Mathematics

This course exercises many skills related to understanding statistical procedures and analysis. For this assessment, you have the opportunity to incorporate many of the skills discussed in this course into a research report. You will use the GSS Explorer website, form a hypothesis, and then conduct a statistical analysis on the data in order to determine whether the hypothesis is accurate or not. In addition, you will record the results and make conclusions based on the hypothesis you originally designed. Having the ability to connect all the concepts to apply research and real variables ensures you understand the various methods of statistical analysis. Preparation You will use data from the GSS Data Explorer website, which contains archival data. Archival data is pre-existing data that has been collected by another individual or organization and is available to be analyzed, enabling you to draw new conclusions about the data. The website requires you sign up for an account. If you need help with sign-up, watch GSS Data Explorer Instructions, which walks you through the process of creating an account with the website (free of charge), finding your variables for the research report, and extracting the data to an Excel spreadsheet. Decide Your Variables Begin by selecting two variables of your choice from the following list of variables—it’s recommended that you choose one from List A and one from list B. Note that “r” represents the participant. List A Labor force status (wrkstat). Marital status (marital). R’s highest degree (degree). Have gun in home (owngun). How often does r read newspaper (news). Www hours per week (wwwhr). List B People helpful or looking out for selves (helpful). People fair or try to take advantage (fair). Can people be trusted (trust). Days of poor mental health past 30 days (mntlhlth). Told have depression (depress). Happy or unhappy with life today (hapunhap). R’s rating of life overall now from 0–10 (lifenow). R’s quality of life (quallife). R’s mental health, mood, and ability to think (hlthmntl). In the past 7 days, how often r has been bothered by emotional problems (emoprobs). How often r was unhappy or depressed in past 4 weeks (unhappy). If you want to report demographic information on your participants (optional): Respondent’s sex (sex). Respondent’s race (race). Extract Your Data When you decide on your variables, extract your data from the GSS Data Explorer website. If you need help, watch GSS Data Explorer Instructions. Be sure to name your project for this course. After you’ve extracted your data, design a research topic involving the two selected variables. For example, if you select “condition of health” and “How often r attends religious services,” you may want to research how religion impacts an individual’s health and wellness. Resources Be sure to visit the Resources for this assessment to help you with the steps of your research report, such as the literature review, determining which statistical test to use, and writing your results in APA style. Instructions The Research Report Template [DOCX] will help you include the following in your paper. Introduction. Literature Review. Search for relevant, scholarly articles that support your hypothesis and argument. Consult the Resources for this assessment for guidance on searching for sources. You should have a total of six sources. For each source, write 1–2 paragraphs that includes a main idea, evidence from the source, and an analysis. Hypothesis. Include both null and alternate hypotheses. Methods. Participants. Describe the number of participants in the study. For this archival data project, the number of participants refers to the number of participants who responded to both of your selected variables. Measures. Discuss the measurement you chose from your work throughout the course. Data Analysis. Explain the form of analysis that you used to manipulate your data. Consider the following questions in your explanation. From the point that you had the raw data, what test did you run? Why did you select that test? Why did you choose to manipulate the data? How did you manipulate the data? What results did you desire? Results. Report the results of your statistical analysis. Reflect on whether your null hypothesis or alternate hypothesis is correct. Make a conclusion in regard to the relationship between the variables. Discussion. Discuss your results in relation to the following: How do your results compare to other research studies? How can your results be generalized? What were the limitations of the study? Is your research valid and reliable? Or, how would you evaluate the validity and reliability of your study? Submission Requirements Submit the completed 6–8 page template as your deliverable for assessment. Be sure that you have cited all sources in APA style.

Assignment Assignment: Descriptive Statistics Due Week 7 and worth 140 points Visit one of the following newspapers’ websites: USA Today, New York Times, Wall Street Journal, or Washington Post. Select an article that uses statistical data related to a current event, your major, your current field, or your future career goal. The chosen article must have a publication date during this quarter. The article should use one of the following categories of descriptive statistics:  Measures of Frequency – Counting Rules, Percent, Frequency, Frequency Distributions Measures of Central Tendency – Mean, Median, Mode Measures of Dispersion or Variation – Range, Variance, Standard Deviation Measures of Position – Percentile, Quartiles Write a two to three (2-3) page paper in which you: Write a summary of the article. Explain how the article uses descriptive statistics.  Explain how the article applies to the real world, your major, your current job, or your future career goal. Analyze the reasons why the article chose to use the various types of data shared in the article.

Using the information provided below, create an APA formatted paper with sections addressing the following. Be sure to discuss the substantive interpretation of the bivariate and multivariate hypotheses tests.• Question: What is your question or puzzle, and why does it matter?• Theory: What is your causal theory linking your independent and dependent variables?o It’s okay to be testing/supporting/tweaking an existing theory.o What are your variables? How are they defined conceptually?• Alternative Explanations: What are the alternatives to your theory? What evidence would falsify your theory and/or support alternative theories?• Operationalization: o How are you measuring your DV? Your IV?o What are variables relating to potential alternative explanations?o Why are these measures most appropriate? o What are your units of observation? o Do they represent a population or a sample?• Hypotheses: Formally state the null and alternative hypotheses you are testing.• Bivariate hypothesis test(s): Report the results of an exploratory bivariate hypothesis test of the relationship between your IV and DV.• Multivariate hypothesis test(s): Report the results of your multiple regression (maximum likelihood) analysis.o Provide the slope coefficients, p-values, R-squared, nTheory Foreign aid is defined as the assistance in money that a specific country transfers to another country. Those, as mentioned above, can assume the form of a gift, loan, or grant. Foreign aids have the capacity within the context of contributing to the engagement with civil society and democratization through the provision of assistance attached with the strengthening of the executive powers, the process of election, improvement of education, and increase of the per capita income. There is less evidence on the factors affecting the promotion of foreign aid towards democratization. There is further evidence on the fact that there exist few society organizations have a direct engagement attached to the process of policy formulation and making an impact on the outcome of policy. On the other dimension, there is further less information provided within the literature review on how democratization is influenced by foreign aid. On the different aspect, there exists limited research that is attached to the relationship that exists between the civil society organization that operates in the countries that receive foreign aid.Hypotheses H0: The determinant factors contribute to democratization and the engagement and civil society engagement in receiving democratic aid.  H1: The determinant factors don’t contribute to democratization and the engagement and civil society engagement in receiving democratic aid. Unit of Analysis  The unit of analysis will be country-year of states receiving foreign aid. This unit was chosen to determine if there is a relationship between the years that states receive foreign aid and CSO participation and democratization over the same years. Independent variable Foreign Aid – https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/DT.ODA.ODAT.PC.ZS Net official development assistance (ODA) per capita consists of disbursements of loans made on concessional terms (net of repayments of principal) and grants by official agencies of the members of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC), by multilateral institutions, and by non-DAC countries to promote economic development and welfare in countries and territories in the DAC list of ODA recipients CSO Strength – https://www.vdem.net/en/data/data-version-10/Civil Society Participation Index measures if CSOs are routinely consulted by policymakers, their involvement of people in CSOs, including women, and if legislative candidate nomination within party organization is highly decentralized or made through party primaries. Dependent variable  Democracy indicies – https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/data-version-10/The indices measure the extent that electoral, liberal, participatory, deliberative, and egalitarian democracy has been achieved. Using this information, we can measure improvement in democracy in states where more established CSOs are active.

Theory Foreign aid is defined as the assistance in money that a specific country transfers to another country. Those, as mentioned above, can assume the form of a gift, loan, or grant. Foreign aids have the capacity within the context of contributing to the engagement with civil society and democratization through the provision of assistance attached with the strengthening of the executive powers, the process of election, improvement of education, and increase of the per capita income. There is less evidence on the factors affecting the promotion of foreign aid towards democratization. There is further evidence on the fact that there exist few society organizations have a direct engagement attached to the process of policy formulation and making an impact on the outcome of policy. On the other dimension, there is further less information provided within the literature review on how democratization is influenced by foreign aid. On the different aspect, there exists limited research that is attached to the relationship that exists between the civil society organization that operates in the countries that receive foreign aid. Hypotheses H0: The determinant factors contribute to democratization and the engagement and civil society engagement in receiving democratic aid.  H1: The determinant factors don’t contribute to democratization and the engagement and civil society engagement in receiving democratic aid. Unit of Analysis  The unit of analysis will be country-year of states receiving foreign aid. This unit was chosen to determine if there is a relationship between the years that states receive foreign aid and CSO participation and democratization over the same years. Independent variable Foreign Aid – https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/DT.ODA.ODAT.PC.ZS Net official development assistance (ODA) per capita consists of disbursements of loans made on concessional terms (net of repayments of principal) and grants by official agencies of the members of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC), by multilateral institutions, and by non-DAC countries to promote economic development and welfare in countries and territories in the DAC list of ODA recipients CSO Strength – https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/data-version-10/ Civil Society Participation Index measures if CSOs are routinely consulted by policymakers, their involvement of people in CSOs, including women, and if legislative candidate nomination within party organization is highly decentralized or made through party primaries. Dependent variable  Democracy indicies – https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/data-version-10/The indices measure the extent that electoral, liberal, participatory, deliberative, and egalitarian democracy has been achieved. Using this information, we can measure improvement in democracy in states where more established CSOs are active. Questions: 1) Conduct a basic bivariate hypothesis test showing the relationship between your independent variable and your dependent variable. Explain why you chose the test you did, and what it shows. 2) Are there reasons this hypothesis test may not tell the whole story? What are they? Control Variables 3) Consider three to five (3-5) alternative explanations for changes in your dependent variable that could confound your explanation of interest (i.e., variables that may lead to omitted variable bias). Write these out in terms of formal null/alternative hypotheses. 4) Find data to operationalize these controls. Paste histograms/bar charts/summary statistics (as appropriate) of the relevant variables

Mathematical principles and computations are used everyday in all aspects of life. Over the years and with major computational advancement, mathematicians have developed simple and easier methods for more challenging and advanced computations with double-precision floating-point accuracy. However, a higher level of numeric precision is required and is more beneficial in certain applications in the scientific and engineering field. This paper presents examples of these applications and analyzes the techniques used to provide high-precision arithmetic. We conclude that high-precision numerical computation softwares are necessary for the modern expansive and demanding problems.

This journal assignment will allow you to reflect on your own experiences as a mathematician. Your experiences affect your perspectives about learning and teaching mathematics.Please share your emotions, attitudes, and beliefs about mathematics and what your mathematical experiences mean to you, both for learning and teaching mathematics. Some ideas to get you started are: 1. Your memories as a student of mathematics  2. Your mathematical strengths and weaknesses your successes and frustrations 3. Any concerns about this class or your future teaching mathematics your philosophy of what mathematics is, how it should be taught, and how it is best learned

Step 1. Open Excel and complete first two columns with any numbers Make 7-8 rows. Type below first column “R = ” We will use Excel function CORREL(Array-1, Array-2). STEP 2. Click on cell B11 and type: =CORREL(x-Array, y-Array)  When you highlight x-array and y-array do not include the title. Press ENTER. You will see in cell B11 Coefficient of Linear Correlation. STEP 3. Analyze the R-value. Does it mean we have strong positive, strong negative, weak correlation or none linear correlation.  STEP 4. Find equation of best fit line for your set of numbers. Equation should be in form:  y = Ax + B where A is a slope and B is y-intercept. To find A and B use Excel functions:  A (slope) = SLOPE(y-array, x-array) B (y-intercept) = INTERCEPT(y-array, x-array) STEP 5. Use your equation of best fit line  to calculate y at any point outside your x-interval.

Respond to the following in a minimum of 175 words:  This week we examine how to solve for an unknown quantity. Some situations may be easily modeled by single variable equations and others might be more difficult. Reflect on your professional or personal world. What is an example of a situation that you might be able to use an equation with a single unknown to help understand? What is an example of a situation that you might not be able to use an equation with a single unknown to understand? What makes an equation with a single unknown helpful in one of your examples but not the other? What patterns exist in your two examples that might be helpful in determining when to use a simple equation?

Your task for this discussion is as follows: Write a system of two linear equations that model something from your daily life. Solve the system of equations in two ways. Discuss which method you liked better and why.

1. Write a short essay related to data privacy. 2. Explain what it means to say, “variables must vary.” 3. List and define the four levels of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio). In your opinion, which one or more is the most appropriate for statistical analysis. Explain. 4. Compare and contrast the characteristics of continuous and discrete variables. What is a common challenge of trying to calculate statistics using discrete variables? 5. Identify the level of measurement for the following examples and explain why you selected the level you did for each: a. Career field (e.g., accountant, production manager, etc.) b. Temperature in Fahrenheit c. A job satisfaction survey measured as “disagree, neutral, agree” d. Total sales for a firm 6. Identify each of the following types of a variable (e.g., continuous versus discrete) and explain why you selected the category you did for each: e. The number of workers in each department of a large organization (e.g., workers in production, sales, accounting, etc.) f. The dollars of revenue earned during a fiscal year g. The number of software licenses available to employees in a firm h. The average annual salary of middle managers of an organization