Biology

Write an essay on Human Endocrine Disorders-Osteoporosis and Diabetes Mellitus.

You are a microbiologist assigned a research project to design vaccine for a helminth or fungal infection. It cannot be the same pathogen you used for the disinfectant or antibiotic project and it cannot be a pathogen found on your 80 pathogen list from lecture study guide for Exam#5 (Final). Also, you cannot use the pathogen selected for the antibiotic and disinfectant project. You cannot use any experimental vaccines; this is a completely new project! Your project must include the following: A General Overview of the Pathogen (1 pg) including, name of target organism/pathogen (give genus species name) and why you chose it (give overall statistics of infection rates, mortality, geographic location found, who is most likely to get infected), how to prevent infection, overall general signs and symptoms, body systems involved, special features, why is it important to cure this disease and get rid of this pathogen? A summary of the immune response when a pathogen infects (1 pg) –what does your immune system do when a pathogen starts an infection inside you? What specific cells and molecules are involved? Explain detection, recognition, defenses and attack of the pathogen by your immune system. A General Overview of how Vaccines work (1 pg) including immune response to a vaccine, the major immune cells and molecules involved, the purpose of vaccines, effectiveness for long term immunity and the advantage of a vaccine over natural exposure to a pathogen. See pgs 493-500 on vaccines, Chap 18. For the New Vaccine Research (2 pg), you must provide the following information with justification and rationale: Name of vaccine, against what molecular part of the pathogen will you design your vaccine against, will it be a live attenuated, whole cell, killed, acellular, toxoid vaccine, how will it work (explain the molecular mechanism of action), how will it be administered (is it injected or inhaled), how many doses, at what age will the vaccine be administered, how effective the vaccine is (short term or long term immunity, booster needed?), how will you make the public aware of this new vaccine, how will you get it to the patients that need it, what is the cost, all the while keeping in mind that it must have little or no side effects to the patient. What specific type of side effects did you expect to see from your new vaccine? List and explain. Defending the Effectiveness of Vaccines- You are going into the health profession. How do you defend government mandated vaccinations?  What do you tell your patients who argue that we no longer need to vaccinate our children against certain childhood diseases, like polio, because they no longer “exists” in the US?  What fact based science do you use to convince your patient that vaccines provide more benefits than not vaccinating?  What if you have a patient who doesn’t want to get the COVID-19 vaccine when it is safe and available for mass distribution?  How do you convince this patient?

What I want you to do is go research on what is happening with antibiotics. What is working, what isn’t? Tell me at least 1 beneficial thing about antibiotics that you found out in your research and at least 1 disadvantageous thing that you learned about antibiotics.

http://www.microbe.tv/twiv/ listen to any podcast and answer the questions below Title of Podcast: _______________________________________________________________ Please answer the following questions: 1.     State the most important findings presented in the podcast. Analyze and interpret any data that was presented in the podcast. (20 pts) 2.     Give a short description of the virus that was in the focus of the podcast (refer to structure, genetic content, virulence factors, host(s), strategies to defy the host’s immune system, disease it causes, major symptoms and treatment options, any recent outbreaks/epidemics/pandemics). (10 pts) 3.     Was there any controversial discussion in the podcast, such as pro and cons, different expert opinions, or any other debated topic showing different opinions? Briefly describe them. (10 pts)

The question is What is meiosis?  What is mitosis?  How and why are they different?  Note: You do not need to discuss the different phases of cell division such as prophase and such, but your essay should demonstrate an understanding of these two types of cell division.

Type a two page discussion about Mass Extinction. Is another one coming? What might be the reasons? etc.

Streptococcus pyogenes Nadia, a 12 year old female presented to her pediatrician with a sore throat and cough. She was complaining of off and on throat pain. She had a very low grade fever between 98.9 to 99.4 degrees F. Her pediatrician advised a rapid strep test to test for Strep throat. Strep throat is caused by the bacterium streptococcus pyogenes. It can also be caused by certain viruses. It is very hard to differentiate between bacterial and viral strep throat although a 48 hr culture is a good way of confirming whether it is a bacterial infection. Rapid strep test involves exposing a throat swab to a stick that is coated with an antibody. If a person’s culture has the streptococcus pyogenes bacteria, the antibody on the stick will react to the antigen on the cell surface of the bacterium and produce a color change. A more effective method to confirm strep throat is by culturing the sputum from the infected person for at least 48 hours. If the bacteria grows on a blood agar plate then it is positive for streptococcus pyogenes. Nadia’s doctor found that the rapid strep test came negative and she sent her sample for a culture in order to confirm whether it is strep throat or not. In the meantime, her doctor called in a prescription for penicillin and left to the discretion of her parents whether or not to give her the antibiotics. As of now penicillin is an effective antibiotic against Streptococcus pyogenes. It attacks the NAM and NAG molecules on the cell wall of the bacterium and prevents them from cross linking. This damages the cell wall and the bacterium fails to survive. One of the concerns is the possibility of emergence of penicillin resistant streptococcus pyogenes strains due to over use or misuse of antibiotics. HINT: Some strep infections are caused by viruses that do not need treatment with antibiotics. Comment on the cell wall structure of streptococcus pyogenes and its gram stain reaction. Also comment on how the cell wall composition makes it more susceptible to antibiotics. Discuss your thoughts on antibiotic resistance and misuse of antibiotics as pertaining to the above case study. What could the pediatrician have done before prescribing the antibiotics? should be about 200 words. Minimum of 3 references in APA format an images to re enforce the concept.

Explanation What is Genetic Engineering and what impact does it have on the world today and its possible future? Support Can you support your ideas and opinions with cited evidence?  Give at least 5 pros and 5 cons.  Strong, Convincing Voice. It has to be 10 pages and mainly about what is Genetic Engineering and what impact does it have on the world today and its possible future? and what are the pros and cons of genetic engineering? the focus is only on these two questions the first. do no use more than 1 or 2 quotes in one paragraph.

NEED TO ANSWER THE QUESTIONS IN AN ESSAY  1.1. What is life? 1.2. What is a virus? 1.3. Are viruses alive? Your answer to the question “What is Life?” may come from any perspective that you may find enticing (philosophical, spiritual, religious, historical, biological, physicochemical, etc.). Single or double-spaced, 11-12 pt., any font. Regarding question 1.3, this is a controversial topic and you may find different opinions. You may write down one that aligns with your own ideas or report your findings from a neutral perspective.  If you choose biological points of view, please do not limit yourself to the description of living organisms; in other words, do not copy the characteristics of living organisms from general biology textbooks. Cite bibliographic sources if you use any, including websites (a list of URLs is not a bibliography). How many references to use, what kind of references (primary or secondary), is up to you (this is college, no more hand-holding). Do not use Wikipedia. For citation, I suggest to use thehttps://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html  Also, the lab manual has a comprehensive guide on how to cite and elaborate bibliographies. It is very common in biology courses to use sources from the National Center for Biotechnology Information; however, just citing “NIH” or “NCBI” or “PubMed” as an author is not correct; you need to cite Authors (Year) Article Title, Journal, Volume, Pages.

google an article on Gluten-sensitive enteropathy (celiac disease) after reading write what I think Gluten-sensitive enteropathy (celiac disease)means?