Biology

Style to be AMA. Single spaced.The point of these papers is to challenge you to explore both sides of the issue. A reader of your paper should not have any idea of what your personal view is on the topic. You should discuss and expound upon arguments for both sides of the issue, while avoiding any appearance of bias. You should select, and will be graded based on your presentation of, strong arguments for both sides. Your paper should be between 6-10 pages long (not counting your works cited pages). Your paper must provide citations for the arguments you present, and include a works cited/bibliography section in your paper. At a minimum, your paper should contain 8 references other than the required or assigned course materials (Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Bioethical Issues; The Language of God; The Immortal Life on Henrietta Lacks, any additional PDFs or links to articles provided by the instructor). While you may cite the course materials, papers that cite them frequently will not receive good scores. Your paper should be written in Microsoft Word, saved as a .docx or .doc file, and formatted as follows: One-inch margins on all sides Twelve (12) point serifed font (this document uses Times New Roman, a serifed font) Line-spacing set to single Paragraphs separated by a single, blank line (do not additional extra spacing before or after paragraphs) You should select references that have been published in academic journals or in books from academic presses (for instance, the University of Chicago Press, Elsevier, etc.) You may, if warranted, reference news articles or opinion pieces published in major daily newspapers or weekly news magazines. However, these should constitute only a small portion (1-2) of your references. Websites should not be used as references. Any exceptions to this rule must be approved in advance by the instructor. References should be cited following the American Medical Association (AMA) Style Guide. The following page hosts a useful synopsis of the AMA Style Guide: http://library.nymc.edu/informatics/amastyle.cfm (Links to an external site.). You must upload PDFs of all the references you cite (except for course materials – these do not need to be uploaded). For articles published in journals or periodicals, you must upload the entire article. If you cite a book, you should upload only the chapter that contains the pages you cite. (You may need to scan the chapter pages – if so, please scan them as PDFs.) Please upload a single file containing all of your references. You may either compress your PDFs into a single .zip file, or use the “Combine Files into a Single PDF” function within Adobe Acrobat. Links to articles are not acceptable – you must provide PDFs. Papers must be submitted using the Assignments tool in Canvas. You will upload two files: your paper (an MS Word .docx or .doc file) and your file containing all of your references (either a .pdf file or a .zip file).

BIOL2401

Along with this email, I have attached my final motivation letter for Stipendium Hungaricum Scholarship 2021/2022. I want a complete service, just like my previous email. Here’s some information I want to put along with this ML. The questions listed below are the guidelines they offer to every applicant. The maximum number of characters (including space) is 4000 words. My background which relates to the environment is when I joined archipelago devotion in Boa, East Nusa Tenggara in 2018. In that program, I acted as an Environmental Project Coordinator. The devotion lasted seven days and ended expectedly. My program with my team was to teach local people how to make organic fertilizer for their farm. We used cattle dung and any kind of food waste. I considered the program successful because farmers who used the fertilizer testified that their harvestings were abundant and bigger. I wanted to put this short experience into my motivation letter, but I am confused about where it fits in. Besides, I already wrote nearly 4000 characters. I am expecting this service will be done in one week later. Is the price still $50?  Why have I chosen to apply to this programme? Why did you apply to study in Hungary? What do I expect to gain from my studies? Why does my background make me a suitable candidate? How will the programme help me to achieve my goals? How does your proposed study relate to a particular development challenge or need at the global, national, and/or local level? How will you apply your new skills and qualifications when you return home? What challenges would you expect to encounter while studying in a foreign country, and how could you prepare for these challenges?

This week, you have learned that many behaviors, such as eating, drinking and reproductive behaviors are based in biology. These same behaviors are associated with issues that affect society, such as what to do about the obesity epidemic and how to define marriage. In some parts of the world, same-sex relationships are viewed as normal and accepted while in other parts of the world, they are outlawed. But this week’s Learning Resources have shown that reproductive behavior is just another example of the biology of the brain influencing behavior. In this Assignment, you will synthesize the research that relates to the biological basis of sexual orientation (straight, lesbian, gay, and bisexual). You will describe the biological factors, including brain regions, neurotransmitters, and genes, as well as environmental factors experienced during development, that influence sexual orientation. With that in mind, you will then describe an educational presentation that could be addressed to a middle school biology class to educate the students about the biological basis of sexual orientation. To prepare for this Assignment: Think about the biological basis of sexual orientation. Choose ONE of these article options on the biological basis of sexual orientation: Article –  “Prenatal Exposure to Progesterone Affects Sexual Orientation in Humans” Reinisch, J. M., Mortensen, E. L., & Sanders, S. A. (2017). Prenatal Exposure to Progesterone Affects Sexual Orientation in Humans. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(5), 1239–1249. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0923-z     The Assignment (2–4 pages): First, summarize the material in the text and describe the biological basis of sexual orientation, including the brain regions, neurotransmitters, and hormones that may be associated with sexual orientation. Also consider any developmental factors that may influence later sexual orientation. Include any relevant anatomical or physiological markers that seem to be associated with a particular sexual orientation. Summarize your article on the biological basis of sexual orientation in enough detail that your reader will understand what was done in the study and what the results of the study were (similar to the articles you found in BioPsychology.com in the first week). Finally, develop and describe a high-level overview of an educational program about the biological basis of sexual orientation. This should be appropriate to present to a middle school biology class. What would you include in this educational program? What would you not include in the educational program? How would you convey the ideas you have described in this week’s Assignment in a way that would not offend your audience, but would also minimize the giggles of young teenagers?

You will write a 1–2-page writeup discussion of the stress experiment. You will cover in the paper: Give the background of the study, how the data was collected. Your hypothesis and if you were correct. Did your fatigue, stress, and feelings about school align? Were there any patterns? Example: You have consistently low levels of sleep while having high levels of stress and fatigue. Calculate your weekly averages for fatigue, stress, and school. Then compare those to the whole class. Provide insight into why your numbers might not match the class. Your rubric is online with details as well. Class averages: Stress: 4.1/10=higher=worse Fatigue: 4.2/10=higher=worse School: 5.66/10=higher=better no sources

Is autonomy consistent with justice and the public interest? Has the law advanced or impeded ethics and justice in health-related concerns?   Discuss bioethics and social issues, using Rebecca Skloot’s The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, Stevens’s Bioethics in America, and at least three other bioethics examples from the course in yourdiscussion

5. Animals in science The Canadian Council on Animal Care emphasizes the “3Rs” (Reduction, Refinement and Replacement) to minimize harms to animals used in science, and it requires Animal Care Committees to apply the 3Rs when they evaluate experimental plans. Use your ingenuity (and perhaps some reading on pain and stress in animals) to suggest how the 3Rs might be applied to the following experiment. For each of the 3Rs, suggest how it might be used to improve the experiment or why it cannot be applied. Try to come up with four or five good ideas and state which ‘R’ is being applied in each case. Be sure to comment on all three Rs. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) has announced a regulatory amendment that requires all cattle to be ear-tagged with a radio frequency identification tag before leaving their farm in order to establish a trace-back system. In addition, it is common practice to ear-tag dairy calves during the first week of life for identification purposes. Thus, the majority of dairy calves now receive an ear tag in each ear. This involves piercing a 0.5 to 1 cm hole in each ear for the placement of the tags. The proposed experiment will evaluate whether a local anaesthetic spray (used for athletic injuries), or Emla cream (a topical anaesthetic) is effective in reducing the pain caused by the current method of ear-tagging calves. The calves will be kept in a large group and will be caught individually by a rope lasso thrown around the neck; two experienced animal handlers then catch and restrain each calf while a third handler applies a tag in each ear. In one experiment, half the calves will receive a local anaesthetic spray on both ears before tagging, while the other half receives a control spray on both ears before tagging. A second experiment, half the calves will receive Emla cream in both ears before tagging and the other half will receive a control cream in both ears before tagging. After tagging the animals will be released back to the group. To monitor pain, observers will watch the animals and record any pain-related behaviour including head-shaking and vocalizing. The animals will also be re-captured 30 minutes after tagging to collect a blood sample that will be used to analyze whether they show higher levels of the stress-related hormone cortisol. The investigators do not know how many animals will be needed to show a difference, but they expect that calves will be very different in how they respond to tagging, and that the roping itself will cause some vocalizing and other disturbed behaviour. They also expect that different animal handlers may cause different amounts of pain during tagging because of small differences in how they handle the calves. With these sources of variation, the researchers propose using 100 calves (50 calves per treatment) in each experiment to be sure that any difference between the treatments will be clear. Marking: Three marks for each of four good ideas for applying the 3Rs intelligently to the proposed experiment. Suggest more than four ideas if you wish, and we will mark the best four. The resulting mark out of 12 will be converted to a mark out of 10.

Question 1 (page 1)- use the dichotomous key to identify each of the 8 dinosaurs. Nimber the dinos from left to right on each row, as follows: row 1 has #1-3, row 2 has #4-6, row 3 has #7, and row 4 has #8. Question 2 (page 2)-prepare your own dichotomous key for tje insects at the bottom of the page (see the attached file-beginning of the question 2)

1. Restate your observation (already done in first assignment). If you wish or feel the need to do so, you can pick a new observation and start over. If you do this, please refer to the first assignment in order to remind you what is required. If you need to revise anything that you, please do so. 2. Restate your three models (already done in first assignment). Many of you may have to come up with new models. Also, if it was stated poorly in the first exercise, fix it now. As always, remember PROCESS. Then make sure you have followed the other rules of thumb: Generality and interesting implications. Also, remember this isn’t a list itemizing different reasons for something, but rather models that are explaining how or why something happens. Ideally, for this assignment, they should be competing models where only one of them can be true. The format should be the same as in the first homework assignment. The first sentence is a simple sentence stating the model. The next couple of sentences can explain how the model relates to the observation. The model should be separate from the observation. Most people have a tendency to state a model too specific to the observation. Watch out for this. 3. State two interesting implications (hypotheses) for each model. Remember to refer to Lave and March for what makes a good model. There are new concepts, also: Simplicity and Fertility. If you are not able to come up with a wide variety of implications and hypotheses, it may be because your model isn’t fertile. Remember the rules of thumb (Generality and Interesting Implications). A few sentences should suffice for each implication. 4. Describe natural experiments that will discriminate between the models. We call any experiment that distinguishes between two models a critical experiment. So, these should be natural experiments that are also critical experiments. (We will refine this more in the next assignment.) There need to be at least two experiments (if it is well done). Three would probably be better. Do not combine this section with section 3 (above). It is a distinct section although many of you will find it repetitive. Depending on your observation and your models, the natural experiments may be very similar to a re-stating of your implications. If this occurs, don’t panic. Likewise, don’t expect or anticipate this to happen.The following four points are guidelines/requirements. A) The experiments must be critical experiments. (Refer to Lave and March section 3.2.2.) B) You must have enough critical experiments to distinguish all of your models from each other. Remember, if an experiment predicts the same result for each model, then it is not a good experiment. C) All of the experiments must be natural experiments (as defined by Lave and March – and in class). D) Make sure that you specify which model is supported by a particular experimental outcome. And make sure that for each experiment you discuss more than one outcome. In addition, you will have to operationalize all of the variables used in the experiments, and you will have to indicate which variables are dependent variables and which variables are independent variables. Thus, your assignment will look like this: Section One (old/revised): A description of your observation. Section Two (old/revised): Stating your first model and explaining how it relates to your observation. Section Three (new): State the two implications for your first model. Discuss each implication separately. Use two paragraphs, one for each implication. Section Four (old/revised): Stating your second model and explaining how it relates to your observation. Section Five (new): State the two implications for your second model. Discuss each implication separately. Use two paragraphs, one for each implication. Section Six (old/revised): Stating your third model and explaining how it relates to your observation. Section Seven (new): State the two implications for your third model. Discuss each implication separately. Use two paragraphs, one for each implication. Section Eight (new): Describe one of your critical experiments. (Remember it has to be a natural experiment as well.) State what the experiment is. State which two models it is distinguishing between. And state what you would expect to see if one of the models is true, and state what you would expect to see if the other model is true.The description of the first critical experiment should look something like a) Describe the experiment. b) State which are the independent and dependent variables. c) State how you are going to operationalize the variables. d) Describe the outcomes and state which model each outcome supports Section Nine (new): Repeat Section Eight with another critical experiment. Section Ten (new): Repeat yet again with yet another Critical experiment. (Remember, unless you can distinguish all three of you models from each other with only two critical experiments, it is strongly recommended that you use three critical experiments to successfully distinguish all of you models from each other.) Note: If your first experiment distinguishes Models 1 and 3, your other experiments cannot all distinguish Models 1 and 3 and never discuss Model 2. I assume this is obvious. You should separate the sections. Do not merely write one long paragraph. This isn’t a literary society. We want to easily see you points. Realize that we are expecting more at this point. Just because you received nine or ten points on your previous assignment does not mean that you will earn as many points for the same work here.

Must include: Name of the system Name of the organ   Anatomical location: Use directional terms to describe the location such as superior to, inferior to, anterior, etc. Anatomical description: Include only the anatomical description; do not include any function or microscopic description. Types of cells and tissues present in the organ: Just include a microscopic description; do not include anything else. Functions of the organ: This is to describe the physiology. Do not discuss any anatomical description. Homeostasis: Discuss how the organ you have chosen responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. Prediction: Predict the types of problems that would occur in this organ if it could not maintain homeostasis. Disease: Mention a specific disease that affects the organ, and describe the anatomical and functional changes that occur in that organ.