Biology

1. In module 4 we learned about the U.S. EPA’s Superfund program that monitors and regulates sites with contaminated soil and groundwater systems. Visit the following EPA Superfund link to find out more about a Superfund site near you(Links to an external site.)(where you currently live or where you grew up).  (Links to an external site.)If you live outside the U.S. look up information about a source of soil or water contamination near you OR pick a state of interest to you on the EPA website.  Describe the following about the site you picked (9 points total, as described below):location of the site (2 points)specific pollutant(s) present (2 points)source or explain how the pollution got there (2 points)what is being done to clean up the site/water source (3 points)Note, some sites do not have complete descriptions, so make sure you pick a site for which you can include all of the information requested above.Much of the pollution on Earth is connected to consumerism and single-use plastic items. Watch CaptaiCharles Moore’s TED Talk, where he describes the effect of on the oceans: blob:https://embed.ted.com/717fa330-dc7d-4120-a97c-7b7ed7a58f7aHere’s another video which covers the production of plastics, the benefits and consequences of using plastics, and its effects on human health: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RS7IzU2VJIQ&feature=youtu.beIn the TED Talk byCharles Moore, what are two ways plastics directly affect marine organisms? (3 points)How are most microplastics formed in the ocean?(3 points)How do microplastics specifically affect marine organisms (note, different from question above)? (2points)What percentage of infants and adults have phthalates in their bodies? What percentage have bpa in their urine? (4 points)Describe 3 things YOU can do (or already do) to reduce the amount of waste and/or pollution that you create. (3 points per action described, 9 points total)V

What are the advantages of putting telescopes in space? Provide specific examples of three current space telescopes.

The Golden Age of Microbiology changed medicine and microbiology forever. During this age the germ theory of disease was established, disinfectants introduced, the role of immunity established, vaccines developed, surgical techniques and microbiology culture techniques developed. Begin with Edward Jenner and end your essay with the works of Elizabeth Bugie and Rebecca Lancefield. 

Films https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wrGctRqYHLY&t=6s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qgAYXiWcEdQ&t=80s 1) List the main idea you learned from the film/documentary/series and explain how you can apply what you learned to your life. 2) Identify 3-5 key concepts from the chapters assigned (chapters 1 & 2) Concepts like: religion, syncretism, ritual, sacred, magic, anthropology, etc. Make sure you first give the definition of the key concept and then give direct examples from the film (i.e. “Anthropology is defined by Stein and Stein as the study of humans in time and space (p.10) and in his lecture Wade Davis explains how anthropology enables us to “)Make sure you use a separate paragraph for each of these concepts and you highlight, bold or underline the concept.

Lab questionsOrganization of the nervous tissueWhat are the similar roots of the common fibular and tibial nerves?Gross anatomy of the central nervous systemWhat is the function of the reticular formation? Where is it located?What are the basic differences between the left and the right hemispheres of the cerebrum?What is the corpus callosum? Where would it be located on your model if you created it? Why is the corpus callosum important?What would happen to an individual who suffered damage to the occipital lobe of the brain?What is the location of the olfactory cranial nerve? How does this aid with its function?What is the difference between the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal nerves?Where are the choroid plexuses found, and what is their function?Describe the folding of the cerebrum in a sheep brain compared to a human brain. Why are the folds important?The cerebellum of the human is divided into two portions, while the sheep only has one portion of the cerebellum. Why is there a difference?How is the brain stem different in the sheep brain than in the human brain?Reflex and sensory physiologyDescribe how scent and taste work in conjunction. Are the tastes of all of the foods that were tested heightened by the sense of smell, or only some of the foods?Were certain areas of your tongue more sensitive to tastes than others? Describe your answer using your observations.What does it mean if you can hear the tuning fork more clearly in one ear or another during the Weber test?How is the mechanism of hearing different if the handle of the tuning fork is held on the mastoid process instead of holding the tuning fork tines near the ear canal?What types of mechanisms does the body use for balance? How does vision affect balance?Imagine that you were standing on a moving platform when performing the balance test. How would this affect balance and why?The “blind spot” is more like a “blind sphere.” Is the depth (distance from where the circle disappeared to where it reappeared in this exercise) approximately the same for each eye? What does this indicate?Explain why a blind spot is not normally perceived. What is an afterimage? Why does it occur?What causes the patellar reflex?Why is the patellar stretch reflex beneficial?Describe the nerve signal transmission from the stimulus to the response.What, if any changes, occurred when the volunteer was reading while the reflex was tested? Explain your results. What is refraction? Which portions of the eye primarily refract light before the light reaches the retina? How did these areas appear in the cow eye?What is the function of the optic disc?What is the function of the choroid? How is the choroid different in cows than in humans? What does the choroid look like on the cow eye?

Role of stem cells the in therapy of neuro-degenerative diseases (such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and Huntington’s disease)

SCENARIO—TWOMr. Coles, a 60 year-old-male, was brought into the ER.  He is a construction worker who was involved in an accident at the job site.  He has obvious severe head and neck trauma—his scalp and neck were badly lacerated and he has an impacted skull fracture, he remains in a comatose state. His initial urine lab test was within normal limits. A Complete Blood Count (CBC) was done and his hematocrit was 30%. When his blood was sent for “typing”, it agglutinated with anti A and anti B serum. Further testing was done and revealed that Mr. Cole’s blood lacked the Rh factor.Question 1: Explain the term “blood typing”, what is the purpose of this test and how is it completed.  What do Mr. Coles results indicate? Question 2: If Mr. Coles is requiring a blood transfusion, what blood group(s) and type(s) can he receive? Why?The physician discovered that Mr. Coles was the great-great-great grandson of Queen Victoria.  So, his fracture was repaired without further delays and the following orders (and others) were given:•    Transfuse 2 units of blood•    Check and record vital signs; report any adverse reactions•    Apply pressure bandage to any bleeding episodes immediatelyQuestion 3: Explain the hereditary blood disorder that Mr. Coles has inherited.  How will that affect his current treatment?Question 4: Describe 2 types of transfusion reactions.  What are the symptoms, why do they happen and what are possible consequences?On the second day of his hospitalization, the nurse noticed the following on Mr. Coles:•    Rapid heart rate, nervousness, and hand tremors•    Skin warm and flushed•    Sweating and rapid respirationsUpon receiving this information, the physician ordered further blood tests to be done. Lab test confirms the diagnosis of over activity of an endocrine gland. Question 5: What would you say Mr. Coles’ hormonal problem is and what is the cause of his signs and symptoms? Explain your answer.You are expected to submit a professionally completed assignment with the required sections as outlined below. Answers to the case scenarios should be written with enough detail that someone without prior healthcare knowledge will understand the information.Required sections1.    Answers to all the questions:a.    Typed and double spaced.b.    Not exceeding 4 pages (not including reference and title page)c.    Proofread for spelling, grammar, and sentence structure.d.    APA format.2.    Other documents:a.    A cover page with student’s and professor’s name.b.    A copy of the case study scenario. c.    Reference page.d.    A copy of the rubric.

Essays must be in English and no more than 750 words.Word count includes in-text citations, but not reference lists.Essays must include at least 4 references.The question is All humans are 99.9% genetically identical at the DNA level. Remarkably, just a small fraction (0.1%) of our DNA contributes tothe different characteristics among populations around the world and that make every person unique. Important discoveries in human genetics and genomics often rely on comparing groups of people, for example people with a given disease compared to people without the disease. These studies utilize genomic data from individuals who have contributed their DNA for research purposes, most of which (approximately 80%) are individuals of European ancestry. How does this population representation impact genomic findings? Can the data and results of these studies still be useful for studies in other populations from around the world? Discuss whether inclusion of more diverse populations in genetic and genomic studies holds a potential to benefit future genetic research and improve human health.

Questions: Part 1. Consider the following experiment (reference below). It has long been thought that antioxidants decrease risk for developing cancer. This was tested by giving either the antioxidant Vitamin E or placebo at random to 35,000 men, and measuring how many were diagnosed with prostate cancer 5 years later. There was no statistically significant difference in prostate cancer rate between the groups at the end of the study.   1. What was their hypothesis? (Be specific)   2. What was their treatment group?   3. What was their control group?   4. What was the dependent variable?   5. Can they broadly conclude that ALL antioxidants do not prevent ALL cancers? Why or why not? **Careful, this is tricky. Reference: Lippman SM et al. Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers. JAMA. December 9, 2008.   Part 2 Design an experiment that you could do to test homeostasis of body temperature.  Do not make a big deal about this.  Think about the things that might make the human body heat up.   6. Explain your hypothesis   7. Explain your treatment   8. Describe your control   9. What is the dependent variable?   10. How could your experiment be strengthened?

Types of anemiasDiscuss the different type of anemias.This paper is for pathophysiology.you may include graphs and figures as well