Biology

The book for this assignment  is Essentials of Biology by Silvia Mader   5th edition . i could not attach the eBook . Please provide an email i could send it to. Thank you INSTRUCTIONS Use a word-processing program, preferably Microsoft Word, to complete the examination. At the top of every page, include your name and student number. You may write the question and number in your document. Under the question, document your response. Please be detailed and specific in your responses to fully address each question. PLEASE NOTE: It’s recommended that you use your textbook. All answers can be located in your textbook. If outside websites are used, please summarize the information in your own words and provide APA style citations. Plagiarism Warning: Copying and pasting information from outside sources is considered plagiarism and is a violation Academic Honesty. All submissions are checked for plagiarism and will receive a grade of 1%. Only sentence-long direct quotes (properly cited in APA) are permitted. For this essay , answer the following questions in one to two short paragraphs each. 1.Explain how human activities can cause an imbalance in biogeochemical cycling and lead to problems such as cultural eutrophication and fish kills. 2.Compare and contrast the traits and growth patterns of opportunistic versus equilibrium populations. Provide one example of each. 3.Compare and contrast indirect versus direct values of biodiversity, and provide examples. 4.Describe two traits that represent a sustainable society and two traits of a nonsustainable society.

Define anatomy and physiology. Describe macroscopic and microscopic anatomy. Explain the relationship between structure and function. Describe various types of cells in the human body and explain the basic principles of the cell theory. Define histology. Identify the 11 organ systems, provide two functions for each system and two related organs in each system. Explain the concept of homeostasis. Describe the processes of negative feedback and positive feedback in maintaining homeostasis and provide examples of each. Use correct anatomical terms to describe superficial and regional anatomy.  Provide 3 examples. Use correct directional terms and sectional planes to describe relative positions and relationships among body parts.  Provide 4 examples. Identify the major body cavities and subdivisions of each.  Describe the membranes that divide the body cavities and subdivisions, the organs that they accommodate, and the organs that belong to each of the major body cavities.  Explain how the chemical properties of water affect the solubility of inorganic and organic molecules and how this is so important to live. Discuss the importance o pH and the role of buffers in body fluids and why this is such an important concept to understand for human life. List and discuss the four major macromolecules, their structure characteristics, their functions, and provide examples of each all pertaining to the human body.   (hint: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, ATP, DNA, RNA) What is an enzyme? Explain the importance of enzyme function within the body. List all structures of an animal cell, provide a function for each region/structure of a cell.  Points will be determined by the completeness of this answer. Describe the process of mitosis and the cell life cycle. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis.  “This question may require you to look outside this chapter”

A microscopy is a valuable tool that can be used to make observations about the microscopic world around us, and perform investigations that lead to amazing discoveries. There are many different kinds of microscopes and new types of microscopes and as well as modifications to old microscopy approaches are still being designed by scientists. Which type of microscope do you think is the “coolest” or in other words the most useful and efficient? Are there any limitations or setbacks using this kind of microscope? Provide evidence to support your choice. Additionally, investigate and share what kind of notable scientific discoveries were made using this kind of microscopic technique which wouldn’t have been possible otherwise. Make sure to share the references that you selected your evidence from.

Highlight the major organs and functions of the digestive system and then explain how the digestive system support supports other body system?

Biofilms are implicated in intractable urinary tract infections, in the lung infections (such as in Cystic fibrosis), on teeth, on implanted medical devices-to name a few scenarios. Nosocomial (hospital acquired) infections are the fourth leading cause of death in the U.S. Biofilms contribute to the failure of antibiotic treatment, particularly in hospitalized patients.    In this assignment: Describe   the formation of biofilms, their persistence, and interactions with the host immune system.100 words and should include your explanation of how quorum sensing plays a role in the development of biofilms.  Describe the methods used for controlling medical biofilms.

Compose a 1–2 paragraph response to ONE of the following questions. Choose the question you wish to answer.  Explain how you could incorporate parts of the framework for pathophysiology in patient charting (Chapter 1). Give an example of how the body adapts to stress (Chapter 2). Explain the mechanism of cell injury and give an example (Chapter 4). Using the website cancer.net, pick a type of cancer and summarize the latest research about that cancer, using terms from Chapters 1, 2, 4, and 7 and the website. In all responses, be sure to paraphrase in your own words and cite your supporting sources in APA format. Supporting resources can be your textbook or another scholarly source. Your textbook is provided below as a reference and citation sample.

Describe how DNA saturation occurs and how you can overcome this underestimation of the genetic distance between taxa using specific mutation models.

Plant Chemical Adaptations  Physical adaptations are one way plants have become well-adapted to specific environmental conditions. For example, cacti have spines in place of leaves to prevent water loss in the arid conditions of the desert, and deciduous trees lose their leaves in the fall to survive cold weather conditions over the winter. Chemical adaptations are another means for plant protection. Many plants produce toxic or noxious compounds to protect themselves from insects or animals that would eat them, to reduce competition from other plants, or even to change the response of pollinators. Humans analyze and harvest these compounds for our own benefit. Choose ONE of the following compounds: Caffeine Cocaine Nicotine Artemisinin Answer these four questions: Describe the compound and in what plant(s) it is found.  Explain how this compound provides protection for the plant. Does the compound provide any other benefits for the plant, such as enhanced pollination? What effect does the compound have on humans? Follow these guidelines for your paper:  Utilize at least 1 credible source to support the arguments presented in the paper. Make sure you cite appropriately within your paper, and list the reference(s) in APA format on your Reference page.   Your paper should be 1–2 pages in length, not counting the Title page and Reference page.

part 1 Question 1 Consider that active transport allows for molecules to be forced into cells against their concentration or electrical gradient. Why would cells need to be able to do this? Discuss in a paragraph, listing some examples if you wish.  Question 2 What is the difference in DNA and RNA?  Question 3 Define in a short paragraph, the classification of carbohydrates.  Question 4 Describe in under 100 words the important to the body of triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, lipoproteins and eicosanoids.  Question 5 What is the difference between saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats? part 2 Question 1  Examine and classify the categories of connective tissue and list up to 5 differences between each.  Question 2 Describe the beginning events of bone ossification using a diagram or sketch. Question 3  What is bone remodelling? Provide a 1-2 sentence definition and then list factors that can affect it. Question 4 Using the internet locate pictures and diagrams of epithelial tissue, both covering and lining and glandular epithelium, and note the different structures and functions. What are the functions of the basement membrane? Write up to ½ a page. Question 5 Describe the cause of muscle fatigue and define this term in under a 100 words. part3 Question 1 Name 4 structures that receive only sympathetic innervation.  Question 2 Using the internet, study and label 6 major sensory and motor pathways and tracts. Write 2-3 sentences explaining the function of each Question 3 Using the internet, study the structure of their ear. Explain how the ear plays a role in equilibrium and balance in one paragraph. Question 4 What are symptoms of an autonomic disorder and what may the disorder be? Question 5 Give two examples of controlled conditions in the body that are kept in a homeostatic balance by autonomic reflexes. Question 6 Why are the two main somatic motor pathways, called direct and indirect? Question 7 Write a paragraph of no more than 100 words on the importance of the cerebral cortex and its role in processing nerve impulses part 4 Question 1 Research and find information on ALD (adrenoleukodystrophy), its symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. What happens with the myelin sheath in this condition? Write about ½ a page maximum. Question 2 Using the internet research what is happening in the field of nervous tissue regeneration. (Spending no more than one hour) What is the role of neurolemma in regeneration? What have contributed to the lack of success in neuronal regrowth in mammalian CNS? Question 3 Using the internet or resource materials list the 12 cranial nerves and their functions. Question 4 Stroke (CVA) is the most common brain disorder. What does CVA stand for? List the two principle types. Make a list of 6 risk factors. part5 Question 1 List 5 hormones, and the glands that make them. Then write 2-3 sentences each on their function.Question 2 Select three hormone-related diseases (other than diabetes) and write a paragraph on each, explaining how hormone levels/synthesis/recognition problems cause the illness. Question 3 There are two types of diabetes, name them and then list firstly 5 similarities, and secondly 5 differences between the two. Question 4 List the hormonal steps involved in the onset on puberty (FSH, LH, ACTH etc) Question 5 Give an overview of the endocrine system describing the general structure and function of this system. Question 6 Write a brief explanation of how negative feedback loops work, support your answer with an example part 6 Question 1 Draw a simple diagram of the heart and lungs, and label the associated major blood vessels, and the anatomical structures of the lungs. For each feature you label, write 1-2 sentences explaining their function in respiration.  Question 2 Using the internet or other research materials, define Starling’s law of the capillaries, Boyle’s law, Charles’ law, Dalton’s law and Henry’s law and write 2-3 sentences for each, explaining their application in respiration.  Question 3 The negative feedback regulation of blood pressure is via the baroreceptor reflexes. Using the internet or other reference materials list the steps involved and what happens in these steps (1-2 sentences each). Question 4 Hypertension is called the silent killer. Why do you think it is it called this and what other diseases could it lead to? List 5-10. Question 5 What are possible outcomes of a myocardial infarction? Question 6 What does the EKG measure Question 7 What is cardiac output? part 7 Question 1 Using the internet or other research materials, research four diseases of the immune system other than HIV/AIDS. Write one paragraph on each – the pathogenesis and how it affects the immune system. Question 2 Using the internet or other reference materials, describe the three phases of phagocytosis using labelled diagrams. Question 3 Using the internet or other reference material, compare and contrast cell-mediated and antibody mediated immune responses. List the similarities and then the differences in dot point format. Question 4 Define immunity in 1-2 sentences. Question 5 Where do B and T cells form? Question 6 Research vaccinations. List the four different types of vaccines commonly available and describe them in 2-3 sentences each. Then list 2-3 specific vaccines (polio, Hepatitis B for example) for each. Finally, name the first vaccine, and the person who gave the first vaccination. part 8 Question 1 What are the basic differences between pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration? Write two to three paragraphs. Question 2 In your own words, describe the structure and function of respiratory epithelium. Write up to 300 words. Question 3 Why are the various kinds of modified respiratory movements necessary? List 5 reasons.  Question 4 Describe alveoli cell types and their functions. Use illustrations to support your answer. Write up to 300 words on this answer. part 9 Your report/presentation must include: PART A: Your report/presentation 1. A summary of the functions of the urinary system, 2. A summary of the functions of the kidneys, 3. Urinary pathologies and pathogenesis, PART B: Your reflective learning assessment A list of issues that arose during the project that you either could not deal with or that were not essential to the project. • A reflective account of any problem-solving process you experienced. • A list of resources used, including human resources. • A summary of what you learned about the urinary system. Your final PBL submission must include:

After listening to and reading “The Heights of Macchu Picchu” write a short essay reading and listening.