Mathematics

Use the Hunt Library Education Resources Information Center (ERIC)  (Links to an external site.)  to find an article that meets the following criteria. Peer-reviewed. Full text available on ERIC. Contains the words “Correlation” or “Regression” or “Linear Regression.” Download the full-text article and write a four-paragraph (maximum) critique of the article. Follow the guidelines in the Writing Article Critiques page.  Post your four paragraph (maximum) article critique, include your article as an attachment (or a link to the article), and then address the following: Do you believe the results? Why or why not? Can a reported mean of your article data be treated as a value from a population having a normal distribution? Why or why not? Report either the value(s) of the reported Correlation Coefficient(s) and your interpretation, or report the reported Regression Equation and provide an example of a “Predicted” value. You should make your initial post before the fourth day of the module week to receive full credit. Return at least once later in the module week to provide meaningful comments to two or more of your classmates’ posts. DO NOT “post and run” – making all three posts in the same visit. You need multiple visits to the discussion area to gain multiple perspectives by reading all of the posts and replies.

An understanding of statistics is necessary in any job.  The use of statistics can help provide answers to many questions. Please, post a question you think that statistics may help you answer and explain why statistics can help provide an accurate answer.  Read several of your classmates’ postings.  Do you agree that statistics are necessary to answer their questions?  Is their question one that you would also like to have an answer to?  Why or why not?

The process of random sampling guarantees that the sample selected will be representative of the population. Is this statement true? Discuss. AND In 1 Sentence describe the most valuable thing you learned this week about Introduction to Statistics and Description Statistics and Probability and Standardized Scores.  Must use reference below Witte, R. S., & Witte, J. S. (2017). Statistics (11 ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Review the Learning Resources and the media programs related to t tests. For additional support, review the Skill Builder: Research Design and Statistical Design and the Skill Builder: Hypothesis Testing for Independent Samples t-test, which you can find by navigating back to your Blackboard Course Home Page. From there, locate the Skill Builder link in the left navigation pane. Also, review the t test scenarios found in this week’s Learning Resources and consider the three different approaches of t tests: Independent sample t test Paired sample t test One sample t test Based on each of the three research scenarios provided, open the High School Longitudinal Study dataset or the Afrobarometer dataset from this week’s Learning Resources using SPSS software, then choose and run the appropriate t test. Once you perform your t test analyses, review Chapter 11 of the Wagner text to understand how to copy and paste your output into your Word document. For this Assignment: Write a 2 pages of analysis of your t test results for each research scenario and include the SPSS syntax and output.  If you are using the Afrobarometer Dataset, report the mean of Q1 (Age). If you are using the HS Long Survey Dataset, report the mean of X1SES. Do not forget to evaluate if the t test assumptions are met, justify the selection of type of t test, and report the effect size. Based on your results, provide an explanation of what the implications of social change might be. Use proper APA format, citations, and referencing for your analysis, research questions, and output. By Day 7 Submit Assignment: Testing Hypothesis for a Mean.

Based on your reading of the “Influencing with Statistics” article and Chapter 1 (textbook),  what is the importance of generalizability and validity to research? Review your local newspaper or one of the larger ones like The Washington Post, The Washington Times, NY Times, etc., and find an article that uses statistics. Identify the article, how they use statistics, and if you have any questions about their methods or results. The two sources will be uploaded to use and cite for the assignment. Word count 275-300. APA 7th Edition.

Space Figures Go to: http://www.math.com/school/subject3/lessons/S3U4L1GL.html 1. Click on the polyhedron link. Define polyhedron. 2. What are the polygons or flat surfaces of a polyhedron called? What are the intersections of these polygons or flat surfaces called? 3. Click on Next at the bottom of the page to go to Step 2: In Depth. A prism can be generated by moving a polygon (triangle or rectangle) through space. A cylinder can be formed by moving a circle through space. In both cases, depth is being added to a flat surface. Can cones and spheres be generated in the same way? If not, why not and how can they be generated? 4. What space figure has one circle base? 5. What space figure is formed by moving a circle vertically through space? 6. Read Step 3: Examples. According to the first and last questions, square and hexagonal prisms can be formed by moving a square or hexagon horizontally through space. Thisstatement is true only if the square or hexagon is vertical. If the square or hexagon is horizontal, in what direction must it be moved through space to form a prism? How does the movement through space depend on the location of the original flat surface? Cross Sections Go to: https://www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/cross-sections.html 7. What is the cross section of a cube? 8. What is the cross section of a sphere? 9. What is a vertical cross section of a cone? 10. What is the horizontal cross section of this prism?

“Error Variance When two measurements of an object are taken it is common for them not to be identical. These differences are caused by some errors which are sometimes unavoidable. Errors tend to make results misleading or inaccurate and may lead to nature being misinterpreted. There are two main sources of errors; random and systematic errors (Brereton). Under these there are other sources of error which include; environmental errors, equipment errors, procedural errors, and human error. Systematic errors are measurements that are usually dissimilar from the true value mostly due to the procedure or instrument used (Hogan) . Random errors are errors that occur due to chance either by slight changes in the instruments, the reading measurement method or the environment. Random errors are usually hard to be controlled or may be costly to control them while collecting measurements. Human error is usually mainly due to the limitations of the human abilities.  Factors that affect these sources of error are the; environment, operator (human), units being used in the test, method or procedure, calibration used, and equipment. These factors are supposed to be controlled if measurements taken are required to be precise and accurate (Brereton). Human error can be divided into estimation and transcriptional errors, estimation error occur when one is reading measurements from the instrument while transcriptional error when data is recorded in the wrong way.  Transcriptional errors occur for example when one is entering data and they miss a figure in the computer data sheet. An example of estimation error is when one person might read width as 2.3mm while another reads 2.2mm.  Equipment or instrumental error refers to the error obtained when an instrument is used inaccurately for instance using a calculator that rounds off figures incorrectly. The equipment can also have the incorrect calibration and units under test and these lead to errors. Environmental errors happen when factors of the environment interfere with measurements causing errors (Hogan) . For instance when you are measuring the weight of an object and there is wind which causes the scale to read inaccurate readings. Lastly procedural errors are recorded when different processes are used to determine the answers of same questions and the different procedures lead to the getting of different answers. For example if two individuals use different rounding and one rounds up while the other rounds down , they are bound to get different answers. References Brereton, Richard G. “Sources of error.” Journal of Chemometrics, vol. 32, no. 9, 2018, p. e3017. Hogan, Richard. “6 Influences on Uncertainty in Measurement Results.” Isobudgets, 1 July 2020, www.isobudgets.com/6-influences-on-uncertainty-in-measurement-results/. Accessed 28 Dec. 2020.”

1. Name the four types of categorical claims and draw Venn diagrams for each. 2. Draw the Venn diagram for the three categorical operations and a Venn diagram for a current event in the past month.   3. Generate the square of opposition. Explain all parts of it in detail and how each would relate to a current event. 4. Select a recent news event and create four Categorical Syllogisms 

Use the attached Data Set 1 and Data Set 2 to complete the below. I need 3 Word doc pages, one page for each of the below. And I need the excel file that was used to generate answers.  Use Data Set 1 to get descriptive statistics values. Record them in an excel sheet and a 1-page Word document explaining (see Rubric).  Use Data Set 2 to and Excel’s Analysis ToolPak to get correlation and regression statistics. Record them in an excel sheet and a 1-page Word document explaining (see Rubric).  Use Data Set 2 and this calculator: http://www.usablestats.com/calcs/1samplet  The end result should be a hypothesis test (see Rubric).

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