Law

Introduction to Your ProjectUsing your model study as a guide, compose and draft an introduction for your project. The introduction must introduce the problem statement that you have identified and the ways in which you intend to examine the problem statement.The introduction should comprise 2–4 paragraphs, including response to the following points:Define the general problem statement that you are investigating. For example, a problem statement can be “Convicted offenders find it difficult to seek gainful employment upon release from prison.”Identify the key issues related to the problem, such as lack of skills among offenders, a desire to return to criminality rather than pursuing lawful employment, or reluctance on the part of employers to hire offenders.Specify the research question(s) you intend to answer with relation to your problem statement. For example, “Does participation in prison-based technical training programs improve an offender’s opportunities for postrelease employment?”Identify potential sources of data.Define the expected outcome of the project—what you expect to find and why.Note: The problem and the key issues should not be explored in detail. Keep in mind that this is simply the first step in presenting your project. You will further work on these ideas in detail in the upcoming weeks. Make sure you incorporate the feedback that you have received for the Week 1 Project. Since the introduction will eventually be included in your final project, ensure that you utilize proper academic writing.

On October 13, 1979, Marilyn R. Schnopps was fatally shot by her estranged husband George A. Schnopps. A jury convicted Schnopps of murder in the first degree, and he was sentenced to the mandatory term of life imprisonment. Schnopps claims that the trial judge erred by refusing to instruct the jury on voluntary manslaughter. We agree. We reverse and order a new trial.We summarize those facts. Schnopps testified that his wife had left him three weeks prior to the slaying. He claims that he first became aware of the problems in his fourteen-year marriage at a point about six months before the slaying. According to the defendant, on that occasion he took his wife to a club to dance, and she spent the evening dancing with a coworker. On arriving home, the defendant and his wife argued over her conduct. She told him that she no longer loved him and that she wanted a divorce. Schnopps became very upset. He admitted that he took out his shotgun during the course of this argument, but he denied that he intended to use it.During the next few months, Schnopps argued frequently with his wife. The defendant accused her of seeing another man, but she steadfastly denied the accusations. On more than one occasion Schnopps threatened his wife with physical harm. He testified he never intended to hurt his wife but only wanted to scare her so that she would end the relationship with her coworker.One day in September, 1979, the defendant became aware that the suspected boyfriend used a “signal” in telephoning Schnopps’ wife. Schnopps used the signal, and his wife answered the phone with “Hi, Lover.” She hung up immediately when she recognized Schnopps’ voice. That afternoon she did not return home. Later that evening, she informed Schnopps by telephone that she had moved to her mother’s house and that she had the children with her. She 180*180 told Schnopps she would not return to their home. Thereafter she “froze [him] out,” and would not talk to him. During this period, the defendant spoke with a lawyer about a divorce and was told that he had a good chance of getting custody of the children, due to his wife’s “desertion and adultery.”On the day of the killing, Schnopps had asked his wife to come to their home and talk over their marital difficulties. Schnopps told his wife that he wanted his children at home, and that he wanted the family to remain intact. Schnopps cried during the conversation, and begged his wife to let the children live with him and to keep their family together. His wife replied, “No, I am going to court, you are going to give me all the furniture, you are going to have to get the Hell out of here, you won’t have nothing.” Then, pointing to her crotch, she said, “You will never touch this again, because I have got something bigger and better for it.”On hearing those words, Schnopps claims that his mind went blank, and that he went “berserk.” He went to a cabinet and got out a pistol he had bought and loaded the day before, and he shot his wife and himself. When he “started coming to” as a result of the pain of his self-inflicted wound, he called his neighbor to come over and asked him to summon help. The victim was pronounced dead at the scene, and the defendant was arrested and taken to the hospital for treatment of his wound.The issue raised by Schnopps’ appeal is whether in these circumstances the judge was required to instruct the jury on voluntary manslaughter. Instructions on voluntary manslaughter must be given if there is evidence of provocation deemed adequate in law to cause the accused to lose his self-control in the heat of passion, and if the killing followed the provocation before sufficient time had elapsed for the accused’s temper to cool.Schnopps argues that “[t]he existence of sufficient provocation is not foreclosed absolutely because a defendant learns of a fact from oral statements rather than from personal observation,” Schnopps asserts that his wife’s statements constituted a “peculiarly immediate and intense offense to a spouse’s sensitivities.” He concedes that the words at issue are indicative of past as well as present adultery. Schnopps claims, however, that his wife’s admission of adultery was made for the first time on the day of the killing, and hence the evidence of provocation was sufficient to trigger jury consideration of voluntary manslaughter as a possible verdict.The Commonwealth quarrels with the defendant’s claim, asserting that the defendant knew of his wife’s infidelity for some months, and hence the killing did not follow immediately upon the provocation. Therefore, the Commonwealth concludes, a manslaughter instruction would have been improper. The flaw in the Commonwealth’s argument is that conflicting testimony and inferences from the evidence are to be resolved by the trier of fact, not the judge.Withdrawal of the issue of voluntary manslaughter in this case denied the jury the opportunity to pass on the defendant’s credibility in the critical aspects of his testimony. The 182*182 portion of Schnopps’ testimony concerning provocation created a factual dispute between Schnopps and the Commonwealth. It was for the jury, not the judge, to resolve the factual issues raised by Schmopps’ claim of provocation.We do not question the propriety of the verdict returned by the jury. However, based on the defendant’s testimony, voluntary manslaughter was a possible verdict. Therefore, it was error to withhold “from the consideration of the jury another verdict which, although they might not have reached it, was nevertheless open to them upon the evidence.”For the reasons stated, the judgment of the Superior Court is reversed, the verdict of murder in the first degree is set aside, and the case remanded for a new trial.Were the wife’s comments so shocking as to be tantamount to the defendant’s actually catching her in an adulterous act with her lover?What are the implications of extending the provocation doctrine in infidelity cases from actually witnessing a spouse committing adultery to learning about it verbally?

For this discussion, you will examine the effects on the community that result from a mass murder, or when a serial killer is active. Since we are looking at the reaction that the killer generates, choose from one of the following killers: David Berkowitz (New York) Wayne Williams (Atlanta) Danny Rolling (Gainesville, Florida) Review popular news magazines like Time and US News, or newspapers from the local area, so that you can put yourself in the position of someone in the community who was living through that time period. For instance, for the Rolling case, look at the Gainesville Sun from that time period; if you choose David Berkowitz, check out the New York Times or NY Post. This will give you a connection to the case you won’t get from a website created long after the fact. Based on your review, discuss the following questions. Describe the effects of the case on the local community. Did local residents change their behavior in any way? Did the police involve the community in the investigation? What other effects on the community might such a case cause? USE APA FORMAT

InstructionsIn this assignment, imagine you work as an administrator in a hospital or health care organization. You are being considered for a promotion and are being asked to prepare a report for senior leadership that demonstrates your knowledge and interpretation of one of the above-mentioned health care laws.To complete this report, select a court case where one of these health care laws was violated. Write an analysis of the law and the selected case following the SESC formula: State, Explain, Support, and Conclude. Be sure to also address how organizational leadership in the selected court case could move forward to ensure that the health care law isn’t violated again in the future.Your report should be at least five pages long and should include a title page and references for a total of 7–8 pages.

Read and review “Understanding the Federal Courts” from the Administrative Office of U.S. Courts (online report), available at: https://www.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/understanding-federal-courts.pdf  (Links to an external site.) Specifically, read pp. 1-22 (“Individual Courts” only on p. 21), and pp. 26-28.   Review information online about the Superior Court of California. Specifically, investigate the “About Us” tab for the County of San Diego available at: http://www.sdcourt.ca.gov/portal/page?_pageid=55,1635921&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL  (Links to an external site.)   Compare, contrast, and cross-reference.   After reviewing the two outside resources “Understanding the Federal Courts” and “About Us” for the Superior Court of California – San Diego, you will reflect on similarities and differences between the federal and state court systems, cross-reference your reading this week, especially Chapter 3 (the Court System), and fill out and submit a completed version of the table below.  You will earn 1 point of credit for every similarity or difference you identify between the federal and state systems, and another 1 point for every cross reference between either outside resource and your text.  As this assignment is worth up to 15 points,  you need to identify a minimum of 15 compare/contrasts and/or cross-references for a max score. This may appear complicated, but it really isn’t!  For example, in the first line below that I have provided as Example 1, I would receive 1 point for contrasting the “Installation of judges” in the federal system and the state system, and another 1 point for providing a page cite to the text that discusses the same issue (i..e, a total of 2 points for line 1).  And in the second line below that I have provided as Example 2, I would receive 1 point for cross-referencing the geographic boundaries of the federal courts of appeals between “Understanding the Federal Courts” and our text. Similarities or Differences Federal Court System [refer to “Understanding the Federal Courts”] Superior Court of California Legal of Environment of Business [state your ed. 17th or 18th, and page cite to the issue]

You have five questions each question includes from 3 to 7 parts. You need to deliver each question within 4 days answered correctly with an accurate evidence.  Each PART should be answered in ONE page long comprehensive with sources and facts.  You are not allowed to copy any provided documents or the answers you found in the articles or literature you read, and your answers should be precise and legit. *** Please if you are not familiar with this technology and aware of the topic don’t waste my time. ****

This case study is designed to make you think like a forensic psychologist. Read the following scenario and answer the prompt below.ScenarioI am 22 years old, and I am the victim of child abuse and neglect. My mother was a drug addict who ignored me and when she did interact with me, she was physically abusive. I am also the single parent of a 6-year-old girl. There was a pandemic, and a stay at home order. I was working from home, and my daughter would not let me work. I lost control and I beat my daughter. She now has a traumatic brain injury. I feel like the worst parent and I am very sorry. She just would not stop bothering me and I lost control.InstructionsAnswer the following in a half-page paper:After the ensuing trial of the scenario above, what roles would a psychologist play in the legal system?Use at least one academic resource to back up your explanation.This course requires the use of Strayer Writing Standards.

Imagine yourself as the director of a large Community Supervision and Corrections Department (probation) and you have decided that your department’s position is to NOT arm the community supervision officers. This does not mean that they cannot carry mace as a tool for self-defense, but no one will carry handguns on their person and none will not be permitted to be used in conjunction with their job.In 3 to 5 pages utilizing proper APA format (an example is provided for your reference and use), not including the cover sheet and reference page, you are to strongly present your position to your department personnel. Your paper must reflect your conviction with all the reasons not to arm your probation officers. Your position is to include, but not limited to the following:Liability to the department and to the individual officer involved in a shooting.Reduces required training and continuous annual weapons training.Eliminates the oversight of all logistical matters that deal with weapons qualification and continuous weapons training.Eliminates weapons safety issues in the office.No longer requires the ability to have in place the requirement to provide psychological counseling that would be required if an officer did shoot and kill a probationer.There are other issues that you will probably think of or you can do the research and locate more reasons that support why there are numerous agencies, across the country, that do not arm their officers. Your paper is to adamantly and fully support your position with as many reasons as you can justify.

What are some possible criminal justice system reforms for areas such as law enforcement, corrections, or courts?How could these reforms impact the existing disparities? Explain your answer

Word limit: 1500 words.Focus of the assignmentTMA 03 is intended to particularly assess your skills of presenting to a non-psychologist audience. For this assignment you have been asked to provide a brief (15-minute, 8–14-slide) presentation to some film-makers who are looking to make a documentary about this topic covered in Block 3 of the module. Therefore, you need to create a set of presentation slides which look professional, and which cover the relevant content in a way that would be understandable to people who do not already know anything about psychology in general, or this area in particular. The idea is to draw on your psychological knowledge of either a) paraphilias or b) sex workers, and communicate this concisely in layperson terms to a general audience.For this assignment you need to focus on: paraphilia. The task is the same: to produce a presentation on what counselling and forensic psychology can tell us about this area.For this TMA, it would be appropriate to draw on additional material beyond that contained within the module website and textbooks; in particular, relevant research that you have accessed using the Open University Library.This TMA asks you to make a presentation. This means creating a series of visual slides to communicate information to an audience. The maximum word limit for this is 1500 words, but remember that you may well not want to use that many words in a presentation, given that it is about presenting clearly and succinctly. The 1500 words is a limit not an ideal. You should focus more on thinking about what an appropriate amount of information and number of slides would be for a 15-minute (8–14-slide) presentation. See Week 13, Section 6, Activity 7, ‘Producing effective presentations’ for more on this, and on the appropriate number and type of slides to present the information.You are not required to record your presentation or to provide the notes that you would use for presenting it to an audience (i.e. using the ‘notes’ section on PowerPoint or similar). We’re just looking for the slides.There is no need to add animations or sounds, unless you want to do that. You should include visual content such as Google Images, graphs, charts and smart art, which are relevant to the slide’s content in order to make your slides visually appealing. There is no need to reference where these images come from for this TMA, although you should provide references for copyrighted images if you were ever publishing a presentation in the public domain.In the presentation you will need to cover the relevant information you learned about either paraphilias or sex workers, as discussed in Block 3 of the module materials. You should also draw on any other relevant materials from across the module, as well as other relevant material that you have located in your independent study time.In-text references should be included on the slides (in brackets as usual for TMAs). A list of full references should be included on the final slide of the presentation in a readable manner.in your presentation you will want to cover the key points you think the film-makers need to include in a documentary on this subject which is informed by psychological work in the area. This might well include:this topic in relation to mental health and crime (e.g. the impact of being a sex worker on mental health, how sex workers should be treated, or whether ‘paraphilic’ behaviours are really pathological and/or criminal)what psychology can tell us about this area (e.g., the psychological impact of engaging in sex work on a person, or the extent and meaning of ‘paraphilic’ behaviours)any contested areas, or areas of dilemma and debate in this area – this will help you to demonstrate criticality (e.g., whether ‘paraphilic disorders’ should even be included in the DSM, or whether sex work should be legalised)the importance of listening to relevant groups (e.g., sex workers, their family and network, or people who practise BDSM) themselves in psychological research and media representationshow the treatment of relevant groups could be improved in counselling and forensic contexts (e.g., sex workers’ treatment, as well as their family/children’s, or people with ‘paraphilic’ desires and people in relationship with them).It is up to you how you structure your presentation (see Section 4 of the Study skills booklet for assistance). You can come up with your own title for your presentation.You will find it helpful to review Week 13, Section 6, Activity 7, ‘Producing effective presentations’. This activity should have helped you to learn how to present psychological material in Powerpoint – or similar – presentation software. Some of the specific suggestions made here will be useful for this TMA because it takes you through how to prepare for this assessment.The ‘paraphilias’In terms of how counselling and forensic psychology can inform knowledge about the ‘paraphilias’, for counselling you could draw on the material from the book and online about the history of the pathologisation of certain sexual activities or desires, and how that relates to the ways in which some sexual activities or desires are still pathologised today. You could explore what affirmative therapeutic practice might look like in these areas. In terms of forensic psychology, you could discuss the material around the criminalisation of certain sexual practices – past and present. Also you may want to broaden out the topic to consider consent more broadly and how this is relevant to which sexual practices we might want to criminalise – or pathologise – and which we may not.The resources you might draw upon for this TMA are listed below in the order in which they appear in the module, but this should not be taken as a suggestion for how to organise your answer.If you choose to focus on the ‘paraphilias’ you will need to draw on the material from Week 14. Particularly useful will be:Section 2, which deals with attitudes towards ‘paraphilias’Section 3, which deals with the historical way in which LGB people have been regarded as ‘paraphilic’ in societySection 4 and Section 5, which deal with BDSM and the impact of pathologisation as ‘paraphilic’Book Chapter 11, which also covers these issues, and more depth about the history of the ‘paraphilias’ and the impact of being pathologised as ‘paraphilic’.Feel free also to draw upon material from anywhere else in the module that is relevant to your answer. For example, you might well find some of the material from Block 1 to be relevant in terms of diagnosis (Week 4) or media representations (Week 3), or the end of Week 15 to be useful to both topics in terms of its coverage of consent.You should also consider including additional relevant material that you have found in your independent study time, such as research findings that were not covered, or only briefly covered, in the module materials.Please note: The submitted file needs to be in .ppt, .pptx or .pdf format. If you use another software other than PowerPoint to produce your presentation then you need to make sure you use something that is compatible with .ppt or that the presentation can be saved in .pdf format (files can be saved in .pdf, .ppt or .pptx format). You can use free presentation software (e.g. Open Office which is a free version of Microsoft office) as long as the file can be save as .pdf, .ppt or .pptx.ChecklistHave I: Yes No. Where can I look for guidance?Made sure I understand the question? Look at Getting started in ‘Social Sciences Assessment Information’. See also Understanding the question in ‘Skills for OU Study’.Read all the guidance notes for this assignment? Carefully read through the student notes that accompany your assignment to check that you have followed all the advice and instructions.Actively studied the relevant module material and anything else to which I’ve been directed? See the booklets Reading and Taking Notes and Thinking Critically.Reflected on my learning, including feedback received on earlier assignments, in order to improve my skills? See Section 2, ‘Active learning’ and Section 4, ‘Being reflective’ of the booklet Develop Effective Study Strategies. See also Learning from feedback in ‘Skills for OU Study’.Thought about how best to structure my answer and questions of style and languageFurther advice on structuring answers is available in the relevant sections in ‘Social Sciences Assessment Information’. See, for example, Skill: Presentations.For questions relating to style and language, see the section Presentation and language in ‘Social Sciences Assessment Information’. See also Developing academic English and Writing for university in ‘Skills for OU Study’; and Section 7 ‘Choosing a writing style’ and Section 8 ‘Improving your written English’ of the booklet Preparing Assignments.Written in my own words? Guidance on writing in your own words is available in the sections on Skill: Understanding plagiarism and Skill: Writing in your own words in ‘Social Sciences Assessment Information’.Where necessary, used evidence to back up my arguments, and referenced correctlyAdvice on using evidence to support your arguments is available in the section on Selecting your examples’ in ‘Social Sciences Assessment Information’. See also Gathering your materials in ‘Skills for OU Study’.Guidance on referencing is available in the section on Referencing in ‘Social Sciences Assessment Information’.Checked my word count? The guidance notes tell you the word limit for each part of the TMA. An answer that is shorter than the word length by more than 10% is likely to be too short to have fully answered the question. An answer that exceeds the word limit by more than 10% may be penalised. For further information see the section on Word length in ‘Social Sciences Assessment Information’.Written the word count at the end of my TMA? Check the word count and write that figure clearly at the end of each part of the assignment.Set out my assignment properly? See Section 3.4, ‘Conventions for presenting written work’ in your module’s ‘Assessment Guidance’, which you will find under ‘Assessment’ on the module website.Completed all of the TMA? Read through these assignment notes carefully to check that you have completed all the necessary tasks.