Biology

5. Animals in science The Canadian Council on Animal Care emphasizes the “3Rs” (Reduction, Refinement and Replacement) to minimize harms to animals used in science, and it requires Animal Care Committees to apply the 3Rs when they evaluate experimental plans. Use your ingenuity (and perhaps some reading on pain and stress in animals) to suggest how the 3Rs might be applied to the following experiment. For each of the 3Rs, suggest how it might be used to improve the experiment or why it cannot be applied. Try to come up with four or five good ideas and state which ‘R’ is being applied in each case. Be sure to comment on all three Rs. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) has announced a regulatory amendment that requires all cattle to be ear-tagged with a radio frequency identification tag before leaving their farm in order to establish a trace-back system. In addition, it is common practice to ear-tag dairy calves during the first week of life for identification purposes. Thus, the majority of dairy calves now receive an ear tag in each ear. This involves piercing a 0.5 to 1 cm hole in each ear for the placement of the tags. The proposed experiment will evaluate whether a local anaesthetic spray (used for athletic injuries), or Emla cream (a topical anaesthetic) is effective in reducing the pain caused by the current method of ear-tagging calves. The calves will be kept in a large group and will be caught individually by a rope lasso thrown around the neck; two experienced animal handlers then catch and restrain each calf while a third handler applies a tag in each ear. In one experiment, half the calves will receive a local anaesthetic spray on both ears before tagging, while the other half receives a control spray on both ears before tagging. A second experiment, half the calves will receive Emla cream in both ears before tagging and the other half will receive a control cream in both ears before tagging. After tagging the animals will be released back to the group. To monitor pain, observers will watch the animals and record any pain-related behaviour including head-shaking and vocalizing. The animals will also be re-captured 30 minutes after tagging to collect a blood sample that will be used to analyze whether they show higher levels of the stress-related hormone cortisol. The investigators do not know how many animals will be needed to show a difference, but they expect that calves will be very different in how they respond to tagging, and that the roping itself will cause some vocalizing and other disturbed behaviour. They also expect that different animal handlers may cause different amounts of pain during tagging because of small differences in how they handle the calves. With these sources of variation, the researchers propose using 100 calves (50 calves per treatment) in each experiment to be sure that any difference between the treatments will be clear. Marking: Three marks for each of four good ideas for applying the 3Rs intelligently to the proposed experiment. Suggest more than four ideas if you wish, and we will mark the best four. The resulting mark out of 12 will be converted to a mark out of 10.

a) Find (in books, on the internet, or other sources) paintings by artists Edwin Henry Landseer (1802-1873), Rosa Bonheur (1822-1899) and Berthe Morisot (1841-1895) that include animals. Identify four features of how animals were portrayed in the Romantic Movement and specify how these features are illustrated in the paintings. Refer to two paintings to illustrate each point. Identify the paintings clearly by name and artist, but it is not necessary to cite their location or other references. Please use at least two paintings by Landseer, two by Bonheur, and two by Morisot in your answer (suggested: 2 pages single spaced).    b) The career of the Canadian artist Helen Kalvak (1901-1984) occurred long after the period normally seen as Romantic, but does her work contain Romantic elements? Referring to the same four features of how animals were portrayed in the Romantic Movement, try to find one or more examples of Kalvak’s work that align with these features. If Kalvak’s work does not align with a specific feature, use one or more examples of her work to show that it does not. Please identify her work by the English name of the piece (and date if available).   Marking: a) Three marks will be given for each of four different features that you identify, one for the feature and two for illustrating it sensibly from two examples of art. You may identify more than four features if you wish, and we will mark the best four. b) Four marks for a sensible conclusion, illustrated by at least one work, on why Kalvak’s work does or does not fit with features of the Romantic Movement.   2. The animal protection movement   An elderly neighbour is asking for your advice. She wants to make a donation “to help all kinds of animals all across Canada”, and has found three likely-sounding organizations: Humane Canada, the Humane Society of Canada, and World Animal Protection Canada. Which one or ones make the best fit to her objectives?   For each organization, give a short paragraph to describe what the organization claims to do. Then answer: (a) How many staff are employed, and do they seem capable of carrying out what the organization claims to do? (b) Apart from staff, is there evidence of volunteers or partner organizations that enable the organization to achieve what it claims to do? (c) How is the organization governed (usually by a board of directors that oversees the work of Chief Executive), and do the directors bring the appropriate knowledge and experience to guide the organization in its activities? (d) Is the organization widely respected and does it cooperate with other related organizations? (e) What allows the organization to exert influence across the country? Does it, for example, have regional offices, or work with partner organizations across the country, or influence national standards and policies? If the organization does not make this information available, report that as well and take that into account in your recommendation. Please use a separate section for each organization with 5 paragraphs labelled a to e, and then your recommendation and reasons as a final paragraph. References are not needed, but you could indicate sources in your text by saying, for example, “According to the organization’s website…”   Marking: Five marks will be given per organization for an accurate and perceptive description of the organization. Five additional marks will be given for a solid recommendation on where the neighbour should donate to meet her stated objective, and the reasons for your recommendation. The resulting mark out of 20 will be converted to a mark out of 10.   3. Exotic companion animals   Coypu (Myocastor coypus) are semi-aquatic South American rodents which are abundant in the wild and have been farmed for their fur. They are occasionally kept as pets and can be taught to approach people and beg for food. The owner of a hospice for HIV/AIDS patients in the north of England was impressed by the beneficial effects of companion animals on hospitalized patients, and wanted to find a novel, low-care companion animal for his facility. Because the hospice is located on the seashore, he felt that a few coypu could live in the sea-side garden where they could swim in the sea, and since he could obtain farmed animals, they should be tame enough to provide some interest and companionship for the patients. Before proceeding, he contacts you to get your advice.   Using the criteria listed in Table 1 of the Schuppli and Fraser reading (available on the APBI 314 Canvas site), are there any reasons why he should not use coypu as companion animals for his patients? Comment on suitability under each of the three main headings: welfare of the animal, welfare of others, risks to the environment. Use the list of questions in the Table as a guide, but there is no need to answer each of the questions. Finally, which category (A to E in Table 2) would you place coypu in, and why?   Please give your sources of information for each point you raise and list these in a reference list. If you use a source like Wikipedia that is not subject to expert review, check that you have your facts straight by consulting other sources as well. After the text, list references alphabetically by author or other source. The suggested length is about 1.5 to 2 pages single-spaced (12 font and 2.5 cm margins), plus the reference list.   Marking: Three marks for a good interpretation under each of the three main headings, with at least one good source of information; three marks for a sensible and well-justified classification in category A to E. The resulting mark out of 12 will be converted to a mark out of 10.   4. Birds and buildings   The owners of a property-development company are concerned because they have h

The goal of the assignment is: To research your question in academic journals and books; o To formulate an argument (thesis/hypothesis) regarding your topic;  To use the information you have found to support your argument in a coherent manner.  – The paper should be structured as follows:   An Introduction, including: – An overview of the topic at hand; – Your argument; – A brief outline of the information to be covered in the body of the paper.  A well-organized Body: – Broken down into subsections with subtitles; – Containing a refutation of the opposition to your argument; – Containing information that clearly serves to demonstrate the validity of your argument.   A Conclusion that: – Re-states your argument; – Summarizes the main points of the paper. Make sure that you cite properly! Do not use other authors’ direct words without quotation marks and citations. Do not paraphrase without citations. Published work is intellectual property – if you violate this by pretending that it is your own, you are plagiarizing and this has serious consequences (see the Political Science department’s statement on plagiarism above). This is not a technicality! – A minimum of six sources – excluding your course textbook – are needed, taken from academic journals/books. – Do not use internet sources such as wikipedia, blogs, or other opinion pages. – Do not use encyclopedias or dictionaries. – You need to use one of the following formal referencing styles: MLA, APA, Chicago.

Microbes make a frequent appearance in the news – which is big indicator of how prevalent a role they play in our daily lives (both good and bad).  For this assignment you will be asked to choose one of the following outbreaks discussed in the news. You will use the outbreak article to develop a hypothetical patient who was part of that outbreak and develop a case study around that patient as outlined below. Use a minimum of 3 outside sources to help you with the information in your case study in addition to the provided news article. These resources should be used to help you with the disease/symptoms/microbe/etc information (not for personal info on your imaginary patient).   You should only use current textbooks and/or journal articles not more than 8 years old. For websites only use sites that are run by reputable agencies such as CDC, NIH and WHO, etc.

write what is sweat, why you make it. https://docs.google.com/document/d/1h6VRpJzKTdk2na8hRr_xLqX-3PgbplG7nv47PtrocNU/edit

If you could rewrite the essay I have done to be a much better version. I’m hoping to see a beautifully-written essay in the end and there’s a link between one paragraph to the next one.  If you would like to do a major change in the essay, do let me know because I don’t want to be surprised if it’s not to my liking. Thank you! Any enquiries please let me know 🙂

Mendel used mathematics and experimentation to derive major principles that have helped us understand inheritance. His ideas were totally different than the explanation for passage of characteristics from parents to offspring that was common to his time. Discuss at least two of his principles in detail, providing examples. Describe how each principle contributes to genetic variability. Discuss the significance of Mendel’s discoveries to modern biology.

In 500 words or less, discuss an issue of personal, local, national, or international inequality and why it matters to you. MAXIMUM 500 WORDS. ATLEAST 450 WORDS.

1. Provide information about student interests, achievements in previous academic levels   2. The reason that encouraged student to apply for the PhD program and the impact on his life.  3. The expected research field of the PhD Thesis and its desired objectives.

Question : Significantly elevated or depressed hormone levels may result from a variety of causes. Discuss mechanisms of hormonal alterations in regard to hormone synthesis or production and inappropriate response by target cells.