Ethics

Explain “The idea of morality”

Identify the professional code of ethics for your professional specialty or a specialty that you are interested in, describe the decision criteria, and analyze each theory using examples and the Ethical Theory Matrix Template. Moral Theories, Principles of Health Care Ethics, and Professional Ethics Codes Ethics is a branch of philosophy devoted to the study of morality. Ethics has a long history of theories about determining right from wrong and identifying the principles of living a good life. For this assessment, you will be asked to apply foundational principles in ethics, such as autonomy and justice, in a relevant health care setting. Each profession within health care has its own code of ethical behavior designed to help individuals within that profession to make sound ethical choices in carrying out the tasks and practices particular to their professional role. It may be useful to locate one or more relevant codes of ethics for your current or desired career path. This research will be beneficial to your professional development, and you will have a chance to apply it to the Tonya’s Case: Ethics and Professional Codes assessment in this course. Autonomy, Truth-Telling, and Confidentiality These are broad-ranging topics, which, if taken alone, seem almost comically simple. Of course, rational people of legal age should be able to make decisions concerning themselves and their minor children. Of course, medical professionals should be honest with patients, and, of course, patients should be honest with members of their health care teams. Of course, one’s medical issues should be kept private. But rarely are things as simple as they seem. Take some time to scratch beneath the surface, and we encounter myriad ethical dilemmas. Honesty tends to be a revered trait in many cultures. However, many people admit to lying occasionally, especially if the intent is to spare someone pain, embarrassment, or anguish. Is lying to someone because of love, concern, or reputation ever ethical? Privacy and confidentiality are also important concepts. But are there limits? Can the greater good ever outweigh the rights of individuals? And at what point can others, whether an individual or an entity such as a government body, ethically determine someone’s actions, fate, or choices? Fluoridated water, smoking regulations, compulsory K–12 education, and speed limits are only a few examples of how we, as a society, agree to limited personal freedoms because these things are good for us. Demonstration of Proficiency By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the course competencies through the following assessment scoring guide criteria: ·       Competency 1: Articulate ethical issues in health care. o   Articulate the time-tested theories of ethics. o   Describe the strengths and weaknesses of the time-tested theories of ethics. ·       Competency 4: Explain the conceptual framework that health care leaders use to make ethical decisions. o   Identify the decision criteria of the time-tested theories of ethics. Preparation As you begin work on your Ethical Theories Matrix assessment, it may be helpful to review the suggested resources focused on moral and ethical considerations. For your own reference, you may want to briefly jot down your thoughts related to: ·       An inventory of the basic principles of health care ethics. These principles are nonmaleficence, beneficence, utility, distributive justice, and autonomy. o   An explanation of each principle as well as your own example to illustrate the application of each.     Instructions Drawing from the material covered in the resources as well as your own research, complete this assessment using the Ethical Theory Matrix Template [DOC]. ·       For each theory, first describe the decision criteria. The decision criteria are the instructions the theory gives for how to reach the morally correct choice in a situation that requires action. ·       Then, provide your own example of how someone might act using the decision criteria of the theory. ·       Finally, briefly describe the strengths and weaknesses of each theory using the last two columns of the Ethical Theory Matrix Template.   This matrix is a tool you will use throughout the rest of the course. Submit your completed matrix as an attachment to this assessment. Refer to the Matrix of Ethical Theories Scoring Guide for more information on how this assessment will be graded.

After reading the Clash of worldviews: How shall the Christian professional then live? article (see link: https://issuu.com/houstonbaptistuniv/docs/focus_on_worldviews?backgroundColor=%252523222222) Research corporate ethical policies and statements, and write an 800-1000 word paper addressing how conflict management is handled within the culture in particular between personal interests and organizational interests.  Include how employees are trained in the corporate values and ethics in order to maintain the corporate ethics climate.  How does a Christian worldview help to shape both corporate values as well as individual acceptance?

Write a 2-3 page paper that examines the moral and ethical issues involved in making a decision regarding limiting life support. End-of-Life Issues With our framework of ethical theories and principles in hand, we begin our look at some of the critical ethical issues in our contemporary world, starting with end-of-life issues. This assessment covers ethical questions related to end-of-life care. Passive euthanasia is the removal or refusal of life-sustaining treatment. Examples of passive euthanasia include removal of a feeding tube or a ventilator, or forgoing a life-prolonging surgery. Passive euthanasia is legal in all 50 states, and the principle of autonomy gives informed patients the right to refuse any and all treatments. Patients who are unable to make such decisions in the moment (because they are unconscious, for example) might have made their intentions clear beforehand with an advance directive or similar document. Things become more complicated, however, when a patient who is unable to make treatment choices has not made his or her wishes clear, either formally in a written document, or informally in conversations with family members or friends. Another problem concerns cases in which there is disagreement about whether the treatment is sustaining the life of a person in the full sense or merely as a body that, because of severe and irreversible brain trauma, is no longer truly a living person. Active euthanasia, or assisted suicide, introduces further difficult moral questions. A patient who has a terminal illness and who has refused treatments that would merely prolong a potentially very painful and debilitating death might want the process of dying to be hastened and made less painful. The patient might want to take his or her own life before the disease reaches its horrible final stages. Should patients be legally allowed to have help in this endeavor? If suicide itself is not morally wrong, at least in cases like these, is it wrong for another person to directly help bring about the patient’s death? Is it wrong for doctors, a role we naturally associate with healing and the promotion of life, to use their medical expertise to deliberately end a patient’s life if the patient wants this?   Demonstration of Proficiency By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria: ·       Competency 1: Articulate ethical issues in health care. o   Articulate the moral issues associated with limiting life support. ·       Competency 2: Apply sound ethical thinking related to a health care issue. o   Demonstrate sound ethical thinking and relevant ethical principles when considering limiting life support. o   Explain important considerations that arise when contemplating limiting life support. ·       Competency 5: Communicate in a manner that is scholarly, professional, and respectful of the diversity, dignity, and integrity of others and is consistent with health care professionals. o   Exhibit proficiency in clear and effective academic writing skills. Preparation ·       Case Study: Mr. Martinez.   Mr. Martinez was a seventy-five-year-old chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patient. He was in the hospital because of an upper respiratory tract infection. He and his wife had requested that CPR not be performed should he require it. A DNR order was written in the charts. In his room on the third floor, he was being maintained with antibiotics, fluids, and oxygen and seemed to be doing better. However, Mr. Martinez’s oxygen was inadvertently turned up, and this caused him to go into respiratory failure. When found by the therapist, he was in terrible distress and lay gasping in his bed.   This media piece provides the context for this assessment; make sure you have reviewed the case study thoroughly. Additionally, it may be useful to think through the following issues as they relate to Mr. Martinez’s case: ·       Should Mr. Martinez be transferred to intensive care, where his respiratory failure can be treated by a ventilator, and by CPR if necessary, and his oxygen level can be monitored? o   What are the key ethical issues or models at play in this case study? o   What are the key end-of-life issues at play in this case study? o   How can an understanding of models and best-practice help to guide health care practitioners to make ethical and legal decisions? Instructions In a 2–3 page analysis of the case study, address the following: ·       The patient’s directives. ·       The patient’s quality of life. ·       The family’s stated preferences. ·       The moral issues associated with limiting life support. ·       The ethical principles most relevant to reaching an ethically sound decision. ·       Important considerations such as implications, justifications, and any conflicts of interest that might arise because of the patient’s respiratory failure. When writing your assessment submission assume that doctors cannot contact Mrs. Martinez and must make this choice on their own. To help you reach an objective, ethically sound decision, draw upon concepts and arguments from the suggested resources or your independent research. Support your response with clear, concise, and correct examples, weaving and citing the readings and media throughout your answer. Submission Requirements ·       Written communication: Written communication is free of errors that detract from the overall message. ·       APA formatting: Resources and citations are formatted according to current APA style and formatting guidelines. ·       Length: 2–3 typed, double-spaced pages. ·       Font and font size: Times New Roman, 12 point.

Directions: After watching Sandel’s lecture, respond to the following questions.    Watch: Michael Sandel “Are There Some Things Money Shouldn’t be Able to Buy?” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zMg9Gjz8PKs   COMPLETE: Response Questions    1. Can you add to Sandel’s list of examples of things that money can/can’t buy? On what grounds would you support that claim?   2. Can you identify things in your own life that can be divided into things money can/can’t buy? 3. Are there some things that shouldn’t be done, no matter how positive the consequences might seem? For example? Why?   4. Are there some cases where people really aren’t completely free to “withhold consent”, e.g., selling a kidney to keep food on the table?   5. Recall an instance where you’ve done the wrong thing. What was your reasoning? Did it reflect any of the concepts listed in your text?

This assignment will give you the opportunity to choose an article and then write about the ethical implications and the impact of the events that are described. Read and reflect on ONE of the following articles. https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/usa-bodies-funeral/ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/feb/18/matthewengel https://www.change.org/p/bellefonte-change-bellefonte-high-school-mascot?utm_source=share_petition&utm_medium=custom_url&recruited_by_id=f78fcc10-d965-11e7-b90c-2fe396dd86c1 https://theconversation.com/almonds-dont-lactate-but-thats-no-reason-to-start-calling-almond-milk-juice-121306 Write a paper in which you: Analyze the following questions associated with your chosen article and discuss them using concepts you learned in this course. What ideals, effects, and consequences are at stake? Have any moral rights been violated? What would a Utilitarian recommend? What would a Kantian recommend? Explain your rationale for each of your answers to your chosen article with supporting evidence. Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements: This course requires use of Strayer Writing Standards (SWS) . The format is different than other Strayer University courses. Please take a moment to review the SWS documentation for details. The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are: Determine the considerations for and process of ethical business decision making to balance corporate and social responsibilities and address moral, economic, and legal concerns. Analyze selected business situations using the predominant ethical theories, such as utilitarian, Kantian, and virtue ethics to guide ethical business decision making. Determine the implications and impact of various civil liberty laws in the workplace, such as hiring, promotion, discipline, discharge, and wage discrimination. Use technology and information resources to research issues in business ethics. Write clearly and concisely about business ethics using proper writing mechanics.

The purpose of the final paper is to provide an opportunity for you to apply the principles of professional responsibility to an actual, specific business situation. Choose a situation with which you have first-hand familiarity. You may have been a major or minor actor in the situation, or a witness. The situation should raise ethical and/or legal issues. It would not be appropriate to analyze a situation if you were not in a position to observe it directly.  Systematically and critically analyze the situation using relevant concepts from the course, and reflect on its significance for you as a business professional.  Structure your paper as follows: Context: Describe the context within which the situation arose, including the industry, business practices, and other relevant factors, including team dynamics, personalities, etc. Make it detailed and rich enough to provide a clear sense of the ethical and/or legal dilemma(s) (500-1000 words max). Analysis: Analyze the dilemma using the course readings. Apply methods of philosophical, psychological, and legal reasoning to the situation and examine the results of this application. Ultimately, what do you think is/was the ethical course of action given the situation? (2000-3000 words). Resolution & Recommendation:  Describe how the situation was actually resolved. How does the resolution relate to your analysis (immediately above)? If it was not actually resolved then what are the possible options and the pros and cons of each option? What significance does this dilemma and your response to it have for you as a business professional? Finally, how might this dilemma/situation have been avoided or mitigated by better ethical design of the organization? Criteria for Review Evaluation: good performance (hence a good grade) consists of systematically and critically analyzing the situation using relevant concepts and methods from the course, and reflecting on its significance for you as a business professional.  3000-4000 words not including footnotes (approx 8-12 pages) Cite at least 5 relevant sources from the course materials using footnotes Put course concepts in bold.

The organization  Family/ Marriage Therapist is asking you to present an action plan to ensure compliance with ethical standards. Considering this request, develop an action plan based on a target ethical area. The plan needs to include the following: Identify the current ethical standards or code of ethics of your organization. Provide a brief synopsis about the main points stated in the ethical code. Use it as a the tool for creating the action plan. Propose  the goals for your plan. Indicate the various ways and methods you would  use to disseminate ethical standards in your organization.  Include one example of a resource, tool  (flyer, message, poster, etc.) you would use to promote ethics in your      organization. Describe how ethical behaviors and practices will be measured in meaningful  and practical ways (What will evidence adherence to ethical standards?). Clearly state how a leader in an organization might use those measures. Provide a list of suggested references and materials (at least five) a leader      would use to support ongoing knowledge on ethics.

After reading Chapter 2, ‘Borland’s Brave Beginnings’ respond to the case questions at the end of Case, in a paper of 800-1000 words.  This case makes a contrast between “bluffing” and “candor” in a business situation. Be sure to read the two chapter articles, because one is pro and one is a con. In addition to responding to the case questions, discuss your assessment of the decision made, whether you agree or disagree with the decision that was made, and why. 

This second written assignment is a four-part exercise comprised of the following sections: Ethical Question Introduction Explanation of the Ethical Theory Application of the Ethical Theory For sections (1) and (2) revise and expand on what you did in the first assignment. Sections (3) and (4) are new. The main purpose of this paper is to define the nature and scope of the ethical theory in a way that shows how the core principle(s) of that theory lead to a specific moral conclusion on your ethical question. Another way to think of this is to explain how someone who is fully committed to the moral reasoning of the ethical theory would answer your ethical question (even if it is not necessarily how you would answer the question). The assignment should be 900 to 1,000 words, written in essay form with clearly labeled sections as indicated below, and include a title page and reference page.   Part 1: Ethical Question State the ethical question beneath this heading. This question should be on the same topic as the question presented in the week one assignment, and if necessary, revised based on your instructor’s comments and the additional insight and information you have gained from research on the topic. If you would like to switch topics, you should first consult with your instructor. Place your ethical question beneath the Part 1: Ethical Question heading.   Part 2: Introduction Provide an introduction to the topic and question. This should be revised and expanded from the Week 1 Introduction in light of your instructor’s comments and the additional insight and information you have gained from research on the topic. For instance, you may find that your original ideas about the issue have changed and clarified, that the focus of the ethical question has shifted or become more specific, and/or that there are important background and contextual details that need to be explained. The revised introduction should reflect your additional thinking on the scope and significance of the ethical issue, and address any feedback provided by your instructor. The introduction should be at least 300 words in one or two paragraphs. Place the introduction material under the Part 2: Introduction heading.   Part 3: Explanation of the Ethical Theory Ethical theories provide accounts of how to reason well about moral questions and of what justifies answers to those questions. In this section of the paper, you will discuss either the ethical theory of utilitarianism, deontology, or virtue ethics. You should not discuss your topic in this section, but focus only on the ethical theory. The discussion should include the following elements: A brief account of the historical background of the theory and the philosopher(s) associated with it. An explanation of the core moral principle of the theory, or if there is more than one, the principle that you will focus on in applying that theory to your question. A brief, general explanation of how the theory and its core moral principle applies to moral questions, using an example different from the issue that is the main focus of your paper. (For example, if your focus is on how deontology applies to using animals in medical research, you could explain Kant’s moral theory by discussing how it would apply to an issue like lying for the sake of the greater good.) This section should focus only on the ethical theory. For instance, if you are discussing physician-assisted suicide from a utilitarian perspective, this section should only discuss utilitarianism in general terms; you should not discuss physician-assisted suicide, euthanasia, or other related topics until the next section. The discussion should be around 300 words and must incorporate at least one quote from the required resources on the ethical theory you have chosen to discuss.  Required resources include the textbook chapter focused on that theory (3, 4, or 5) or the “Primary Sources” listed at the end of Chapters 3-5. Place this section under the Part 3: Ethical Theory heading.   Part 4: Application of the Ethical Theory Now that you have explained in general terms the core principle of the ethical theory you are focusing on in this paper, you will apply that theory and its core principle to your ethical question. Explain as clearly and precisely as you can how that principle leads to a particular conclusion. You can think of that conclusion as the answer someone would most likely give to your question if they were reasoning along the utilitarian, deontological, or virtue ethics lines you explained in Part 3. Note: This conclusion does not need to be the same as the position you stated in the Week 1 assignment. In fact, it could be the opposing position you discussed there. See the remarks about main purpose of the paper above. This section should be around 300 words. Place this section under the Part 4: Application of the Ethical Theory section. In your paper, Identify the ethical question. Introduce the topic and question. Explain the ethical theory of utilitarianism, deontology, or virtue ethics. Apply the selected ethical theory to the ethical question.