Biology

Topic: This week you have been introduced to the specific mechanisms (example: A-B toxin) that elicit the symptoms of disease in a host. Pick three of these mechanisms and describe each in a research paper. Please follow the expectations that are listed below.   Assignment Expectations:   Length should be 1250-1500 words, not including Title and References pages (typed, 12 point font, double spaced). These subheadings are required (content expectation is also provided) Introduction (list the three mechanisms that you have picked and provide a brief overview) Mechanism 1 (Describe the cellular source of the mechanism. Explain how this mechanism produces an effect inside the host. Provide an example pathogen that utilizes this mechanism). Mechanism 2 (Describe the cellular source of the mechanism. Explain how this mechanism produces an effect inside the host. Provide an example pathogen that utilizes this mechanism). Mechanism 3 (Describe the cellular source of the mechanism. Explain how this mechanism produces an effect inside the host. Provide an example pathogen that utilizes this mechanism). Professional application (Explain how understanding these mechanisms increases the effectiveness of a nurse). Support your content with at least (3) citations. Make sure to reference the citations using APA writing style for the presentation. https://youtu.be/h8zq6u5z6c4 video on the topic Three mechanisms of toxin action 1)Activation of adenylate cyclase and thereby increase in cyclic AMP and causing secretory diarrhoea. This is the mechanism of action of cholera toxin 2)Inhibition of elongation factor 2 and thus inhibit protein synthesis. This is the mechanism of action of diphtheria toxin 3)Inhibit the release of acetylcholine from neurons and cause flaccid paralysis.This is the mechanism of action of botulinum toxin All these toxins are exotoxins. They are diffusible into the surrounding media. Exotoxins are very potent even in minute quantities. Of these, botulinum toxin is most potent.It is said that 39.2g of botulinum toxin is sufficient to destroy the entire mankind. They are heat-labile. They can be toxoided by adding formaldehyde. Toxoids are antigenic but without toxicity. Hence they can be used as vaccines. Mechanism 1 Cholera toxin This is produced by Vibrio cholerae.The gene encoding cholera toxin is part of the pathogenicity island of the bacteria.It is encoded by the genome of a filamentous bacteriophage that is integrated as prophage into the bacterial chromosome.The organism once established in the human small intestinal epithelium,it produce the exotoxin.It has two fragment- fragment A and B.Fragment B has five subunits and is the binding fragment.It binds to the GM1 ganglioside receptors present on the surface of intestinal epithelium and internalise fragment A.Fragment A then splits into A1and A2.A2 helps in binding fragment B to A.A1 is the active fragment. It causes ADP ribosylation of G protein.Thus upregulation of activity of adenylate cyclase.This causes intracellular accumulation of cyclic AMP.This causes inhibition of absorptive sodium transport and activation of secretory chloride transport system. Thus sodium chloride accumulate in the intestinal lumen.To maintain osmolality,water also moves into the lumen.This causes watery diarrhea. Mechanism 2 2)Diphtheria toxin- produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae The gene responsible for the production of this toxin is also coded by a bacteriophage called beta corynephage carrying the tox gene.This also has two fragments -A and B.B is the binding fragment which blinds to the epidermal growth factor receptor on various cells and internalise fragment A.Fragment A is the active fragment which cause ADP ribosylation of elongation factor 2 and inhibit it.Thus it inhibit the translation step of protein synthesis. This is responsible for production of pseudomembranes(by necrosis of epithelium) Mechanism 3 Botulinum toxin- produced by Clostridium botulinum It is produced by the bacteria and not secreted until bacteria undergo autolysis.Toxin enters blood stream once bacteria enters body.Through blood it reach peripheral cholinergic nerve endings. There it binds to acetyl choline receptors ,thus preventing release of acetyl choline and cause flaccid paralysis

Essay title: Compare and contrast the ultra-structure of the following cell types: a typical eukaryotic animal cell; a typical prokaryotic cell; and a virus (such as the coronavirus or influenza virus). Explain how viral structure is adapted for dependence on a living host cell for its reproduction and ultimate survival. Number of Words: 1,250-1,500 ± 10% words. Diagrams, Tables, Bibliography and references at the end of the essay are not counted in the final word total. The report should contain: a. Introduction b. Main Body of Essay c. Conclusion d. References Referencing should use Harvard style format.  A minimum of six sources should be used. These must be good academic sources i.e. books or journals. You do not need to go into great detail of the ways or mechanisms by which the viruses reproduce in host cells. # You may wish to consider the following for your essay: Labelled diagrams of a eukaryotic (animal) cell, a bacterial cell and a virus showing organelles, membranes and relevant internal structures of each. The roles of similar and different structures in each cell type, and briefly how these allow the normal functioning of the cell(s). # For the second part of the essay: The role of various membrane structures in host cell (eukaryotic cell) and virus interaction. The importance of the genetic material of both the eukaryotic cell and that of the virus. A very brief overview of survival of the virus by taking over the host cell metabolic activities in order to reproduce. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Information content Introduction; Description of process/work with sub headings; Conclusion. Note: There needs to be good scientific content with good use of scientific terminology and language – NOT just a description Presentation and analysis of research Presentation of data; Diagrams logical, clear and flow Illustrations simple-black and white Tables simple with suitable headings Structure and Style (organization) Logical and flows Contents labelled alphabetically or numerically Presentation and style One size font Good use of English and Grammar. *Referencing Fully referenced text and references presented in the correct manner at the end of the essay.

Need a Biology master to take my online class that has been gone halfway, check syllabubs file attached. Now only with few assignments, labs , and 1 exam and final left. Lecture are recorded available in Canvas. please go study for it for works and exams. If you can handle Talk to me for online class log in details, after confirmed order. Please be responsible, NO PAYMENT will be made if failing/plagirisim happened. if you don’t have knowledge and still take this task on this it will be no pay and hurt my grade too.

Discuss the theory of evolution by natural selection as proposed by Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace around 1850s. Discuss how modern-day views on evolution may differ from their original theory. Use at least one example from the article referenced below or from Darwin’s masterpiece work on “Origin of Species” and 2 other MODERN-DAY examples to illustrate how evolution may work and how these organisms “evolve” to be more adapted to their respective environment.

Suggestions for body paragraphs: -Dinosaur’s diet -How Did Different Predatory Dinosaurs Hunt, How Different Dinosaurs Attacked, how sense of smell helped T-rex, etc -How did hunters kill their prey? -The movie ‘Jurassic Park’ got it wrong: Raptors don’t hunt in packs etc

The following elements must be addressed in your final research paper:  I. Introduction: In this section, you will discuss your issue and select resources that you can use to research the issue. This will lead you to the development of a research question related to your issue. Specifically, you should:  Describe the issue that you have selected to investigate. Why is this issue significant?  Describe at least three scientific resources that you could use to investigate the issue you selected. Your sources must be relevant to your issue and must be of an academic nature appropriate for the issue.Based on your review of science resources, develop a specific question related to the issue you selected. In other words, what would you like to know more about?  II. Body: In this section, you will use the resources that you selected to investigate your question, focusing on the scientific principles related to the issue. Make sure to cite your sources. Formulate a hypothesis (use the if… then… because… format  (Links to an external site.) ) that addresses the question you developed. Make sure your hypothesis is based on your investigation of your question.  Explain what research has shown and its impacts on your topic. For instance, if you are discussing a new treatment for cancer, what are the pros and cons? Is it a complete solution or a stepping stone to finding a better cure? III. Conclusion: In this section, you will conclude your research investigation by discussing future directions for the debate on your issue. Specifically, you should:  Explain any next steps that a scientist could take to further research your topic. Predict complications or issues that might arise that would affect your topic. IV. Provide a reference list, in APA format  (Links to an external site.) , that includes all of the resources you used to investigate your issue and question.

Identify 1 pathology of the Liver or Biliary System, describe it sonographically, and give possible treatment options.

Instruction: Read the assigned articles. Submit a one page either in MS Word or pdf format.Please write clearly and be succinct.I have the following research question:To what extent does COVID-19 in pregnancy alter the risks of adverse birth outcomes such as low birth weight, premature birth, and infant death compared with pregnant individuals without COVID-19?Do you recommend to use relative risk (RR) or odds ratio(OR)? Why? Explain.

Animal write-up. Pick any animal and write two pages about it. (Where does it live? How long does it live? What adaptations make it special? Etc.)

Why were the Galapagos Islands important to the formation of Darwin’s theory of evolution?