Nursing

Vaccine Passport
APA Position Paper
Please write a position paper, either in support or opposition of Vaccine Passport
Paper should be no longer than 3 pages (not including title and reference pages) double spaced and submitted in APA format.
Please utilize a minimum of 3 Peer Reviewed sources that are published within the last 5 years.
Please ensure that the paper includes a title page, reference page and other appropriate APA 7th ed formatting.
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Solution
Positon Paper In Opposition To Vaccine Passports
As the Covid 19 pandemic has continued, there has been a significant desire among populations for normalcy to return, with such a desire being made even more potent by the rollout of efficacious vaccines. With the rolling out of vaccines against Covid 19, one of the most prominent issues of contention has been the issue of vaccine passports. Vaccine passports are certifications of vaccination that are meant to reduce any form of public health restrictions on those who bear them (Porat et al., 2021). Most developed countries such as the US, European countries, and Israel have therefore committed to the use of vaccine passports among vaccinated individuals. In this paper, I will provide several reasons in opposition of vaccine passports.
Vaccine passports were first introduced as a way of determining travel eligibility among individuals from different regions during the Covid 19 pandemic. During the pandemic, different governments adopted approaches to zone regions according to the number of infection rates. Individuals were therefore required to have a vaccine passport to be able to travel across different restricted areas. Over time vaccine passports have grown in use to include regulation of access to social and recreational gatherings, government services, and workplaces. Numerous school districts in the US have also issued deadlines and dates where they intend to start enforcing vaccine passports, especially with the recent approval of vaccination among teenagers and children above five years of age. The Federal Government and state governments have consistently continued to advocate for vaccine passports to permit entry to restricted areas such as gyms, hotels, theaters, music venues, and restaurants (Sharif et al., 2021).
The main rationale for the implementation of vaccine passport programs is that public health restrictions that play a significant role in restricting and limiting individual freedoms for various socially valuable activities should be tailored to specific verifiable risks. The tailoring of public health restrictions to verifiable risk has therefore not been the main issue surrounding the issuance of vaccine passports because such tailoring is a central principle of public health practice and civil rights law (De Figueiredo et al., 2021). However, the main issue with public health restrictions, including the broad adoption of vaccine passports, has therefore been the consideration that such restrictions are harsh. The issue of implementation of vaccine passports has therefore been viewed as controversial because although the adoption of such public health restrictions appears to be harsh on a given population, relaxing such restrictions can significantly affect some populations that are more susceptible to the adverse health effects of covid-19 such as elderly people.
The subsequent use of covid-19 vaccine passports to guide various restrictions among populations has therefore resulted in a lot of opposition based on numerous weighty concerns. The first concern related to the wide rollout of Covid-19 vaccine passports is mainly related to the rates of vaccination among low-income populations and racial minorities, which are still significantly lower compared to other populations. This is because racial minorities and low-income populations are more likely to view any government program with skepticism based on their past relationship and association with the federal government. Such populations are therefore more likely to refuse to get vaccinated. By refusing Covid-19 vaccinations, low-income populations and racial minorities are more likely to lack covid-19 vaccine passports and therefore be effectively locked out of society and even suffer from social isolation because of lack of access to recreational and social gatherings, workplaces, and government services in some areas (Porat et al., 2021). The disproportionate Covid-19 in vaccination rates between racial minorities and low-income populations, compared to the majority of the population, therefore raises a concern that vaccine passports could be abused and be used as tools to discriminate and even marginalize the communities who occupy lower social classes even further.
Another significant point of contention related to vaccine passports has been the unclear issue of the extent of protection that is conferred by vaccines, especially against the new variants of covid19. Scientists have therefore not been able to conduct adequate studies to determine the rates of vaccine efficacy on the different variants of covid-19, while the issue of the potential of transmitting Covid 19 among people who have been fully vaccinated has also not been adequately addressed. Finally, the issue of the wider adoption of vaccine passports has highlighted further social issues related to discrimination can emerge, especially among individuals with philosophical and religious objections to vaccinations (Porat et al., 2021).
Considering the numerous shortcoming of the wider adoption of covid-19 vaccination passports, including the use of such passports as tools for discrimination and social isolation amongst low-income and racial minorities and the use of such tools for the discrimination of individuals based on religious and philosophical objections, it is evident that the use of vaccine passport should not be adopted as the main public health policy to curb the spread of covid-19. Public health policies should not be used to orchestrate discrimination and marginalization on the basis of social or demographic characteristics. Although the intention of introducing vaccine passports is good in that it intends to deal effectively with the covid-19 such passports should not be adopted because of the numerous negative effects of the vaccine passport mandates (Sharif et al., 2021).
References
De Figueiredo, A., Larson, H. J., & Reicher, S. D. (2021). The potential impact of vaccine passports on inclination to accept COVID-19 vaccinations in the United Kingdom: Evidence from a large cross-sectional survey and modeling study. EClinicalMedicine, 40, 101109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101109
Porat, T., Burnell, R., Calvo, R. A., Ford, E., Paudyal, P., Baxter, W. L., & Parush, A. (2021). “Vaccine Passports” May Backfire: Findings from a Cross-Sectional Study in the UK and Israel on Willingness to Get Vaccinated against COVID-19. Vaccines, 9(8), 902. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9080902
Sharif, A., Botlero, R., Hoque, N., Alif, S. M., Nazmul Karim, M., & Islam, S. M. S. (2021). A pragmatic approach to COVID-19 vaccine passport. BMJ Global Health, 6(10), e006956. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006956

Classmate Response (2): Topic 8 DQ 2 -Application and interpretation of research data in Public health-
QUESTION-Discuss an ethical challenge you might face as a researcher when collecting and analyzing data from human subjects. What is an IRB and why is it necessary?
Classmate (Chayah’s) response-There are multiple potential ethical challenges that may be faced as a researcher working with human subjects. Some general examples could include dignity, bodily integrity, autonomy, and privacy factors. Our country has checks and balances in place to provide safety, informed consent, and confidentiality (Kapp, 2006). The lack of informed consent is a huge potential pitfall of ethical standards with any study with humans. Historically there have been many instances of harm coming to persons because they did not know at all or fully understand what they were signing up to do. Examples such as the Tuskegee study or Puerto Rico birth control trials unfortunately shows the harm that can come to people when they are not informed in order to actually give consent. There is much room for harm to do be done potentially and safety protocols need to be in place. Current regulations are that participants consents must be documented, they must be informed of risks and benefits or participation, alternatives to participate, that they have the right to stop being involved in the study at any time, knowledge of the purpose, and what is the expected nature of inventions (Kapp, 2006). Ethics can become more complicated in this area when dealing with persons that have potential to be taken advantage of such as prison inmates, children, or the developmentally delayed. Other people such as pregnant women may inherently be at more at risk in any study. The researchers and oversight need to carefully evaluate that such persons are indeed giving informed consent without coercion or misinformation. Any study that the Common Rule (rule of ethics) or FDA regulation apply to must be reviewed by an IRB or institutional review board that is recognized as one by the federal office of Human Research Protections (Kapp, 2006). A study then can have continued IRB oversight or minimally an annual report (Kapp, 2006). The primary purpose of an IRB is to examine, prior to and as needed, that participants in a human study are protected and their rights are being respected (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2019). The research body has a duty to take steps to meet these premises and the board ensures that this is happening. There is a group process to examine the protocols in place for a study that works to ensure that it follows current regulations. An IRB has authority to grant approval, provide feedback concerning needed modifications, or to reject a research plan (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2019).
References
Kapp M. B. (2006). Ethical and legal issues in research involving human subjects: do you want a piece of me? Journal of clinical pathology, 59(4), 335–339. https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.2005.030957
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2019). Institutional Review Boards Frequently Asked Questions. Guidance for Institutional Review Boards and Clinical Investigators. https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/institutional-review-boards-frequently-asked-questions
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Solution
QUESTION-Discuss an ethical challenge you might face as a researcher when collecting and analyzing data from human subjects. What is an IRB and why is it necessary?
A common ethical challenge when dealing with human subjects in research includes informed consent, autonomy, confidentiality, etc. Informed consent refers to the process where the participant is given all the relevant information about the trial, which is important in making an informed decision. After studying all the provided information, the participant willingly and voluntarily confirms his/her willingness to participate in the study. Informed consent is founded on the legal and moral premise of patient autonomy, that the patient has the right and the responsibility to make decisions that concern their health and medical conditions (Reiss, 2019). It is based on four principles, including the capacity to make decisions; this includes the ability to understand the options and the consequences of each provided decision, including the cost and benefits associated with each. Disclosure requires that the researcher provides all the relevant information concerning the trial/research. Documentation of the consent and competency; which indicates that an individual has the ability to make a decision and be held responsible. Failure to ensure that informed consent is observed can have serious consequences on the participants, for example, the Puerto Rico birth control trials, which resulted in the deaths of 3 participants while others experienced extreme side effects, including blood clots (Reiss, 2019).
The Institution Regulation Board (IRB) was formed to ensure informed consent and is charged with protecting human research subjects’ rights and welfare. The board comprises at least five members from different backgrounds to ensure a comprehensive review of human research. It has the authority to approve, monitor, disapprove or request modifications to the research activities as required by the federal laws and institution policy (U. S Food and Drug Administration, 2019).
References
Reiss, A. J. (2019). Conditions and consequences of consent in human subject research. In Regulation of Scientific Inquiry (pp. 161-184). Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429304279-15/conditions-consequences-consent-human-subject-research-albert-reiss
S Food and Drug Administration, (2019) Institutional Review Boards Frequently Asked Questions Guidance for Institutional Review Boards and Clinical Investigators Retrieved from: https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/institutional-review-boards-frequently-asked-questions

Discuss infection control practices in the hospital and community setting. Include a variety of infectious threats in these setting and how the RN can mitigate them. Example of infectious threats with a high impact in the hospital setting are MRSA, VRE & C-Diff. Those in the community are diseases such as COVID, influenza & Hepatitis C
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Solution
Infection Control Practices
Infection control practices involve clinical strategies used by healthcare workers to prevent health-associated infections in hospitals and home care based settings. Healthcare-associated infections greatly affect healthcare delivery through their quality and safety (Tartari et al.,2021). Most of these infections are related to the hospital setup as compared to the community. Patients acquire these infections while undertaking medical treatment or surgeries in a hospital scenery.
Control Practices in the Community and Hospital
Infection control practices of health-associated infections are more likely the same at the hospital and community level; there might be a little different due to the different infectious threats. According to the World Health Organization, hand hygiene is the most common practice that needs to be observed by both the health practitioners and patients at the hospital and community level. (Haque et al.,2018).
Registered nurses tend to wash their hands before touching any treatment equipment and handling patients to reduce the chances of infectious bacteria spreading to the patients during treatment. On the other hand, community members are at a higher risk of contracting an infectious disease like the covid-19 virus and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus if they do not wash their hands with clinically proven soap and enough running water observe environmental hygiene. Therefore, both the community and health workers have an obligation of observing these control measures to prevent such infectious diseases.
Proper use of catheters is very important in managing high-quality care during medical treatment and surgeries procedures. Registered nurses have tried to enhance proper use of this equipment by ensuring they wear protective clothing and gloves before surgical procedures. In addition, they try to use catheters only when necessary and cleans them as soon as possible and clean the skin area where the catheters are being inserted. Proper use of catheters helps in reducing infectious threats and promoting quality health care.
References
Haque, M., Sartelli, M., McKimm, J., & Bakar, M. A. (2018). Health care-associated infections–an overview. Infection and drug resistance, 11, 2321. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6245375/
Tartari, E., Tomczyk, S., Pires, D., Zayed, B., Rehse, A. C., Kariyo, P., … & Allegranzi, B. (2021). Implementation of the infection prevention and control core components at the national level: a global situational analysis. Journal of Hospital Infection, 108, 94-103. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195670120305491

Assignment 1: Early Onset Schizophrenia
Children and adolescents with schizophrenia have more difficulty functioning in academic or work settings, and significant impairment usually persists into adulthood. They may have speech or language disorders and in some cases borderline intellectual functioning. These individuals are more likely to complete suicide attempts or die from other accidental causes. Schizophrenia is characterized by positive and negative symptoms. Positive symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, and behavior disturbance. Negative symptoms include blunted affect and attention, apathy, and lack of motivation and social interest.
In this Assignment, you compare treatment plans for adults diagnosed with schizophrenia with treatment plans for children and adolescents diagnosed with schizophrenia. You also consider the legal and ethical issues involved in medicating children diagnosed with schizophrenia.
Learning Objectives
Students will:
• Compare evidence-based treatment plans for adults versus children and adolescents diagnosed with schizophrenia
• Analyze legal and ethical issues surrounding the forceful administration of medication to children diagnosed with schizophrenia
• Analyze the role of the PMHNP in addressing issues related to the forceful administration of medication to children diagnosed with schizophrenia
To Prepare for this Assignment:
• Review the Learning Resources concerning early-onset schizophrenia.
The Assignment:
• Compare at least two evidence-based treatment plans for adults diagnosed with schizophrenia with evidence-based treatment plans for children and adolescents diagnosed with schizophrenia.
• Explain the legal and ethical issues involved with forcing children diagnosed with schizophrenia to take medication for the disorder and how a PMHNP may address those issues.
Note: The School of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The Sample Paper provided at the Walden Writing Center provides an example of those required elements (available at http://writingcenter.waldenu.edu/57.htm). All papers submitted must use this formatting.
By Day 7

You are working on a busy clinical unit, and you and your peers have identified a new informatics system that may improve patient outcomes on the unit. At the end of the busy day, you and your peers approach your nursing care manager to explain your ideas. The nursing care manager is excited about your ideas and suggests you first review the literature for evidence to support your idea.
Within the presentation, you should include the following:
Identify the type of informatics system you envision being used on your unit to improve patient outcomes and nursing processes.
Complete a brief five article literature review on your suggested system.
Develop a brief abstract on your suggested system utilizing your evidenced-based research.
Estimate the cost of the system and implementation needs for the system.
Conclude with a thorough explanation of your expectations for the improvement to patient outcomes and nursing processes that you foresee occurring as a result of implementation of your suggested system.
Rubric for power point Topic/Introduction:
Identifies and clearly introduces the informatics system in detail with a brief explanation as to why he/she feels it will improve patient outcomes and nursing processes.
Critical Analysis:
The student shares his/her brief five article literature review and a brief abstract on the suggested informatics system utilizing evidenced-based research. A cost estimate and full description of implementation needs are also presented. A critical analysis of the entire system, including its components, personnel and processes affected, and its expected impact, are all described.
Conclusion:
The student concludes with a thorough explanation of his/her expectations for the improvement to patient outcomes and nursing processes that he/she foresees occurring as a result of implementation of the suggested system.
Mechanics:
Written material on slides uses Standard Edited American English. Language and diction are appropriate for the audience. Follows rules for grammar, spelling, and usage. APA formatting is present and includes a title slide and a reference slide. Contains the required number of references. In-text APA citations are used in the presentation.

You will provided with a topic and 2 responses to the topic. please comment to each response. please provide reference to each response.
Topic information attached
Any clinical example made should be reference to emergency department
Policy Organization and Financing Health Care – WK 1 RESP
Topic – Discuss your position regarding access to and coverage for health care. Are we obligated to provide access to and coverage for health care for all Americans as an entitlement (a right)? Or should health care be considered a commodity that is subject to the influences of economic, social, and market demand (supply and demand)? Be sure to include the rationale for your position in your discussion.
Response 1: Roxanne
I fully believe that all Americans citizens should be provided with complete health care coverage from birth to death. This coverage should include wellness checkups, cancer screenings as well as diabetic and cancer interventions to include medication and homeopathic interventions. I believe that tighter restrictions and qualifications should be applied to other social services like food stamps and financial support to women and children. And rather provide resources to better prepare this population with educational and employment opportunities. Therefore, freeing up exorbitant amounts of misused funds previously used on welfare to now be used for healthcare providing coverage for all citizens regardless of socioeconomic status or influence.
My position on this issue stems for the many years of the chronically ill patients being underserved in our nation. Many of them having to regularly choose between their medications, utilities, housing or food. As we know, Narcan is freely provide to revive a drug user, but a diabetic will require a several thousand dollar inpatient stay in the hospital to stabilize his blood sugars, due to medication neglect. This must change, we need to make our chronically ill patients a priority, but even more so we need to keep our healthy individuals from becoming sick and therefore, health coverage for all would allow those that presently cannot afford insurance to take advantage of wellness care and screenings. This approach would overall improve the health of our country and lessen the financial impact of rising healthcare cost and inpatient hospital stays. Keeping America healthy!
Response 2: Devon
I believe that everyone should have access to healthcare – we just haven’t figured out how to do it right, yet. The NHS is arguably the most successful implementation of nationalized health care at this point, but it has many shortfalls. Wait times for care are astronomical, and when you are able to see a provider, they are it. Second opinions are near impossible to get, and considered a luxury if you can find one. According to the British Medical Journal from December 2020, “eliminating waits of over 52 weeks—162?000 of them at the last count1 (Links to an external site.)—and meeting the broader standard of 18 weeks for elective care will take years, not months”.
From a personal viewpoint, my aunt lives in Scotland. She is elderly, but has never been sickly. She went to an NHS hospital with severe RUQ pain with nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and anorexia. She was seen and diagnosed with gallstones which were obstructing the bile duct and causing pancreatitis, told she would need surgery, and sent home pending an available surgery date. She had the option of staying in the hospital, however due to budget cuts at the national level, she would need to provide her own linens, and family would have to bring her food. They also did not have the staff to support someone in a pre-op status (despite her labs indicating hepatic impairment), so if she needed “cleaning up” family would have to manage that as well. It took 2 months, and a ruptured gallbladder before they took her to surgery. The excuse given was that her age made her a “less than ideal candidate for surgery”.
Unfortunately, this is not the only story like this. When healthcare is nationalized, it is based on numbers and outcomes and cost efficiency, not about actually providing people with quality care.
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Solution
Response 1: Roxanne
Greetings, thank you for considering my interest in your post. I also want to appreciate you taking your time to participate in the discussion. Your post is well structured with good grammar that enables the reader to understand the comprehension. Therefore, I will add a few remarks to your post. This was so thoughtful of you to take an interest in such a sensitive topic. Healthcare access remains an issue to most Americans. Even though there are policies and regulations for health coverage, it is still the main discussion on whether Americans are obligated to access healthcare or if it is just a privilege.
Reforms such as the Affordable Care Act were mainly implemented to facilitate health insurance for all Americans, especially those who cannot afford healthcare services. Although the reform has helped many Americans access healthcare services, it has still not achieved some health criteria like access to quality care (Bauchner, 2017). This shows that healthcare is not a privilege to the majority, who cannot top up their finances and access quality care services. Most health reforms focus on interventions and not necessarily prevention actions. Therefore, the reforms should be implemented so that they lead to the provision of essential health benefits such as access to all healthcare services, especially in chronic illnesses.
Response 2: Devon
Hello, I appreciate your sincerity in helping other readers understand how sensitive this topic of discussion is. I also support your choice that, indeed, healthcare access should be a right for every individual. In addition to your point regarding your auntie’s situation, the National Health Service policy should be regulated and revised to enhance access to health care for all. For instance, the healthcare cost and reimbursement rates should be reduced (Papanicolas et al., 2019). The U.S. population is dominated by older people, requiring quality care to prolong their well-being and enhance their healthy lifestyles. Chronic illnesses among the more aging population continue to be a major crisis in the United States. If the reforms such as National Health Service are not revised effectively, reaching the goals of quality healthcare services to all will remain a privilege and not a right anymore.
References
Bauchner, H. (2017). Health care in the United States: a right or a privilege. JAMA, 317(1), 29-29. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2595503
Papanicolas, I., Mossialos, E., Gundersen, A., Woskie, L., & Jha, A. K. (2019). Performance of U.K. National Health Service compared with other high income countries: observational study. bmj, 367. https://www.bmj.com/content/367/bmj.l6326.full

Discussion#3
Read the following articles. Provide three important points you took from each article:
New Antibiotic for Complicated Urinary Tract Infections (2017)
Ondansetron: Relief from nausea and vomiting (2018)
Epilepsy: An electrical storm in the brain (2019)
Treatment in a Tertiary Intestinal Rehabilitation Center Improves Outcome for Children with Short Bowel Syndrome (2018)
Autism spectrum disorder in primary care (2019
You must provide a complete APA reference for one of the articles and reply to one peer. Initial posts must be no less than 250 word
Use this as an example DO NOT COPY
New Antibiotic for Complicated Urinary Tract Infections (2017)
Vabomere, a combination of meropenem and vaborbactam, is a new antibiotic indicated for the treatment of adults with complicated urinary tract infections (cUTI), including pyelonephritis.
Enterobacter species organisms are often resistant to multiple drug therapies, making Enterobacter-related infections difficult to treat. These bacteria can also spread mobile drug resistance elements to other bacteria, increasing the prevalence of multidrug-resistant organisms.
The most common adverse effects of Vabomere, occurring in at least 3% of patients, are headache, phlebitis/infusion site reaction, and diarrhea.
Ondansetron: Relief from nausea and vomiting (2018)
Ondansetron is currently listed as one of the Word Health Organization’s essential medications, which means that it treats a priority health need, is cost effective, and demonstrates evidence of efficiency and patient safety.
Ondansetron blocks the serotonin receptors at the vagal nerve terminals in the intestines, which blocks transmission to the central nervous system where post-op nausea is coordinated by the vomiting center.
Although there are no monitoring parameters for liver function tests, it’s advised to use this drug with caution in patients who have liver disease because it can lead to toxicity.
Epilepsy: An electrical storm in the brain (2019)
It’s also one of the oldest medical conditions recognized, with records of epilepsy dating all the way back to 4000 BCE.
Automatisms occur with focal seizures and include repetitive purposeless behaviors, such as chewing, picking at clothing, clapping or rubbing hands together, and lip smacking. These behaviors have been mistaken for mental illness in some patients.
A second and more severe complication is sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), which occurs for an unidentified reason. According to the Epilepsy Foundation, 1 out of 1,000 adults and 1 out of 4.500 children with epilepsy will die as a result of SUDEP each year.
Treatment in a Tertiary Intestinal Rehabilitation Center Improves Outcome for Children with Short Bowel Syndrome (2018)
The most common cause of intestinal failure in children is short bowel syndrome (SBS), a condition caused by an extensive surgical resection for diseases such as necrotizing enterocolitis, midgut volvulus, gastroschisis, and small intestinal atresia.
Current management of SBS aims to facilitate and promote gut adaptation, wean patients from PN as soon as possible, and prevent life-threatening complications as determined earlier.
Moreover, for a positive outcome, it is of outmost importance to recognize children with poor prognostic determinants early and to ensure the highest level of future care.
Autism spectrum disorder in primary care (2019)
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends every child has an ASD-specific screening at 18 and 24 months of age.
In typically developing children, separation anxiety emerges around 9 months, and crying when taken away from the parent is a reassuring sign that the child is developing attachments. Children with ASD may be inconsolable in a noel environment or with a change in routine, even in the presence of parents.
Although some young children have trouble with articulation, children with ASD have trouble with speech prosody: intonation (monotone), rhythm, rate, pitch, volume, and quality of sound (nasal).
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Solution
Discussion#3
A new antibiotic has been formulated to treat complicated cases of urinary tract infections.
Vabomere, which is a combination of vaborbactam and meropenem, is the new antibiotic that has been proven to be effective in the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections such as pyelonephritis.
Vabomere has also been found to be effective against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Enterobacter cloacae species, especially in cases where such bacteria are resistant to other antibiotics.
Among patients suffering from complicated urinary tract infections, Vabomere should therefore be administered through IV infusion every 8 hours. Every dose of the drug is therefore administered in three hours.
Ondansetron is one of the most effective antiemetic medications for both adults and children presently.
Ondansetron is used for vomiting and nausea as a result of gastroenteritis or postoperatively due to chemotherapy.
Ondansetron is considered one of the essential medications by the World Health Organization because of its high efficacy, low cost, and lack of severe side effects on patients.
Epilepsy is a prevalent neurologic diseases in the world, with at least 50 million people globally having epilepsy and at least 3.4 million suffering from epilepsy in the US, according to the CDC.
Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent seizures and is one of the most common neurological conditions that nurses encounter in healthcare environments.
The goal for the management of epilepsy in patients should therefore include preventing or stopping seizures through antiepileptic drugs or surgery such as focal resection, among others.
Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is one of the central causes of intestinal failure in children.
Most of the patients with SBS rely on long-term parenteral nutrition that can cause complications such as intestinal failure and thrombosis.
The treatment of patients with SBS in referral centres can be of great benefit to such patients due to the availability of a multidisciplinary team that can be effective in intestinal rehabilitation.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by deficits in social interaction, social communication, restricted and repetitive patterns of activity of interest and behavior.
ASD surveillance is important in primary care environments to allow room for early interventions
In the US, surveillance for ASD among children is therefore recommended, especially through developmental surveillance.
References
Aschenbrenner, D. S. (2017). New Antibiotic for Complicated Urinary Tract Infections. AJN, American Journal of Nursing, 117(12), 22–23. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.naj.0000527483.55997.0a
Levy, S. E., Wolfe, A., Coury, D., Duby, J., Farmer, J., Schor, E., van Cleave, J., & Warren, Z. (2020). Screening Tools for Autism Spectrum Disorder in Primary Care: A Systematic Evidence Review. Pediatrics, 145(Supplement_1), S47–S59. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-1895h
Perkins, A. (2019). Epilepsy. Nursing Made Incredibly Easy!, 17(4), 42–50. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nme.0000559583.43254.ab
Saathoff, A. (2018). Ondansetron. Nursing Made Incredibly Easy!, 16(3), 25–27. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nme.0000531883.32144.93
Vugrinec Mami?, M., Hojsak, I., Mišak, Z., Kerman, V., & Kola?ek, S. (2019). Treatment in a Tertiary Intestinal Rehabilitation Center Improves Outcome for Children With Short Bowel Syndrome. Gastroenterology Nursing, 42(2), 165–168. https://doi.org/10.1097/sga.0000000000000324

Individual Success Plan for NRS 490 Capstone
Planning is the key to successful completion of this course and your overall program of study. The Individual Success Plan (ISP) assignment requires early collaboration with the course faculty and your course mentor. You will need to establish a plan for successful completion of (1) deliverables associated with weekly course objectives, (2), required practice immersion hours, and (3) deliverables associated with your capstone project.
Access the “Individual Success Plan” resource in the Topic Materials. Read the information in the resource, including student expectations and instructions for completing the ISP document.
Use the “Individual Success Plan” to develop a personal plan for completing your practice hours and how topic objectives will be met. Include the number of hours you plan to set aside to meet your goals.
A combination of 100 supervised clinical hours in community health and leadership areas will be obtained through the application of the objectives listed in the Guidelines for Undergraduate Field Experiences manual.
Practicum immersion experiences are required in a community health setting. Community-based settings should encourage community integration and involvement; expand accessibility of services and supports; promote personal preference, strengths, dignity; and empower people to participate in the economic mainstream.
According to HealthyPeople.gov, educational and community-based programs and strategies are designed to reach people outside of traditional health care settings. These settings may include schools, worksites, health care facilities, and communities. Community health and leadership practice immersion can occur in the same site and in conjunction with the evidence-based project in the NRS-490 course.
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If you are a registered nurse in Washington, your practicum experience must include a minimum of 50 hours in a community health setting.
Students should apply concepts from prior courses to critically examine and improve their current practice. Students should also integrate scholarly readings to develop case reports that demonstrate increasingly complex and proficient practice.
Consider the challenges you expect to encounter as you continue the practice hour and competency requirements throughout this course. How might you overcome these challenges?
You can renegotiate these deliverables with your faculty and mentor throughout this course and update your ISP accordingly.
Once your ISP has been developed and accepted by your course faculty, you will have your course mentor sign it at the beginning of, and upon completion of, each assignment that incorporates practice immersion hours. You will track all course practice immersion hours in the ISP.
APA format is not required, but solid academic writing is expected.

Discussion Question – Whistleblower: An Ethical Dilemma
A whistleblower, by definition, is someone who brings an unethical, immoral, or illegal business practice to the public’s attention. Whistleblowers have a difficult time in doing this, and they often find their lives changed because of their actions. Sometimes they are shunned and also receive death threats. It is common for the family members to feel the effects of a whistleblower’s behavior.
Dr. Jeffrey Wigand became one of the best-known whistleblowers after his experience was turned into a movie, The Insider. He proved tobacco companies were deliberately boosting the nicotine content of cigarettes, making them more addictive and cancer causing. However, similar to other whistleblowers, he suffered from tremendous stress and received death threats and other forms of intimidation for doing the right thing. Do some research on Wigand’s actions.
Discuss
1).Assess how Dr. Wigand showed moral intelligence and leadership in this situation. Assess what you think he did for his own credibility based on his actions.
2) .Evaluate what you would do if you found an unethical practice in your workplace. Would your response depend on the severity of the unethical practice?
3).Provide a couple examples of potential unethical practices in your organization that could be considered very minor and that people have come to “accept” as opposed to reporting. How, exactly, does the organization or its members respond to the unethical practices? Assess any inconsistencies in the organizational response. Recommend any alternative response.
Conclude discussion with a three or four sentence summary of the most important point, lesson, or takeaways from your research and analysis for your initial post.

PHN 652 -Topic 3 DQ 1-Data Collection And Analysis Methods
Topic 3 DQ 1-Data Collection And Analysis Methods
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using qualitative or quantitative data. Give an example of when you would use each.
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Solution
Qualitative Data
Qualitative data is crucial in research. It is the type of data that describes the information and categorically identifies with a specific individual (Gibbs, 2018). For instance, data is collected using factors identifying people in a particular population, such as sex and ethnicity. The data collected using the qualitative method is usually authentic and easily reliable. The study focuses on the advantages and disadvantages of qualitative data and the uses of qualitative and quantitative data.
Advantages
Qualitative data describes the information, thus giving more detailed information. It can be written easily inform of texts and other ways. Help summarizes the bulky information into a simpler manner therefore easy to understand (Gibbs, 2018). Qualitative data can use several methods to collect data at once, thus making data collection cost-efficient and manageable.
Disadvantages
Qualitative data is mainly applicable to the most detailed research that requires detailed information. Despite its advantages, it also has its disadvantages. Some of these are, it can be time-consuming. Due to the bulkiness of data and describing context, it can take too much time to complete the process. Its data can be more challenging to analyze due to the description of the content.
When to use Qualitative and Quantitative
Qualitative data explore all ideas through the description to analyze data and usually tries to interpret that information that is unknown (Ahmad et al., 2019). For example, research done on the covid-19 virus has detailed reports describing the pandemic. On the other hand, quantitative data is used to quantify analysis. It tends to answer the existing questions, thus relies mainly on qualitative data (Ahmad et al., 2019). Quantitative data can be used in a study that focuses on finding the numbers of affected people in a population to collect data. Data is organized in a numerical way to answer existing questions.
References
Ahmad, S., Wasim, S., Irfan, S., Gogoi, S., Srivastava, A., & Farheen, Z. (2019). Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research. population, 1, 2. https://www.5staressays.com/blog/qualitative-vs-quantitative-research/qualitative-vs-quantitative-research.pdf
Gibbs, G. R. (2018). Analyzing qualitative data (Vol. 6). Sage. https://books.google.co.ke/books?hl=en&lr=&id=f_1QDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=qualitative+data&ots=1YZnMQg0xm&sig=fmBS859pWAyokbejiIQO5M5xQcY&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=qualitative%20data&f=false