.38 pts
Approaches Expectations
The required number of scholarly references is used but some may not be cited accurately or skillfully throughout the paper.
9.38 to >7.38 pts
Below Expectations
The required number of scholarly references is not used and most are not cited accurately or skillfully throughout the paper.
7.38 to >0 pts
Does Not Meet Expectations
References or citations are not included in the body of the paper and writing indicates none were used.
12.5 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Mechanics and APA
12.5 to >10.88 pts
Meets Expectations
The assignment consistently follows current APA format and is free from errors in formatting, citation, and references. No grammatical, spelling, or punctuation errors. All sources are cited and referenced correctly.
10.88 to >9.38 pts
Approaches Expectations
The assignment consistently follows current APA format with only isolated and inconsistent mistakes and/or has a few grammatical, spelling, or punctuation errors. Most sources are cited and referenced correctly.
9.38 to >7.38 pts
Below Expectations
The assignment generally follows current APA format with several mistakes and grammatical, spelling, or punctuation errors. Most sources are cited and referenced incorrectly.
7.38 to >0 pts
Does Not Meet Expectations
The assignment does not follow current APA format and/or has many grammatical, spelling, or punctuation errors. Sources are missing.
12.5 pts
Total Points: 125
ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE !!
Solution
Part I
Identify where you obtained the AD and explain its compliance with state law.
I obtained the advance directive form from the state of California Department of Justice website. The advance directive form obtained from the Department of Justice website complied with the California State law in that it was readily available and also provided the option for patients to utilize different forms where necessary. By virtue of being readily available, the form was therefore easy for any member of the public to access and fill while also providing clear instructions on how the form should be filled (State of California Department of Justice, 2020).
Conduct research (1-2 sources) to learn more about the AD in your state and explain how it works.
In California, the advance healthcare directive provides instructions related to an individual’s health care. An individual can directly provide distractions related to their health care or appoint someone else to make healthcare decisions for them. Through the advanced directive, an individual can also express their wishes related to organ donation and the role that the primary care physician can play in their health. In California, individuals are also allowed to either modify a part of the whole of the advance directive form (Carr & Luth, 2017).
The first part of the advance healthcare directive form in California allows an individual to name another person as the main agent of their healthcare decisions in the instance that such individuals become incapable of making such decisions or if the given individual is capable of making their healthcare decisions but want someone else to make the decisions for them (Peicius et al., 2017). The California advance directive form also allows individuals to name an alternate agent that helps them in making their healthcare decisions if their first choice is not available or not willing to make healthcare decisions. In California, individuals are prohibited from appointing employees of community care facilities, healthcare operators, and health care providers in residential care facilities where they are receiving care or employees of any healthcare institutions as their agents unless such individuals are relatives or coworkers (Peicius et al., 2017).
In California, the agent nominated in the advance directive form possesses all the authority to make all healthcare decisions for a specific individual. However, the individual nominating an agent to make healthcare decisions for them can limit the authority of the nominated agents. Generally, individuals who nominate agents to make healthcare decisions for them are advised not to limit their authority if they wish to rely on such agents to make healthcare decisions for them in the future (Peicius et al., 2017). In California, agents that exercise full authority to make health care decisions for an individual normally have the right to select or discharge institutions or health care providers of a concerned individual, refuse to consent or consent to a given treatment, care procedure, or service that can affect the physical or mental health condition of the concerned individual. In California, a nominated agent also has the authority to disapprove or approve surgical procedures, diagnostic tests, and programs of medication for the concerned patient who nominated them. A nominated agent in California can also direct various proceedings related to the withdrawal or withholding of artificial nutrition, hydration, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Finally, a nominated agent in California can make decisions related to the donation of tissues, parts, and organs, authorize an autopsy, and be involved in directing how the remains of an individual will be disposed of (Carr & Luth, 2017).
The advanced directive form in California also provides an individual with an opportunity to provide specific instructions on various aspects of their healthcare, such as whether to appoint an agent or not. An individual is also provided with an opportunity to express their wishes related to withdrawal withholding or provision of treatments that can extend their life or relieve pain. Individuals are also provided with space to provide additional wishes related to their care in the instance that they would not be in a condition to make their own decision (Carr & Luth, 2017). Individuals who are satisfied with the ability of the agents to make healthcare decisions for them, including end-of-life decisions, are not required to fill the second part of the advance directive formed in California.
The third part of the advance directive form in California allows an individual to express their intention of whether to donate any organs, tissues, or other body parts following their death. The fourth part of the California advance directive form allows an individual to designate physicians as the ones with the primary responsibility of one’s health. In California, individuals are allowed to revoke their advance healthcare directive or replace it at any time they may wish to do so (Peicius et al., 2017).
Discuss how easy or difficult it was to complete the AD.
Completing the California advance health care directive form was quite challenging for me because of several issues, including a general discomfort towards the end of life discussions, cultural issues, and a lack of adequate knowledge on the importance of the advance directive form and time constraints. When filling out the advance directive form, I found the process of advance care planning to be quite uncomfortable, especially because it is related to end-of-life decisions and discussions. Generally, the end-of-life discussions in the advance directive form pushed me out of my comfort zone. According to Carr & Luth (2017), many individuals don’t think about advance directives or end-of-life planning, while nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and physicians do not receive adequate training on how to initiate end-of-life discussions with their patients and introduce the idea of completing an advance directive. The American culture, which includes a never-say-die attitude and never quitting or losing, also had a significant impact on me during the feeling of the advance directive. End-of-life discussions are therefore difficult in a culture where people do not like to speak about dying, death or disability because it represents a kind of loss, including loss of ability to be independent or loss of life. According to Peicius et al. (2017), it’s difficult for Americans to be involved in discussions related to the end of life because it represents a loss which is something that the culture significantly discourages. The third challenge that I faced related to the filling of the advance directive form was related to the lack of adequate knowledge on the importance of the advance directive form. I did not understand several sections of the advance directive form. According to Carr & Luth (2017), a lot of education is needed both among healthcare providers and the general public to improve the understanding of the advance directive form and its importance. In addition to patient health care, practitioners need more education on areas related to advance directives and end-of-life planning and how they can approach conversations related to advance directives and end-of-life planning with patients and their families. Finally, I faced challenges related to time constraints when filling out the advance directive form. Filling the AD form requires a lot of time to have proper discussions and to make informed decisions related to end-of-life planning. According to Carr & Luth (2017), most patients are not concerned with filling the advance directive forms but want to discuss how their ailment or current discomfort can be addressed immediately to improve their quality of life. The significant amount of time required to make informed decisions when filling the advance directive form acts as a significant barrier that deters numerous individuals from filling such a form.
Part II
What is a Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST) form (Links to an external site.)?
Physician orders for life-sustaining treatment (POLST) is a physician order that provides a specific plan for end-of-life care that considers both patients’ preferences and physician’s judgment that is based on medical evaluation of the patient (Mack & Dosa, 2019). The POLST allows patients and physicians to come up with default orders related to end-of-life care that can be clearly and succinctly conveyed to different healthcare practitioners and healthcare facilities when the patient is at home, in transit between locations, in the emergency department, or long-term care facility (Mack & Dosa, 2019).
When should this form be completed?
A POLST should be completed for patients who have less than one year to live, which includes patients in end-stage organ diseases, patients in metastatic stages, patients receiving palliative and hospice care, and patients with terminal diagnoses. A POLST should also be considered for patients who reside permanently in long-term care facilities (Mack & Dosa, 2019).
Who can complete the form?
A POLST form should be completed by professionals who have undergone special training related to the form and who work with the patient’s physician or the physician himself in collaboration with the patient. A POLST should therefore consider the patient’s current health situation, their treatment preferences, and future health conditions (Mack & Dosa, 2019).
Who needs to sign the form to make it a legal document?
Both the patient and the physician must sign a POLST to make it a legal document. Among patients who do not have the capacity to make medical decisions, the legally recognized decision-maker for the patient can be involved in completing and signing the POLST in collaboration with a physician (Mack & Dosa, 2019).
Part III
The differences between an Advance Health Care Directive and the POLST
There are several differences between an Advance Health Care Directive and the POLST. One of the main differences between the AD and the POLST is that the advance directive is a direction from a patient, and it’s not a medical order. In contrast, a POLST form is made up of specific medical orders that are specific to limited patient populations and which address a specific critical medical decision (Carr & Luth, 2017). The advance directive and therefore be filled by any competent adult across the population while a POLST form only targets individuals whose death is imminent such as those having a terminal diagnosis does permanently residing in long-term care facilities, individuals with end-stage organ diseases, or final stages of cancer and those receiving palliative or hospice care. The ad is a legal document, while a POLST is a medical order. The AD is completed by an individual, while the POLST is completed by healthcare professionals in collaboration with a patient (Mack & Dosa, 2019).
The RN’s important role in assuring the patient’s right to autonomy in choosing the healthcare interventions the patient does or does not want.
Registered nurses have an important role to play in ensuring that the right to autonomy of the patient is conserved when choosing health care interventions. To promote patient autonomy and to help in the preservation of the rights to autonomy among patients, nurses have to be actively involved in educating patients on various treatment interventions and their benefits and shortcomings. Registered nurses need to realize that patients can only effectively exercise their autonomy from the point of information and not from the point of ignorance (Peicius et al., 2017).
References
Carr, D., & Luth, E. A. (2017). Advance Care Planning: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions. Innovation in Aging, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igx012
Mack, D. S., & Dosa, D. (2019). Improving Advance Care Planning through Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST) Expansion across the United States: Lessons Learned from State-Based Developments. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine®, 37(1), 19–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049909119851511
Peicius, E., Blazeviciene, A., & Kaminskas, R. (2017). Are advance directives helpful for good end of life decision making: a cross-sectional survey of health professionals. BMC Medical Ethics, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-017-0197-6
State of California Department of Justice. (2020). State of California – Department of Justice – Office of the Attorney. State of California – Department of Justice – Office of the Attorney General. Retrieved February 5, 2022, from https://oag.ca.gov/

PHN 652-Evidence Based Practice in Public Health-Topic 2-DQ 2: Models And Tools Used In Public Health See uploads for full question)
PHN 652-Topic 2-DQ 2: Models And Tools Used In Public Health
QUESTION- There are numerous tools available for public health nurses to use. Choose the tool used in public health that is, in your opinion, the most effective. Provide a rationale for this tool’s effectiveness and provide an example of when it has been used.
ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE !!
Solution
Public Health Tool – Health Impact Checklist
There are numerous tools used in public health nursing. The most commonly used and effective for healthcare functions is the impact checklist. The tool is a simple approach that suggests answers to essential questions focused on evaluating the potential health impacts of a particular health decision. In a combination of checkboxes and responses connected with the potential changes, the impact checklist directs a researcher to establish the possible impacts of a particular decision included in the healthcare plan. The tool helps create practical recommendations in maximizing the potential health impacts and mitigating the negative practical recommendations (Lin & Beckman, 2020). Apart from the entire template, the checklist summary enables the researcher to develop high-level and snapshot findings that enable a fine-tuned decision-making process. The tool’s effectiveness is that it provides several answers that direct the researcher to the main impacts of an action related to healthcare. The structure of the questions and answers rely on evidence, research, and observations from experienced experts concerning the health issue and thus can be highly relied on to establish the relationship between the community questions and the expected outcomes (Hollander et al., 2018). An example of the use of an impact checklist is on the control of tuberculosis. The first question can be on the adherence to the medications, and if the patient answers yes, the next question would be on the possible side effects of the medications. If the response to the second question is yes, another question may follow to establish whether the patient takes the medication with food. Through these subsequent questions, the public health nurses find out the misses in the care plan and thus come up with quality decisions for the patients and the general population.
References
Hollander, M., Martin, S. L., & Vehige, T. (2018). The surveys are in! The role of local government in supporting active community design. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 14(3), 228-237. https://journals.lww.com/jphmp/Fulltext/2008/05000/The_Surveys_Are_In__The_Role_of_Local_Government.6.aspx
Lin, T., & Beckman, W. (2020). HI-C: Health Impact Checklist. Kansas Health Institute. https://www.khi.org/policy/article/HI-C

Classmate Response (1) PHN 690- Topic 1: Standards of Public Health Nursing Practice (Please see upload for question and classmate’s essay)
QUESTION- PHN 690-Topic 1 DQ 1
Compare similarities and differences of ANA Public Health Nursing (PHN) Standards, CAL Public Health Nursing (PHN) Standards, and the ANA Standards of Professional Performance. Discuss the importance of standards of practice and how they guide your practice and inform nursing care. Explain the role of the advanced public health nurse as a trusted source of information.
Classmate (Diane) essay reply to the question above–
The ANA professional standards serve as a guide for nurses in the United States. This guide defines the obligations of the nurse. Further, it reflects the values and priorities, and provides direction and framework from which to evaluate the professional practice (ANA, n.d.). Some examples of professional performance standards include quality of care, performance appraisal, education, collegiality, ethics, collaboration, research and resource utilization (Breece, 2022).
When nursing judgment is called into question, the Standards of Professional Performance are used to determine if other nurses in a similar circumstance would act in the same way, based on education. As well, the standards protect the public and the nurse (Breece, 2022).
When comparing the ANA public health nursing standards, with the aforementioned, broad standards for nursing, there are similarities and differences. Though the nursing standards apply to all nurses, the public health nursing standard focuses on the public health nurse’s scope of practice.
Additionally, the ANA empowers nurses to practice at the full extent of their expertise (ANA, n.d.). The ANA goes on to state that the public health nurse’s responsibilities are ever developing as the needs of the public change (ANA, n.d.).
The public health nurse in California must be certified by the California board of registered nurses. The California public health nurse provides direct patient care and maintains public health such as promotion, prevention, screenings, for all ages (California Board of Registered Nurses, 2022). However, the title of public health nurse may not be used unless the nurse holds certification (California Board of Registered Nurses, 2022).
These standards are set up to both protect the nurse from litigation, and the public from harm. Therefore, it is important for nurses to be familiar with the standards so as to stay within the scope of practice.
The advanced public health nurse’s role is to remain unbiased in disseminating the most up-to-date information that is scientifically based. Thus, excelling in research, collaborating with stakeholders, and remaining a student of information is important. This type of nurse can shape community health, legislation, and public education; while evoking trust in the profession.
References
American Nurses Association. (n.d.). ANA Standards for Excellence. https://www.nursingworld.org/ana/about-ana/standards/
American Nurses Association. (n.d.). Public Health Nursing. https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/workforce/public-health-nursing/
Breece, H. (2022). Nursing standards, their history and significance. Medical Legal News. https://www.medical-legalnews.com/part-2-nursing-standards-their-history-and-significance/
California Board of Registered Nurses. (2022). Advanced Practice and Public Health Nurse Certification. https://www.rn.ca.gov/practice/npa.shtml
This order is for a response to a classmate’s post. I have uploaded the question and the classmate’s essay that requires a response
Respond to the classmate essay by-
1. sharing an insight to the question and asking a probing question.
2. Also add other points related to the topic.
3. Offering and supporting an opinion from the classmate essay-
4. please elaborate on one or two points from the classmate’s essay. Please do not just re-write what the classmate wrote.
5. validating an idea
-Please use your own words and do not copy what was written
– Sources must be published within the last 5 years. It must be from 2017 and after and appropriate for the paper criteria and public health content.
– Please do not use blogs as references.
-NO PLAGARISM
-References should be in APA 7th ed.
-Add references to reference page
-Add the hyperlink/DOI for each reference in APA 7th edition format.
Thank you.
ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE !!
Solution
Classmate Response (1) PHN 690
Although there are some differences in the ANA public health nursing standards, Cal public health nursing standards, and the ANA Standards of professional performance, the main similarities are that different standards of care play a significant role in providing a reliable framework of expectations for advanced public health nurses when they are conducting their duties. Professional standards of practice are therefore important in nursing because they help in ensuring safety and clinical efficiency. Standards of practice are utilized by nurses in the development of competency checklists that evaluate whether nurses are adhering to specific professional guidelines and organizational standards (Halcomb et al., 2017).
The advanced public health nurse plays a significant role as a trusted source of information, especially because search nurses will be in direct contact with patients, which will increase their direct influence on the health and well-being of patients on a day-to-day basis. The frequent contact between advanced public health nurses and their patients allows them to be in a good position to encourage important lifestyle changes in individuals and communities and provide adequate education for healthy living, especially among vulnerable members of society (Vaismoradi et al., 2020). Because of their qualification, advanced public health nurses are also a trusted source of information on different health issues that affect individuals and communities, including infection prevention, immunization, crisis response, and environmental health. Advanced public health nurses can be able to take advantage of being reliable sources of information to have a significant impact on the public health of the communities they serve as a whole. Advanced public health nurses can therefore rely on nursing scope and standards of practice to be able to perform to the full extent of their knowledge and expertise (Vaismoradi et al., 2020).
References
Halcomb, E., Stephens, M., Bryce, J., Foley, E., & Ashley, C. (2017). The development of professional practice standards. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 73(8), 1958–1969. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13274
Vaismoradi, M., Tella, S., A. Logan, P., Khakurel, J., & Vizcaya-Moreno, F. (2020). Nurses’ Adherence to Patient Safety Principles: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(6), 2028. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062028

Topic 1 DQ 1
Identify a cardiac or respiratory issue and outline the key steps necessary to include for prevention and health promotion.
Place your order today!
Solution
Topic 1 DQ 1
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex respiratory condition that leads to a limitation in airflow. It is a chronic, gradual disorder manifesting with stable phases that are increasingly interrupted by acute exacerbations (Gentry & Gentry, 2017). COPD can include disorders that result in airflow obstruction such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis or a combination of these disorders. The functional outcome of these abnormalities is limitations in expiratory airflow. The primary causative factor of COPD in more than 90% of patients is cigarette smoking (Gentry & Gentry, 2017). Smoking is associated with changes in the airways that impair airflow. Environmental and genetic factors are also associated with COPD.
Prevention and health promotion in COPD should focus on the elimination of the causative factors. Cessation of smoking is considered the most effective measure in preventing and slow COPD progression (Papi et al., 2020). Therefore, prevention measures should include educating individuals to quit cigarette smoking and avoid passive smoking. Health education can be provided to teenagers and young adults on the health effects of tobacco to reduce the chances of smoking initiation (Papi et al., 2020). In addition, prevention should include implementing public health policies that minimize occupational exposure to chemicals and dust and reduce air pollutants in the indoor and outdoor settings.
Health promotion in COPD seeks to involve and empower COPD patients to adopt healthy behaviors to slow the progression of the disease and lower the risk of morbidities. Health promotion should include smoking cessation to slow COPD progression and reduce exacerbations (Ambrosino & Bertella, 2018). Lifestyle changes focus on physical exercises and diet. COPD patients should be recommended to engage in exercise training programs to alleviate symptoms, improve exercise capacity and quality of life (Ambrosino & Bertella, 2018). COPD patients should be advised to take a healthy diet to maintain good health and promote weight loss. A high intake of fruits and vegetables should be recommended since it is connected with a decreased COPD incidence in current and ex-smokers.
References
Ambrosino, N., & Bertella, E. (2018). Lifestyle interventions in prevention and comprehensive management of COPD. Breathe (Sheffield, England), 14(3), 186–194. https://doi.org/10.1183/20734735.018618
Gentry, S., & Gentry, B. (2017). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: diagnosis and management. American family physician, 95(7), 433-441.
Papi, A., Morandi, L., & Fabbri, L. M. (2020). Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Clinics in Chest Medicine, 41(3), 453-462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccm.2020.05.004

Wrong Operation Doctor
Respond to one of the following: Wrong Operation Doctor related to virtue ethics from your Pozgar text.
#1 Wrong Operation Doctor (ethics and integrity)
Hospitals find it hard to protect patients from wrong-site surgery.
Last year a jury returned a $20 million negligence verdict against
Arkansas Children’s Hospital for surgery performed on the wrong side
of the brain of a 15-year-old boy who was left psychotic and severely
brain damaged. Testimony showed that the error was not disclosed to
his parents for more than a year. The hospital issued a statement
saying it deeply regretted the error and had “redoubled our efforts to
prevent” a recurrence.
So, what happened? “Health care has far too little accountability for
results … . All the pressures are on the side of production; that’s how
you get paid,” said Peter Pronovost, a prominent safety expert and
medical director of the Johns Hopkins Center for Innovation in Quality
Patient Care. He added that increased pressure to quickly turn over
operating rooms has trumped patient safety, increasing the chance of
error.
Kenneth W. Kizer, who coined the term “never event” nearly a
decade ago when he headed the National Quality Forum, a leading
patient safety organization, said he believes reducing the number of
errors will require tougher reporting rules and increased
transparency.
Source: Boodman, S.G. (2011). Kaiser Health News,The Washington Post. Pozgar, 4th ed., p. 43
(integrity)
Write a 1- 2 page essay addressing the discussion questions posed for the one you selected. Be sure to clearly identify the news clipping you selected.
Adhere to APA formatting and cite all sources. Review the rubric for further information on how your assignment will be graded.
ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE !!
Solution
Introduction
Integrity is important in the healthcare industry because of the different complex situations and professional challenges that healthcare practitioners, including nurses and physicians, are faced with in their day-to-day activities. Integrity ensures that health care practitioners uphold their responsibilities to their patients and execute all their professional duties (Sastrawan et al., 2018). This paper considers a case study and explores the different integrity issues in the case study
The case study of a wrong operation doctor highlights several integrity issues. The first integrity issue that is observable from the case study relates the health caregivers and the administration in the healthcare facility at the Arkansas Children’s Hospital failing to disclose a surgery area in which a 15-year-old boy was operated on the wrong side of his brain, resulting in brain damage for more than a year. It is therefore evident that despite the health caregivers and the leaders in the Arkansas Children Hospital realizing their mistake involving the surgery of a 15-year-old boy, they decided to cover up and not inform the patient’s parent of the significant error that had occurred and which would have a negative impact on their son’s health and general well-being. The cover-up by the leaders in the Arkansas children’s hospital and the health caregivers highlights a lack of integrity emanating from a lack of clear and honest communication, which endangers the 15-year-old boy’s life (Poorchangizi et al., 2019).
Yes, criminal charges should be considered in this case. The criminal charges will therefore be related to the cover-up of the health caregivers who performed surgery on the wrong side of the brain of a 15-year-old patient and the administration in the Arkansas Children’s Hospital. Criminal charges should therefore be considered in this case because regular malpractice charges would have been preferred to the healthcare facility if they had been upfront about the error that was committed on the 15-year-old patient immediately after it occurred. Covering up the error involving a brain surgery that was performed on the wrong side of the brain of a 15-year-old patient for more than a year clearly highlights an offense by both health caregivers and administrators in Arkansas children’s hospital that warrants criminal charges.
I chose to respond to this story because such a story represents a frequent occurrence among many healthcare facilities where health caregivers and administrators in certain facilities have been involved in covering up for errors to avoid malpractice lawsuits. In most cases, the cover-up for certain errors in a healthcare facility has therefore resulted in significant and many times irreversible damage to patients that are involved in such cases. The covering up of errors in healthcare facilities shows a blatant disregard for human life and erosion of important values such as integrity in healthcare services.
Integrity is displayed in my clinical setting in many ways, including treating others with respect, upholding and focusing on honest communication, following through with commitments, holding myself and others accountable, and upholding ethical and professional standards (Sastrawan et al., 2018). Honest communication between health caregivers and patients and their caregivers with each other is a crucial aspect of integrity. Honest communication allows the health caregivers to remain trustworthy and genuine. On the other hand, upholding ethical standards is an important component of enhancing integrity in a clinical setting. Ethical standards act as a guide on how to deal with patients and can play a significant role in resolving dilemmas that could threaten the integrity of health caregivers and a healthcare facility (Sastrawan et al., 2018).
Conclusion
In summary, the case involving a 15-year-old boy from the Arkansas Children’s Hospital displays an incident in which both the administration in the health care facility and the healthcare givers did not act with integrity. As a result of lacking integrity, the administrators and health caregivers in Arkansas Children Hospital could be liable for a criminal charge.
References
Poorchangizi, B., Borhani, F., Abbaszadeh, A., Mirzaee, M., & Farokhzadian, J. (2019). The importance of professional values from nursing students’ perspective. BMC Nursing, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-019-0351-1
Sastrawan, S., Newton, J. M., & Malik, G. (2018). Nurses’ integrity and coping strategies: An integrative review. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 28(5–6), 733–744. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14702

Complete the following document.
Global Health Comparison Grid Template
Use this document to complete the Module 6 Assessment Global Healthcare Comparison Matrix and Narrative Statement
Global Healthcare Issue
Global Measles and Rubella Immunization Initiatives
Description Immunization is one of the global health priorities (CDC, n.d). A vaccine is essential to prevent diseases and save many lives worldwide (CDC, n.d). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention partnering with other worldwide organizations to protect people, especially children from these disabling and deadly diseases by eradicating them (CDC, n.d). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report shows, in 2018, over 9 million people were infected by measles, and 140,000 people lost their lives worldwide (CDC, n.d). Rubella infection is also affecting many individuals globally (CDC, n.d). It is also the main cause of preventable birth defects (CDC, n.d). The Global Measles and Rubella Strategic Plan (MRSP) played a vital role in improving the health of children throughout the world by working on preventive measures (WHO, n.d).
Country United States
Nigeria
Describe the policy in each country related to the identified healthcare issue
What are the strengths of this policy?
What are the weaknesses of this policy?
Explain how the social determinants of health may impact the specified global health issue. (Be specific and provide examples)
How has each country’ government addressed cost, quality, and access to the selected global health issue?
How has the identified health policy impacted the health of the global population? (Be specific and provide examples)
Describe the potential impact of the identified health policy on the role of nurse in each country.
Place your order today!
Solution
Introduction
Various clinical conditions have impacted public health adversely, thus becoming major global healthcare issues. Consequently, various initiatives have been introduced to resolve these healthcare concerns to improve people’s quality of life and well-being. This assignment presents global measles and rubella immunization initiatives as major programs for preventing rubella and measles outbreaks worldwide.
Global Healthcare Issue
Global Measles and Rubella Immunization Initiatives
Description Immunization is one of the global health priorities (CDC, n.d). A vaccine is essential to preventing diseases and saving many lives worldwide (CDC, n.d). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention partner with other worldwide organizations to protect people, especially children, from these disabling and deadly diseases by eradicating them (CDC, n.d). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report shows, in 2018, measles infected over 9 million people, and 140,000 people lost their lives worldwide (CDC, n.d). Rubella infection is also affecting many individuals globally (CDC, n.d). It is also the leading cause of preventable congenital disability (CDC, n.d). The Global Measles and Rubella Strategic Plan (MRSP) played a vital role in improving children’s health throughout the world by working on preventive measures (WHO, n.d).
Country United States
Nigeria
Describe the policy in each country related to the identified healthcare issue Measles, Mumps & Rubella Vaccine (MMR) vaccination was introduced in the United States to protect various people, including children, teenagers, adults, elderly, and healthcare personnel, against measles, mumps, and rubella. Children are given two doses of MMR vaccine. The first dosage is administered between 12 and 15 months, while the second is given between 4 and 6 years of age. Additionally, teens and adults should ensure that their MMR vaccination is up to date to minimize the risk of contracting measles, mumps, or rubella.
Nigeria is using vaccination coverage improvement as a policy for eliminating measles in the country. Measles vaccination was included in the routine immunization program in 1978. The first dose of measles routine immunization targeted children aged nine?months, while the second dosage was administered within the child’s second year (Baptiste et al., 2021). The immunization program was initially introduced in areas with a high incidence of measles and was later launched in areas with a low risk of measles. Additionally, the government introduced an SIA program that involves periodic mass vaccination undertaken countrywide. This program was launched to facilitate the immunization of children who were not vaccinated during the routine immunization exercise. The SIAs focus on all children within the target age bracket without considering if they had been immunized. Therefore, this program ensures that subpopulations who do not access routine vaccination are immunized (Masresha et al., 2018).
What are the strengths of this policy? This policy reduces the risk of contracting measles, mumps, or rubella in various age brackets, including children, teenagers, adults, and older. Secondly, a single dose of the MMR vaccine is effective for adults without presumptive evidence of immunity. In other words, the second dosage of MMR is only required by adults who are at a high risk of contracting measles, mumps, or rubella, such as healthcare personnel and international travelers.
Improving vaccination coverage policy is associated with various strengths. First, the program includes two doses to enhance its effectiveness in preventing measles. The first dosage is administered at nine months, while the second dose is given within the child’s second year. The policy includes an SIA program that involves periodic mass vaccination of all children within the targeted age to ensure special populations that had not accessed the vaccine are immunized. Consequently, vaccination programs have reduced measles-related deaths in Nigeria (Masresha et al., 2018).
What are the weaknesses of this policy? However, this policy is associated with some shortcomings since it is unfavorable for some groups of people. First, the MMR vaccine should not be given to individuals with known severe allergies since the vaccine might trigger a life-threatening allergy. Secondly, the MMR vaccine is unsafe for pregnant mothers, and one should wait until when no longer pregnant to be immunized. Additionally, women are advised to refrain from getting pregnant for a minimum of 1 month after receiving the MMR vaccine. Lastly, this vaccine is unsafe for individuals with a weakened immune system, such as HIV/AIDs or cancer, or under medical treatments, including radiation or chemotherapy.
On the contrary, the vaccination improvement policy implemented in Nigeria to reduce the high rate of measles-related deaths is associated with some weaknesses. First, the national government did not implement the policy entirely. As of 2015, the measles immunization coverage was approximately 32% (Baptiste et al., 2021). Furthermore, the immunization coverage was relatively low 13 years later. Data collected by the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) indicated that the measles vaccine had been given to about 54% of children aged between 12 and 23?months (Baptiste et al., 2021). Consequently, all 36 Nigeria states were impacted by measles outbreaks between January and May 2019. Additionally, over 28,000 and 89 measles cases and deaths, respectively, were reported in the country in May 2019. Borno State recorded the highest number of suspected measles cases (15,000) and measles-related deaths (89) (Baptiste et al., 2021).
Explain how the social determinants of health may impact the specified global health issue. (Be specific and provide examples)
Racism and discrimination are social determinants of health that impact MMR vaccination in the U.S. In most cases, the minority groups lack access to the vaccine due to discrimination in the healthcare system, which increases their risk of contracting measles, mumps, or rubella. The social determinants of health (SDH) affect measles vaccination in Nigeria. Poor housing, physical environment, and lack of basic amenities are the most significant SDH that contributes to measles in Nigeria. Being an infectious disease, measles in the country is relatively high in highly-populated and congested areas. According to Baptiste et al. (2021), about 75 measles-related deaths were reported in 37 IDP camps in Nigeria. Additionally, IDP camps had previously reported relatively high measles-related deaths. For this reason, measles is considered the primary cause of child mortality in humanitarian emergencies.
How has each country’s government addressed cost, quality, and access to the selected global health issue? The U.S government has addressed cost, quality, and access to MMR vaccination in the country. Federal, state, and local governments have set aside some funds to facilitate MMR vaccination. Various clinical trials have been conducted to ensure that the vaccine effectively prevents measles, mumps, or rubella infections. The government has enhanced accessibility by ensuring that the vaccine is available in various healthcare organizations countrywide.
The Nigeria government has addressed measles vaccine cost, quality, and accessibility. The cost issue has been resolved by asking for financial aid from international organizations to fund the vaccination exercise. The quality is assured by conducting clinical trials to ensure that the vaccine effectively protects individuals against measles. Finally, accessibility is enhanced by training over 1,000 health workers to give the vaccine in various parts of the country, especially in highly-risk areas.
How has the identified health policy impacted the health of the global population? (Be specific and provide examples) The MMR vaccination has lowered the risk of contracting measles, mumps, or rubella among Americans. Hence, the introduction of the MMR vaccination initiative has reduced the rate of measles and mumps among Americans. Additionally, the introduction of this vaccine resulted in eliminating rubella in the U.S. since 2004, preventing rubella-related complications and deaths. According to NCIRD (2020), approximately 11,000 expectant mothers infected with rubella during the last major rubella outbreak in the U.S lost their babies. Additionally, 2,100 newborns died while 20,000 babies were diagnosed with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) at birth.
The introduction of vaccination improvement initiatives has improved the health of the global population, particularly the Nigerians. According to Masresha et al. (2018), the implementation of measles vaccination programs in Nigeria resulted in an 85% decline in measles-related deaths by 2015 compared to 2000.
Describe the potential impact of the identified health policy on the role of a nurse in each country. The MMR vaccine impacts nurses’ role in the U.S. Nurses are mandated to give at least one dose of MMR vaccine to children within the first year of their lifetime. Similarly, nurses are responsible for administering a single MMR dose to adults who are not at a high risk of contracting the three infectious diseases. Furthermore, they are mandated to administer the two doses of the MMR vaccine to children between 4 and 6 years and adults whose risk of contracting the three diseases is relatively high.
The introduction of vaccination improvement programs has changed the role of nurses in Nigeria. Nurse practitioners are actively involved in giving the two doses of measles vaccine to children at nine months and within the second year of their lifetime. Additionally, nurses are involved in periodic mass vaccination that targets a special population who did not access the recommended measles vaccines.
Explain how global health issues impact local healthcare organizations and policies in both countries. (Be specific and provide examples) The MMR vaccination has impacted U.S. healthcare organizations. The vaccine has reduced measles, mumps, and rubella cases in the U.S, thus lowering the high cost associated with treating these conditions.
Global measles and rubella immunization initiatives affect Nigerian’s local healthcare organizations and policies. Healthcare organizations incur an additional cost in hiring and training nurse practitioners involved in immunizing the two doses of the measles vaccine. For instance, nurses immunize children during the clinical visit at nine months and 1.5 years. Additionally, local medical facilities are expected to develop policies that support the immunization process. For instance, healthcare organizations should introduce a policy that ensures all children are given the two doses of the measles vaccine by two years.
General Notes/Comments The MMR vaccine is a practical initiative for preventing or eliminating measles, mumps, and rubella cases in the U.S.
Immunization is an effective strategy for reducing measles-related deaths in Nigeria. Thus, the government, healthcare providers, and parents/guardians should ensure that all children are given the two doses of measles vaccine within the first two years of their lifetime.
Part 2: A Plan for Social Change
Social change movements change relationships, institutions, and cultural norms. In other words, social change involves the transformation of social and cultural institutions through human relationships and interactions over time, thus impacting society profoundly. Hence, a social change is required to eliminate rubella and measles infections worldwide. The desired change can be created by creating the Anti-Infectious Diseases Movement, which will focus on preventing exposure or transmission of rubella and measles worldwide. This social change will positively impact society by eliminating adverse effects associated with rubella and measles outbreaks, including the high cost of treating these conditions and the high related mortality rate.
Conclusions
Overall, rubella and measles outbreaks are a primary global health care concern. These outbreak of the two infectious diseases is associated with adverse health outcomes such as miscarriages and giving birth to babies with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Additionally, rubella and measles outbreaks are attributed to a relatively high treatment cost. Consequently, the U.S. and Nigeria governments have adopted vaccination to prevent rubella and measles outbreaks in their respective country. This initiative has then lowered adverse effects associated with rubella and measles outbreak.
References
Baptiste, A. E. J., Wagai, J., Luce, R., Masresha, B., Klinkenberg, D., Veldhuijzen, I., … & Hak, E. (2021). Measles outbreak in a complex emergency: estimating vaccine effectiveness and evaluation of the vaccination campaign in Borno State, Nigeria, 2019. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1-10.
Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d). Fast Facts on Global Measles, Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome.
https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/measles/data/fast-facts-global-measles-rubella.html
Masresha, B., Braka, F., Onwu, N. U., Oteri, J., Erbeto, T., Oladele, S., … & Fall, A. (2018). Progress towards measles elimination in Nigeria: 2012–2016. Journal of immunological sciences, 135.
Milstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019). Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide (6th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD). (2020). Rubella in the U.S. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/rubella/about/in-the-us.html

Public Policy Meeting Summary PO
THIS PAPER SHOULD BE BASED ON A PUBLIC MEETING “Health Experts Testify on COVID-19 Impact on Children” HERE IS THE LINK
https://www.c-span.org/video/?514779-1/health-experts-testify-covid-19-impact-childrenPublic Policy Meeting Assignment
Submit a 3-4 page summary paper on the public policy meeting ( mentioned above). Include headings in your paper that address these components:
The purpose of the meeting, key participants, key agenda items, and meeting logistics
Background information and a description about the committee
One specific topic that was discussed at the meeting and an explanation of the committee process
An analysis of the key stakeholder positions related to the topic discussed
Key interactions that occurred at the meeting
Outcomes of the meeting including the specific topic focus
Current APA Style, proper grammar, and references as appropriate
ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE !!
Solution
Public Policy Meeting
The purpose of the public policy meeting was to try and understand the impact of covid-19 on children with the meeting considering many issues, including masking, social isolation, obesity, and depression which are some of the effects of Covid19 on children (House.gov, 2020). The key agenda of the meeting was to determine how Covid19 affects children and how various arms of the government can be involved in mitigating such effects. In the meeting, the members of the house energy and Commerce subcommittee, therefore, considered the input of various health experts. The public policy meeting was held in the Rayburn House office building in Congress, with many participants joining remotely through various teleconferencing devices (House.gov, 2020). The key participants in the meeting, therefore, included house representatives and health experts from various healthcare facilities and non-governmental organizations.
Background Information and a Description about the Committee
The House Energy and Commerce subcommittee is led by the Democratic Party and is responsible for various issues, including consumer protection, telecommunications, environmental quality, food and drug safety, public health and research, energy policy, foreign and interstate commerce (House.gov, 2020). The committee is currently chaired by Ms. DeGette. For the highlighted public policy meeting, the main focus of the subcommittee was on public health issues. In the public policy meeting, the subcommittee put to task various health experts to try and understand the impact that Covid-19 was having on children(C-SPAN, 2021).
One Specific Topic that was discussed at the Meeting and an Explanation of the Committee Process
One of the specific topics that were addressed in the public policy meeting was the impact of covid-19 on children, both direct and indirect. The committee process of addressing various issues included consideration of opening statement various members of the committee, including the chair of the subcommittee, ranking member of the subcommittee, the full committee chair, and the full committee ranking member(C-SPAN, 2021). The committee then welcomed the various witnesses to testify on the direct and indirect impact of covid-19 on children with the various witnesses including the president of the American Academy of Pediatrics, a pediatrician at the Monroe Carell Jr Children’s Hospital, American Psychological Association CEO, and the founder of a non-governmental organization called Vaxteen (C-SPAN, 2021).
An Analysis of the Key Stakeholder Positions Related to the Topic Discussed
According to the house energy and Commerce subcommittee chairperson, the main goal of the subcommittee was to curb the spread of Covid 19 and to eventually bring the Covid 19 pandemic to an end. According to the chair of the committee, Ms. DeGette, the main goal of the public policy meeting was to involve various stakeholders and, more specifically, healthcare practitioners working with children to clearly understand the impact of covid-19 on children and how various stakeholders could continue to enhance the health of children during the Covid 19 pandemic(C-SPAN, 2021). On the other hand, Mr. Griffith, a ranking member in the subcommittee, highlighted the increase in cases of Covid 19 among children and the need to understand the causes of the increasing prevalence of Covid 19 in children. Mr. Griffiths also called for a holistic approach in assessing the impact of covid-19 on children by considering not only the health effects of Covid 19 but also the impact that the isolation that the pandemic had caused on the mental health of children, which has contributed to increased levels of anxiety depression obesity and eating disorders among children(C-SPAN, 2021). Mr. Griffiths also explored the impact of Covid 19 on the increasing cases of abuse and neglect among children, especially since the pandemic caused the closure of schools where teachers and educators in general play a significant role in reporting any cases of abuse and neglect among children.
On the other hand, representative Pallone highlighted that the lack of vaccines that were targeted to children below 12 years was a significant contributor to the rising cases of Covid-19 among children. Representative Pallone highlighted that a speedy approval of Covid 19 vaccines for children below 12 years would go a long way in reducing the cases of Covid 19 in such populations(C-SPAN, 2021).
On the other hand, Dr. Beers, the President of the American Academy of Pediatrics, highlighted that Covid 19 has had a significant impact on children and has resulted in an estimated 5.5 million cases among children, with over 21,000 children being hospitalized and at least 480 children dying across the US because of Covid 19. Dr. Beers also highlighted that African-American and Latino children were disproportionately affected by Covid. According to Dr. Beers, the best approach to preventing the spread of Covid-19 and the negative effects of the disease would be to promote a higher uptake of vaccines among teenagers and also encourage higher uptake of vaccines among children once such vaccines are approved by the FDA(C-SPAN, 2021).
On the other hand, DR. Rush, the president Of Monroe Carell Children’s Hospital, highlighted that covid-19 had a significant impact on children, especially those who come from low socioeconomic families. Children from such families were more likely to lack health insurance and lack access to healthcare services, and also be involved in lesser physical activity. All these combined factors result in negative health outcomes among children and specifically those from low socioeconomic families(C-SPAN, 2021).
On the other hand, the CEO of the American Psychological Association, Dr. Evans, highlighted that covid-19 had a significant negative effect on the mental health of children and contributed to increased cases of anxiety, depression, and also an increased rate of attempted suicide among children. This was therefore caused by the social isolation, disruptive schedules, and disrupted economic activities of families during the Covid-19 pandemic(C-SPAN, 2021).
Key Interactions that Occurred at the Meeting
The key interactions that occurred in the meeting included the house representative receiving views from the health experts on how to effectively mitigate the effects of Covid -19 among children and which would be the best approach to implement such mitigation measures.
Outcomes of the Meeting
The outcomes of the meetings included a recommendation by the House Energy and Commerce subcommittee for the adoption of various strategies to promote vaccination among teenagers so as to ensure that children return to their normal life as soon as possible and therefore reduce the various negative mental health issues associated with the disruptions caused by the Covid 19. The subcommittee also proposed that prompt approval of vaccination among children less than 12 years old would go a long way in preventing an increase in Covid-19 cases and also help children to return to their normal lives and avoid the negative mental health issues caused by Covid-19.
References
C-SPAN. (2021, September 22). Health Experts Testify on COVID-19 Impact on Children. C-Span.Org. Retrieved November 15, 2021, from https://www.c-span.org:443/errors/403?514779-1/health-experts-testify-covid-19-impact-childrenPublic%20Policy%20Meeting%20Assignment
House.gov. (2020). House Committee on Energy and Commerce. Retrieved November 15, 2021, from https://energycommerce.house.gov/