Law
Home Security
Watch the video Inside the mind of a burglar and Write a one-page paper about what tips the burglar and the Albany, NY, police department gave to protect a home from a burglar?
The Concept Of Law
THINKING ABOUT COMPLEX CONCEPTS: In many court cases, the judges or jurys task lies in categorizing someones actions. A jury might need to decide, for example, whether a defendants actions fall into the category of “sexual harassment.” (If the defendant was offensive in some way, but his actions dont fit into the category of “harassment,” then he isnt guilty of harassment.) Or, as a different example, a jury might be certain that the defendant caused someones death, but they still need to decide whether the crime should be categorized as “first-degree murder” or “second-degree,” a categorization with large implications for the likely punishment. To help with this categorization, laws define each crime in precise terms, so that there is a careful definition of “robbery,” a clear definition of “trespassing” or “first-degree murder,” and so on. Even with these definitions, though, the courts regularly encounter ambiguous cases, raising questions about whether the persons actions satisfy the definition of the crime the person is charged with. At the least, this reminds us how difficult it is to find satisfactory, broadly useful definitions for concepts, a point that is made by the different models of concept formation to explain people’s thinking. In addition, we need to ask: How do the courts proceed when they encounter one of these ambiguous cases? Weve seen that people have prototypes in mind for their various concepts, and so, in day to day life, they often assess a new case by asking how closely it resembles that prototype. It turns out that, in the courts, jurors do the same in making legal judgments, and so theyre more likely to convict someone if the trial facts fit with their prototype for the crimeif the facts fit the jurors notion of, say, a “typical bank robbery” or a “typical hit and run violation.” Put differently, a “typical” crime with weak evidence is more likely to lead to a conviction than an unusual crime with similarly weak evidence. Of course, this is legally nonsensical: Jury decisions should depend on the quantity and quality of the evidence, and on the legal definition of the crime. The jurors ideas about whats typical for that crime should play no role at allespecially when we acknowledge that these ideas are shaped more by TV crime shows than by actual crime statistics. Nonetheless, the prototypes do influence the jury, and so legal judgments (like concept use in general) are plainly shaped by typicality. In addition, weve seen that concept users often seem to have a “theory” in mind about why a concept is as it is, and they use the theory in reasoning about the concept. If you saw someone jumping into a pool fully clothed, youre likely to categorize this person as a “drunk,” not because the person fits your definition for being drunk or even fits your prototype, but because you have a set of beliefs about how drunks are likely to act. Based on those beliefs (i.e., based on your “theory”), you decide that drunkenness is the most plausible explanation for the behavior you just observed, and you categorize accordingly. Similar categorization strategies are evident in the courtroom. For example, consider the crime of stalking. This crime is difficult to define in a crisp way; in fact, it is defined in different ways in different states. Often, though, the definition includes the notion that the stalker intended to force some sort of relationship with the victimperhaps a relationship involving intimacy or a relationship in which the victim feels fear. Its often the case, however, that theres no direct evidence of this intention, so the jury needs to infer the intention from the defendants behaviors, or from the context. In making these inferences, juries rely on their “theory” of stalkingtheir beliefs about how and why one individual might stalk another. This helps us understand why juries are more likely to convict someone of stalking if (for example) the defendant was a former intimate of the person being “stalked.” Apparently, jurors are guided by their ideas about how former (but now rejected) lovers behaveeven if these ideas have nothing to do with the legal definition of stalking. How should we think about these points? On one hand, we want jurors to be guided by the law, and not by their (perhaps idiosyncratic, perhaps uninformed) intuitions about the crime at issue in a trial. On the other hand, the U.S. criminal justice system relies on the good sense and good judgment of juriesso plainly we want jurors to use their judgment. How best to balance these points isnt clear, but the tension between these points is perhaps inevitable, given what we know about how concepts are represented and how humans categorize knowledge about concepts. Question Promts Instructions: Complete and then submit the answers to the questions below in approximately 250 -300 words (total for all questions). How would you define ‘justice’? Why is it difficult to define. Why are definitions in general an inadequate way to describe how we reason using concepts and categories? Based on the article on DNA analysis and the ideas presented here, discuss three reasons why legal judgments are difficult to make and susceptible to thinking heuristics. How might stereotypes factor into all this? Critical Thinking Exercise rubric Critical Thinking Exercise rubric Criteria Ratings Pts This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Reflection 7.0 pts Clear, cogent and thoughtful response and study proposal. 6.0 pts Thoughtful response, could be improved in clarity/depth, or study proposal missing keyword descriptions 5.0 pts Somewhat superficial response; missing one-odd aspect of reflection or study description is missing keywords descriptions 4.0 pts Superficial response; or study description missing keyword descriptions 3.0 pts Superficial response, no study described 7.0 pts This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Participation 3.0 pts On time 2.0 pts One day late 1.0 pts Two days late 0.0 pts No Marks 3.0 pts Total Points: 10.0
School Shootings Incidents
Research a mass shooting:In your research look for the Who in the tragedy.Who caused the shootings?Who are the victims?Who is impacted?
Use of Taxpayer Funds
Just need these two questions answered in brief detail. I will attach the chapters from the book.The questions are below:28. The federal use of taxpayer funds for assistance in economic downturns and times of crisis remains a contentious issue. List at least two (2) arguments in favor of and two (2) arguments against federal assistance cited in the text.29. List and briefly describe the four (4) stages of the policy process outlined in the text.
Political Significance
The 1619 Project is a project developed by The New York Times to reframe the countrys history by placing the consequences of slavery and the contributions of black Americans at the very center of [the United States’] national narrative”. The project was released in 2019 to coincide with the 400th anniversary of the arrival of the first enslaved Africans in the Virginia colony in 1619.Address what is the controversy surrounding The 1619 Project. Why has it caused so much controversy? Is it simply a matter of fact-checking, or is there a deeper political significance? Next, identify the positions of both sides in the debate. Finally, include your perspective on the controversy and its relevance to current debates on race in modern America.Utilize these resources:Adam Serwer, The Fight Over the 1619 Project Is Not About the Facts, The Atlantic, December 23, 2019Jake Silverstein, “Why We Published The 1619 Project, The New York Times, December 20, 2019Twelve Scholars Critique the 1619 Project and the New York Times Magazine, History News Network
Origins of World War I
What were the origins of World War I, and what factors led the United States to enter the Great War? Discuss the various alliances, and how they contributed to the conflict, which was to end all conflicts. A 5 paragraph essay will work best.
Equal Rights Amendment
MLA-style essay that analyzes the debate over the Equal Rights Amendment. Who was for it and who was against it? How did each side define freedom for women? What does the debate tell us about American society in the 1970s?
Vending Machine
Why vending machine is not popular in China as other country?it is an opinion writing, explaining the reasons?
The Political System
Drawing on the background materials, address the following prompts in a minimum of 250 words. 1.Why do minor political parties have such little success competing in U.S. elections? 2.Short of winning elections, how do third parties have influence on the political system? 3.Did independent candidate Kanye West had a significant impact on the 2020 election? 4.Would you ever consider voting for an independent or a third party candidate? Why or why not? Background Materials: 1.OpenStax American Government (Links to an external site.) , Chapter 9 2.Maurice Duverger. “Factors in a Two-Party and Multiparty System (Links to an external site.) .” (In Party Politics and Pressure Groups, 1972, pp. 23-32) 3.Stuart Rothenberg, “How third-party votes sunk Clinton, what they mean for Trump (Links to an external site.) “. (Roll Call, July 2019) 4.Ed Kilgore, “Third Parties Unlikely to Wreak Havoc in 2020 Election (Links to an external site.) ,” (Intelligencer, May 2020). 5.Barbara Sprunt, “Here’s How Republicans Are Boosting Kanye West’s Presidential Campaign (Links to an external site.) .” (NPR, August 2020)
Property Laws
Intellectual Property Laws assign a monopoly to designated owners. However, the Sharman Antitrust Act of 1890, section 2 restraints the possession of monopoly power. How would Intellectual Property Laws don’t contradict the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890?Note:You should answer the question with a minimum of 200 words.No need for references to be included.
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