Criminology

Final Course Paper:  Each student will select a country (either one of the model countries or any other country of the student’s choice) and then prepare a comparative paper that compares the criminal justice of that country with the United States’ criminal justice system. This paper should contain at a minimum three (3) sections: An introduction of your selected country and their criminal justice system, a section comparing the selected country’s criminal justice system with the United States’ system and finally a discussion on aspects of the student’s selected country’s criminal justice system that could be successfully implemented in the United States (make sure that this discussion contains a thorough discussion of any issues with the implementation of these aspects selected).   This paper will be a minimum of 6 pages in length (not counting title page and reference page) and should be written with the following formatting guidelines and research guidelines in place: The paper must be in APA format (meaning all in-text citations, reference page citations, and section headers will be properly formatted). Font will be Times New Roman 12 point. Margins will be standard 1 inch margins. The paper must have a minimum of five (6) references, of which no more than one (1) may be Internet based. The remaining four (5) must be peer-reviewed journal articles or books. If you have questions about whether a source is acceptable you are welcome to post that question on the Course Questions and Clarifications forum. The paper should contain a bare minimum of direct quotes and those quotes shall be reserved for situations in which rewording the information would cause the information to lose some of its impact. The paper must be free of personal bias and be an evaluation of the selected countries. Avoid statements such as “I know all….”

There are many theories and approaches to understanding deviant behavior and why people commit crime. For this assignment, you will research concepts that will be covered in more detail throughout this course. Write a 700- to 1,050-word opinion paper in which you: Define crime and criminality. Explain the difference between deviance and criminality. Differentiate between the Classical and Neoclassical Schools of Criminology. Define deterrence theory. Identify the three characteristics of punishment. List and define four theories of victimization. Discuss what you think is the best way to mitigate crime: using the justice system or social control. Format your paper according to APA guidelines.

Anthony Harrison is a prosecutor with the Bronx District Attorney’s Office. His supervisor recently assigned him a case for defendant Orlando Carter. Defendant Carter is charged with 1) resisting arrest; 2) assault of a police officer; 3) possession of narcotic substances; 4) trespassing and; 5) attempted burglary. Prosecutor Harrison has scheduled a meeting with the arresting Police Officer, Samantha Morales and witness Police Officer, Dwayne Connor to get details on the facts of the case. When Officer Morales enters Prosecutor Harrison’s office, they both feel an immediate attraction. They engage in the typical introduction and Officer Morales shares her recollection of the facts: Officer Morales stated that during routine anti-crime patrol she and her partner responded to a call for a male observed breaking the window to a residence. Upon arrival at the location, she and her partner saw Defendant Carter, who fit the radio run’s description of a male, dark Hispanic, 5’10 and 180 lbs wearing a NY Jets jersey leaving the reported premises. Officer Morales and her partner were in plainclothes and operating an unmarked police vehicle. When officer Morales and her partner approached Defendant Carter, they identified themselves as police officers and Defendant Carter began to run while throwing several objects from his pants and jacket pockets which were later found to be 3 vials of heroin and 6 packets of cocaine. Officer Morales’ partner, Officer Connor was able to corner Defendant Carter but Carter refused to listen to any of PO Connor’s commands to stop moving. Officer Connor grabbed Defendant Carter by the wrist but tripped and Defendant Carter began another attempt to run. Officer Morales was able to grab Defendant Carter around his torso and slam him to the ground. Defendant Carter then punched Officer Morales 3 times all about her face. Officer Connor had called for back up and upon the arrival of two other officers, Defendant Carter was placed in handcuffs and taken to the 40th Precinct for identification and arrest processing. Both officer Morales and Connor shared that they later learned that Defendant Carter was not the individual who was attempting to burglarize the home, and that he was actually on the premises to assess the damage that was done to the window on behalf of his uncle, who was the neighbor who called in the crime. Prosecutor Harrison told Officers Morales and Connor that he would need copies of their memo book notes for the incident, Officer Morales’ medical records for her injuries and any other paperwork they had related to the case. While Officer Connor left to use the photocopy machine, Prosecutor Harrison tells Officer Morales that even with the black eye and scratches from the incident, she was a very beautiful woman and invited her for brunch in Harlem that weekend. Officer Morales told Prosecutor Harrison that she also found him sexy for a nerdy lawyer and accepted the invitation. That Sunday, Prosecutor Harrison and Officer Morales enjoyed a brunch date and a walk on the Riverside Drive Pier. Afterwards, they retreated to Officer Morales’ Washington Heights apartment where they had sexual intercourse. Over the next few weeks, Prosecutor Harrison and Officer Morales date in secret, frequently meeting during work hours under the guise of “discussing the case.” A month later, in preparation for the case to appear in court, Prosecutor Harrison feels compelled to elevate Defendant Carter’s misdemeanor charge for assault on an officer to a felony level charge. When his supervisor inquires whether it is the medical records’ statement of injury that is driving this stance, he simply states that “the superficial injuries to the officer’s face are just the start and that the mental impact the officer faced from the incident is what makes this matter stand out for him.” The supervising prosecutor grows suspicious of Prosecutor Harrison’s change in position and considers reassigning the case. Please comprehensively discuss the following questions using ethical concepts, justice themes, racial and socio-economic considerations, professional responsibility, likely consequences etc. as appropriate. Question 1 20 Points What charges, if any, should be removed from Defendant Carter’s criminal complaint and why? Please include in your discussion which charges should remain and why. Also provide an explanation of the obligation/responsibilities and possible consequences for the officers, defendant and prosecutor regarding making proper charges. Question 2 20 Points Please discuss whether the force the officers explained they used was justified or should be considered excessive. Within this discussion, please also include an analysis from the defendant’s perspective about the force used and his own conduct and its impact. Question 3 20 Points Please discuss whether it was ethical for the officer and prosecutor to begin a sexual relationship and whether it could have an impact on their professional relationship and responsibilities. In this discussion, please explain their options in terms of curbing their personal desire and how their actions might affect the case and defendant’s rights. Question 4 20 Points What action should the Supervisor take, if any? Please discuss possible outcomes if action is taken or not taken. Question 5 20 Points Please discuss how community policing, if it was implemented in this neighborhood, could have impacted the outcome of this matter.

Term Paper – For the term paper you will be required to apply one or more theories to the autobiography Canada, G. (1995). Fist Stick Knife Gun: A Personal History of Violence in America. Good papers will thoroughly describe the theory.  It is imperative that you show you fully understand the theory you have chosen.  When describing the theory you should include outside references.  While it is acceptable to use your textbook, you should seek out additional primary sources.  The reader should be able to fully understand the complexities of the theory based on your review.      Good papers will also explain how the chosen theory can be used to explain how the subject of the book became involved in, persisted with, or desisted from crime.  Ideally, you will use direct quotes from the autobiography to illustrate the major concepts of the theory.       Your paper must be double-spaced, with standard margins (approximately 1″ all around), and consist of 5 to 7 pages of text, not including title page, references, or illustrations. Papers must include pagination. Types of theories: Social learning theory, social disorganization theory, differential association theory, general strain theory, social control theory, coercion theory, self-control theory, reintegrative shaming theory,

The Development of Criminal Justice in U.S to narrow the  topic just a bit. i will pick up  a group like a subject i will like to used black vs white and see if the justice system works for both groups.  If not, what are the differences, etc.

Module 4: Discussion Forum No unread replies. No replies. In module 4, you are introduced to the idea of hypothesis testing and a commonly used statistical analysis method – the t-test. After reading the module content and watching the videos on t-tests, go to pages 228-229 of our textbook (Frankfort-Nachmias). On page 228, go to Demonstration 2. Open the GSS2014-B data set in SPSS. Follow the steps within Demonstration 2 to run an Independent Samples T-Test (which enables us to compare mean differences between the independent/grouping variable SEX (male/female) and the dependent variable HRS1 (number of hours worked per week). State your research hypothesis and null hypothesis first, and then report the findings of your t-test results. In your report, you should include the group means, t-test value, and significance (P) level, and conclude whether the reported results enable you to reject the null hypothesis. Explain why t-test is appropriate for this type of hypothesis testing. Copy your SPSS output tables (Group Statistics and Independent Samples Test) into your post or provide in an attached Word document. Be sure to support your statements with logic and argument, citing any sources referenced. the reading Analytical Methods Module 4: Testing Hypothesis and Properties of Bivariate Relationship Quantitative researchers follow a statistical decision-making process to determine how likely it is that a hypothesized population parameter is true. This process, called hypothesis testing, is the focus of Module 4. Hypothesis development starts with an observation, hunch, educated guess, or anecdotal information about a phenomenon, condition, object, relationship, or other item of interest. In other words, a hypothesis is based on a prediction about the extent to which one event might affect, influence, or cause another. Where does a researcher start relative to gathering and analyzing the necessary evidence that may perhaps support a hypothesis? As discussed in prior modules, the researcher starts with a literature review (to explore what research has been done before) and then they determine a methodology that will allow a sample to be drawn from a study population (e.g., police officers, prosecutors, judges, convicted sex offenders). Other steps involve: Determining variables of interest (independent and dependent) and their levels of measurement; Formulating a null hypothesis (Ho) that predicts no relationship between the variables; Formulating a research hypothesis which is the opposite of a null hypothesis (also called an alternate hypothesis: Ha); and Running statistical tests that produce evidence that may reject a null hypothesis (thus showing statistical support for the research/alternate hypothesis). In this module, you will learn how to execute specific statistical tests in SPSS that will allow you to test hypotheses. Learning Outcomes Explain hypothesis testing as a decision-making process. Differentiate between the research hypothesis and the null hypothesis. Determine probability value (P) and significance level (?) and understand their applications. Test difference between two group means — t-test. For Your Success & Readings Hypothesis testing is at the core of statistical analysis and is a decision-making process involving several steps. Hypothesis testing requires the application of a body of specialized terminologies and concepts including the null and alternative hypotheses, probability level, and significance level which are associated with various statistical tests. As stated earlier, think of a hypothesis as an educated guess or hunch about the relationship between two or more variables—about which statistical data will be collected—that:  allows the researcher to conclude that their educated guess is wrong (i.e., falsification);  allows the researcher to conclude their educated guess is correct or supported with a relatively high degree of confidence (generally speaking, 95% or greater confidence). These terminologies and the ideas they represent may appear unfamiliar to you. The initial difficulties you encounter in understanding them should not intimidate you while learning quantitative analysis. You will gain familiarity with these concepts by applying them in analyzing real data. You may find hypothesis testing growing on you through application. Module 4 walks you through the process of statistical hypothesis testing while you learn one of many statistical tests: the t-test. A Critical Thinking Assignment and Discussion Question are due this week. You may also be invited to participate in a Live Classroom session (hosted by your instructor). Required Chapter 8 in Social Statistics for a Diverse Society Chapter 11 in Online Statistics Education: A Multimedia Course of Study Eisenberg, T. & Heise, M. (2015). Plaintiphobia in state courts redux? An empirical study of state court trials on appeal. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 12(1), 100-127. Recommended Knapp, H. (2017). An introduction to the paired t-test [Video file]. SAGE Research Methods. Quiz on hypothesis testing Next References Frankfort-Nachmias, C., & Leon-Guerrero, A. (2017). Social statistics for a diverse society (8th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Nayak, B. K., & Hazra, A. (2011). How to choose the right statistical test? Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, 59(2), 85-86.

brief background and history of the crime the victim was committed and victim. how was the victim proven innocent of the crime, and a opinion to what happened. the link I would like this paper to be on is Sabrina Butler https://murderpedia.org/female.B/b/butler-sabrina.htm

On page 173 in The Invisible Woman: Gender, Crime, and Justice, the author discusses three commonly presented hypotheses related to gender discrimination in the criminal legal system. They are The Equal Treatment Hypothesis, The Chivalry Hypothesis, and The Evil Woman Hypothesis. For this assignment, please explain what each of these hypotheses mean and what research says about them.

choose a law from China and compare with the Law here in The United States. Talk about what’s the difference or the similar between these two.

Kitty Genovese Case Review – Should the onlookers have been required to intervene? Should their failure to do so be considered a crime or a civil cause of action? Generally, should there be a duty to act if the onlooker can be of assistance? Select another country and assume the facts of this case occurred there. Would there be a duty for onlookers to act in the selected country?