Biology

The Optic Disc, Refraction, Visual Acuity, and Astigmatism 1. Explain why vision is lost when light hits the blind spot. 2. Match the terms in column B with the descriptions in column A. Column AColumn B light bending 2. ability to focus for close (less than 20 feet) vision 3. normal vision 4. inability to focus well on close objects (farsightedness) 5. nearsightedness 6. blurred vision due to unequal curvatures of the lens or cornea 7. medial movement of the eyes during focusing on close objects a. accommodation b. astigmatism c. convergence d. emmetropia hyperopia f. myopia g. refraction 3. Complete the following statements: In farsightedness, the light is focused the retina. The lens required to treat myopia is a _2_ lens. The “near point” of vision increases with age because the _3_ of 1.1m image that is upside down and reversed from left to right. Such an image is called a A image. 1. 2. 3. 4. 4. Use terms from the key to complete the statements concerning near and distance vision. (Some choices will be used more than once.) a. contracted b. decreased c. increased d. loose e. relaxed f. taut During distance vision, the ciliary muscle is the ciliaryr zonule is the convexity of the lens is and light refraction is . During close vision, the ciliary muscle is the ciliary zonule is lens convexity is , and light refraction is 5. Using your Snellen eye test results, answer the following questions. Is your visual acuity normal, less than normal, or better than normal? Explain your answer. Explain why each eye is tested separately when an examiner is using the Snellen eye chart. Explain 20/40 vision. Explain 20/10 vision. 6. Define astigmatism. How can it be corrected? 7. Define presbyopia. What causes it? Rlinanpqq 8. To which wavelengths of light do the three cone types of the retina respond maximally? , and 9. How can you explain the fact that we see a great range of colors even though only three cone types exist? Binocular Vision 10. Explain the difference between binocular and panoramic vision. What is the advantage of binocular vision? What factor(s) are responsible for binocular vision? Eye Reflexes 11. In the experiment on the convergence reflex, what happened to the position of the eyeballs as the object was moved closer to the subject’s eyes? Which extrinsic eye muscles control the movement of the eyes during this reflex? What is the value of this reflex? 12. In the experiment on the photopupillary reflex, what happened to the pupil of the eye exposed to light? What happened to the pupil of the nonilluminated eye? Explanation? Ophthalmoscopic Examination 13. Why is the ophthalmoscopic examination an important diagnostic tool? 14. Many college students struggling through mountainous reading assignments are told that they need glasses for “eyestrain.” Why is it more of a strain on the extrinsic and intrinsic eye muscles to look at close objects than at far object

Overview The objectives of this lab are to show you how much can be learned by “disassembling” a plant. The lab will give you an opportunity to learn about the structure of different flowers, how plants reproduce, and how different flowering plants have evolved different adaptations to attract pollinators. To achieve these objects, this lab consists of two primary activities: Activity 1: Flower dissection: You will dissect at least four flowers. You will document the different structures of each flower as well as compare these structures across your flowers. Activity 1 will introduce you to the major structures of a flower as well as illustrate how these structures vary across species. Activity 2: Flower dissection: You will use the data collected from Activity 1 to determine how each flower is pollinated. Activity 2 will introduce you to the role of floral morphology in the process of pollination. You will explore how different flower structures have evolved

Search the empirical research literature to find 2 or 3 articles on the treatment of a sensorimotor disorder. Describe the characteristics and origin of the disorder that you identified. Then compare and contrast the different approaches to treating the disorder in terms of technique and effectiveness. Be sure to discuss the challenges underlying the treatment of the disorder you chose. Your paper should be 3-5 pages in length, excluding title page and reference section.

Assignment – The human body is a whole consisting of the following systems that are interconnected: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, sensory, endocrine, cardiovascular and lymphatic, body’s defense, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive. Explain the major functions of each system and link one function to another system explaining how the two systems are interconnected. You can start with any system that you like. ????????????: 2000 ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? 2000 ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? 2,000

Choose an aquatic or terrestrial ecosystem that is in your region or of particular interest. Write a 750-1050 word paper about the ecosystem and two species (one plant species and one animal species) that inhabit the ecosystem. Introduction Discuss the ecosystem and the degree of biodiversity that is present. Identify and discuss any interrelated ecosystems in close proximity that directly impact your topic ecosystem. Provide a brief description of two species (one plant and one animal) that inhabit your ecosystem. One of these species must be classified as endangered on the IUCN Red List, or by a government wildlife of natural resource agency. Discuss each of these species in relation to their instrumental and uniqueness value. Explain how this species became endangered, and discuss efforts currently underway to help protect and/or preserve this species. Conclusion The paper should be in APA format with an APA title and reference page. Four separate instances of cited material are required in the paper with corresponding references. There must be one instance in which material from our course textbook is cited and referenced.

Modern medical science has allowed people who have been blind for their entire life to have their sight restored. When sight is restored do you think that these people will immediately see in the same way as someone who has never lost their sight? What components of the visual system would affect what the person sees in this situation and how they interpret it?

Describe one of the following processes: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, or the Calvin Cycle. The paper should be 400- 500 word

Pick a clinical condition (disease, syndrome etc) that interests you. First, explain what you know about the condition and the organ system(s) that are affected by this condition. Then explain how this condition is a departure from homeostasis. By studying Human Physiology, what did you learn that allows you to better understand this condition?

please answer the following using information about microbiology and results from attatched photo 1. Describe the effect of increasing salt concentration on bacterial growth observed in this investigation. How did each species respond to salt concentration? 2. Is either of the two bacterial species you tested a halophile? Explain your answer. 3. Some strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are able to cause food poisoning if the food in which they are growing is consumed. All strains of E. coli grow in similar environmental circumstances. Likewise, S. aureus grows in similar conditions as its close relative S. epidermidis. Which species would be more likely to cause food poisoning by growing in deli meats such as ham: E. coli or S. aureus? Explain your answer.

Many folks think of evolution as a topic relevant only to Darwin and a few scientists. In reality, evolution touches your life every day. The cereal you eat for breakfast comes from a grain that has evolved to its current state after generations of artificial selection by humans. If you get a flu shot, the reason you have to get one every year is that viruses constantly evolve, and a vaccine that works this year may not work next year. If you wash your hands with antibacterial soap, you will kill some bacteria, but other bacteria may have mutations that make them resistant to the agent used in the soap. Evolution is going on all around us all the time; if we want to help make decisions to protect the environment and ensure a healthy future and a plentiful food supply, we need to understand how it works. Now that you have completed several modules covering various aspects of the theory of evolution, we want you to apply that knowledge to some real-word examples. For this assignment, you should 1. Open the .pdf attachment labeled Evolution, Science, and Society: Evolutionary Biology and the National Research Agenda (a project sponsored by the A. P. Sloan Foundation and the National Science Foundation in 1998). 2. In the .pdf, scroll to “How Does Evolutionary Biology Contribute to Society?” (page 5) 3. There are 6 topics listed on that page. We ask that you pick one of the following 5 topics as the subject on which you will write your paper (NOT “Understanding Humanity”): Environment and Conservation Agriculture and Natural Resources Finding Useful Natural Products Human Health and Medicine Biotechnology Select ONE of these topics and investigate it. To begin, search for the topic/keyword in the actual report (hint: use the find function in your browser / PDF reader). Look for specific examples of how evolution is related to your topic. Next, perform an internet search on your topic to find more examples and add to what you have already learned. You need to identify at least 4 specific examples related to your topic. 4. For each of your 4 examples, write a brief paragraph (3-5 sentences minimum) describing what it is and explaining how this example demonstrates that understanding the principles of evolutionary biology contributes to society. Be specific! If you describe an example but don’t make it clear how our understanding of evolution relates to that example, you will earn no points. These examples must be in your own words – do not copy and paste from your sources; this is academic misconduct/plagiarism and will be treated as such! Make sure to cite the sources that you use. For example, if your topic was “Finding Useful Natural Products”, one of the examples mentioned in the report involved the Pacific Yew tree. So your paragraph might be something like this: Finding useful natural products In the 1960s the Pacific yew was discovered to contain a substance that was useful in treating certain cancers. Sadly, the tree needed to be destroyed in order to produce enough taxol to treat one patient. This destructive harvesting threatened the existence of the Pacific yew. Luckily, by furthering our understanding of the evolutionary relationships within the yew family we discovered that a close relative of the Pacific yew, the European yew, contained a similar compound in its leaves, which allowed for easier extractions and harvests, and did not destroy the individual. Thanks to our understanding of evolutionary biology we were able to more readily produce taxol which has resulted in countless lives saved. Citation: “Drug Discovery”. Understanding Evolution. UC Berkeley. Web. 02 Feb. 2016. (provide link if source cannot be easily found) Note that because it has been provided as a sample answer, you cannot use the Pacific yew as one of your examples in your paper!