Criminology

Each of your answers should be written using your own words. Do not copy and paste from your textbook or an Internet source. Simply copying from the book word-for-word does not show me that you understand the concepts.  Ensure you cite your work and add a reference(s) at the end of your journal. This assignment is designed to see if you are reading and understanding the material from your textbook and learning modules, so these should be the sources you are citing in your work. You should not need to do research from additional resources unless the question specifically asks you to do so; you should not be Googling the answers for these questions. Please review the Basic Citation 101 under the How to Cite Sources icon under the Start Here section if you need assistance.  As a criminal justice professional, it is imperative that you learn the finer aspects of writing.  Citing and referencing is part of the gradable criteria for your weekly work. Answer the following questions which are from this week’s readings and learning modules. Each question is worth 20 points.  Discuss the legal philosopher H. L. A. Hart’s features of criminal punishments that are different from other sanctions. Describe some significant victims’ rights legislation. Discuss the different schools of thought regarding compensation. Explain the difference between aggravating and mitigating factors. What are the constitutional limitations that come into play regarding sentencing?

Write a 750–1,050-word essay responding to the following scenario: You work for a local judge who has made you aware of her desire to better understand gang violence. The judge presides over different types of criminal cases but has noticed that in the past few months, there seems to be a surge of cases in her courtroom involving gang violence. The judge found out that you recently graduated with a master’s degree in criminal justice. Therefore, she finds you to be well-qualified to provide some direction concerning the gang literature.  She has asked that you thoroughly review the research article entitled “Collective and Normative Features of Gang Violence” found on pages 160–181 in your text, Voices from the Field, and prepare an essay for her in which you address each of the following elements: Describe the primary purpose of the study. What were the overarching research questions that the study was designed to answer? Identify the key concepts (variables) measured and reported in the article. What were the conceptual and operational definitions of gang violence used in the study? Were these definitions effective? Explain. Briefly describe the different types of validity (face, content, criterion-related, and construct validity). Explain whether you think the study had a strong face, content, criterion-related, and/or construct validity, providing a rationale. Explain whether the study produced reliable measures of gang violence, providing a rationale for your position. Support your response by describing three techniques that could be used to assess reliability. Synthesize the study results. Given what you learned from the study reviewed, provide recommendations to the judge for addressing the recent surge of cases involving gang violence in her courtroom. This information should be presented to the judge in a formal essay that is doubled-spaced and uses Times Roman 12-inch font. Include both an introduction and a conclusion. Cite and reference all sources using APA format. You may consult the Library, the internet, the textbook, other course material, and any other outside resources in supporting your responses and rationale, using proper citations in APA style.  Include a title page and reference page. Cite your sources consistent with APA guidelines, both in the body of your paper and on your reference page. Save your Assignment in the following format: Last name First name Assignment. (Example: SmithJohn_Unit2_Assignment 2). Submit your Assignment by selecting Unit 2: Assignment 2 in the Dropbox by the end of Unit 2.

3. Studies clearly show that Aboriginal offenders continue to be over-represented in our prisons despite government initiatives that strongly encourage judges to consider non-custodial sentences for Aboriginal offenders. Briefly discuss the following issues as they relate to Aboriginal inmates:   i)What is Correctional Services of Canada currently doing with respect to culturally sensitive programming within our institutions? ii)What are healing lodges and what do they attempt to achieve? iii)What suggestions do you have in order to achieve better results for this sub-population of Canadian inmates? Chapter 13 Page 401+ Indigenous offenders ppt & notes

Explain what the USA Patriot Act stands for and discuss its primary purpose. Summarize an article about a recent example of a hate crime on the Internet and include why it was a hate crime, the characteristics that made it a hate crime, and how the police and court responded to the hate crime. Compare the characteristics of intelligence and investigation and describe how the information from each is used.

students will compare two of the American Counseling Association (ACA) ethical standards with regard to ethical assessment and describe how they are the same and how they are different. In addition, students will evaluate which codes might be challenging for them. Furthermore, students will explain under what conditions they may refer to the ACA ethical codes in their practice of counselling in the forensic arena. In addition to the above exercise, students will provide their own list of what kinds of tests counsellors may administer and interpret as compared to psychologists (students can provide an educated guess based on readings and conduct additional research in order to provide a well-rounded response). Lastly, students will become familiar with when to refer to other professionals for additional assessment beyond their own training and competency and make a few comments in the discussion what professionals licensed professional counsellors may have to refer clients to for additional assessment.

Describe the Exclusionary Rule and what it is meant to protect the citizens of this country. What are the benefits of the Exclusionary Rule? Explain. Identify at least 2 methods of demonstrative evidence that would explain the concept of best evidence. You may use scenarios to describe the theory of best evidence. Explain to the newly appointed investigators the absolute adherence to avoiding any evidentiary issue that would result in a Fruit of the Poisonous Tree violation. Explain the ramifications and results of such a violation. Use at least 2 scenarios to demonstrate this issue. Explain to the new investigators the idea behind the court’s displeasure with issues like the Christian Burial Speech. What might it mean in the long run to a serious case just as it did with Brewer v. Williams? Explain the types of behavior that may result in the application of the Shocking the Conscience of the Court test. Provide at least 1 scenario as demonstrative instruction. Provide instruction that coercion is a clear violation of the Constitution. What areas are violated, and what types of behavior are considered coercion? What are the liabilities of the Exclusionary Rule? Explain. What types of errors can occur? Explain What ramifications can result from these errors? Explain.

Mizrahi, Stephanie Lipson, Joshua Dressler, and George Thomas III. 2018. The Law of Criminal Investigations: A College Casebook. St. Paul, MN: West Academic Publishing.Each discussion should be labeled by discussion number so please make that clear to tell by numbering the questions. Each discussion question should be around 100-175 words. Plagiarism free and I want the plagiarism report / turn it in report after assignment is completed.Discussion Question 1-1: Based on your readings this week, identify where you see the failures and successes in the criminal justice system. Based on what you have read, what do you think are the key requirements of a successful criminal justice system. Put another way, how do you define a “successful” criminal justice system. How do you think we are doing so far?Very nice posts by all in this thread! I post these remarks here simply for feedback — not to shut down the conversation. All posts made through December 17 still count.The failures identified in the cases of Brown and Powell are pretty obvious and, I think we can safely say, would not happen today. Most of you also pointed out the key success. The convictions were overturned; no one was actually executed. I know this seems like a pretty low bar by which to judge the success of a criminal justice system, but in the South of the 1930s it was huge. As noted in one of the Notes after Powell, citizens and officials both in Alabama were shocked at the public outrage the original convictions caused. Their reasoning: “We held a trial. They weren’t lynched.”A variety of criteria were listed as part of a successful criminal justice system — of the ideal we are striving for — including integrity, equality, fairness, and punishment that holds people accountable for their actions and provides for justice but also rehabilitates. The general view seems to be that while we have improved tremendously over the decades, very much still needs to be done. The basic foundations and structure of the system are sound — the implementation needs a lot of work.Many called for all defendants to be treated equally. Here lies one of the greatest tensions in the system between fairness and equality, both key values this country was founded on. Equality requires that all defendants accused of the same crime be treated the same and given the same sentence. Fairness requires that individual circumstances such as criminal history, age, mental capacity, intent, and others be taken into account in sentencing. This should be the function of judicial discretion, but abuse of that discretion led to mandatory minimums and other strict sentencing guidelines that reduced judges’ ability to take individual differences into account. Hence, the concerns raised by many of you about overly harsh sentences and a lack of any ability to equip those in prison to return to society. Some of that is a function of the fact that the prison system is simply overwhelmed by the sheer numbers it was never meant to deal with. As a result, we are starting to see a backlash against rigid sentencing schemes and a return of more discretion to frontline judges.Discussion Question 2-1: The now famous concurrence by Justice Harlan in Katz v. United States sets out the two-pronged test that has governed Fourth Amendment law ever since. What is that test? Think about the questions posed in Note 4 following Katz (pg. 90 of our text). As you progress through this course and you (hopefully) gain a better understanding of what the government can and cannot do under the Fourth Amendment, does your expectation of privacy change? Put another way, do criminal justice professionals have a different basis for their expectation of privacy under the Fourth Amendment than do lay citizens? Should they? What role, if any, do the cases of U.S. v. White and Smith v. Maryland play in your answer?Discussion Question 3-1: On page 209, our textbook briefly describes a case called Warden v. Hayden. In note 4 on page 218, our book discusses the case of Welsh v. Wisconsin. Briefly describe the difference between the two cases based on the information you are given. Do you agree with how the Court distinguished these two cases?Discussion Question 4-1: Review note 4 (page 342) following the seminal case of Terry v. Ohio. Which arguments — those of Amar or those of Sundby — do you agree with and why? Assuming that probable cause and the requirements of exigent circumstances obviated the need for McFadden to get a warrant (feel free to challenge that assumption if you wish), was the concept of “reasonable suspicion” needed and worth the uncertainty in the law it seems to have generated?Use this for this link for this question : Discussion Question 6-1: Compare the “questioning” in Rhode Island v. Innis and Brewer v. Williams. Briefly describe what happened in each case. If you were the judge in both cases, which of the incriminating statements would you allow to be used at trial (if either one) and why? Should the answer be different depending on whether the right to counsel is being invoked under the 5th Amendment or the 6th Amendment?Discussion Question 7-1: Do you think we have met the promise of cases like Powell v. Alabama and Gideon v. Wainright? In what ways? What is still left to do? Have your views on the successes and failures of the criminal justice system changed in any way from the beginning of the semester? Why or why not? Support your answer. (For this question, you may want to pay particular attention to the notes and readings after the cases as well as the cases themselves).

Provide an overview of crime and victimization in the United States and include statistics of at least 3 major crimes (UCR Part I Crimes) •Identify and describe 3 direct impacts of crime on victims and their families. Discuss whether these are short or long-term impacts •Explain which crimes have higher reporting rates and which crimes have lower reporting rates • Identify methods for improving rates of reporting for underreported crimes •Discuss how using statistics and improving reporting rates can lead to social change

Read and study the ACA Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice and the ethical code that is most relevant for your career and the ethical code for your certification or license. List the codes chosen and cite how they are relevant to your career choice. 5 Page Review. Give an overview of ACA Code of Ethics for group counselling Discuss the ethical implications of group counselling Discuss the rights of group members Discuss the psychological risks of groups Discuss the group leader’s values. Cite your sources using APA style and include references at the end.

Choose three (3) ethical situations that have legal implications within group therapy. Show how a professional can avoid an ethical/legal violation in this case and if they have not how they may defend themselves. Include examples of issues that would be addressed in this group and strategies that would be used in working with this type of group. How would the understanding of ethical/legal violations be beneficial to these clients and why? How would the understanding of ethical/legal violations be beneficial to you as a counselor and why? When responding to other postings pick a different position than the person you are engaging in the discussion. State 2 reasons you might agree and 2 reasons you might not agree with their recommended group or strategies. Responses to Other Students: Respond to at least 2 of your fellow classmates with at least a 100-200 word reply about their Primary Task Response regarding items you found to be compelling and enlightening. To help you with your discussion, please consider the following questions: What did you learn from your classmate’s posting? What additional questions do you have after reading the posting? What clarification do you need regarding the posting? What differences or similarities do you see between your posting and other classmates’ postings?