Biology

1. Explain the anatomic location and functions of the organ systems involved in the disorder/disease.  2. Describe how the pathology (what has gone wrong with the body) impacts on normal physiology, that is, what has caused the signs and symptoms.  3. Discuss how hormones and/or other cell signalling factors are dysregulated in the pathogenesis of the disorder/disease*.  4. Discuss how the disorder/disease is diagnosed and how it could be treated (using examples of current and novel approaches)*.

I need a brief reports written on 5 different topics on news articles relating to microbiology.

Is autonomy consistent with justice and the public interest? Has the law advanced or impeded ethics and justice in health-related concerns?   Discuss bioethics and social issues, using Rebecca Skloot’s The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, Stevens’s Bioethics in America, and at least three other bioethics examples from the course in yourdiscussion

Along with this email, I have attached my final motivation letter for Stipendium Hungaricum Scholarship 2021/2022. I want a complete service, just like my previous email. Here’s some information I want to put along with this ML. The questions listed below are the guidelines they offer to every applicant. The maximum number of characters (including space) is 4000 words. My background which relates to the environment is when I joined archipelago devotion in Boa, East Nusa Tenggara in 2018. In that program, I acted as an Environmental Project Coordinator. The devotion lasted seven days and ended expectedly. My program with my team was to teach local people how to make organic fertilizer for their farm. We used cattle dung and any kind of food waste. I considered the program successful because farmers who used the fertilizer testified that their harvestings were abundant and bigger. I wanted to put this short experience into my motivation letter, but I am confused about where it fits in. Besides, I already wrote nearly 4000 characters. I am expecting this service will be done in one week later. Is the price still $50?  Why have I chosen to apply to this programme? Why did you apply to study in Hungary? What do I expect to gain from my studies? Why does my background make me a suitable candidate? How will the programme help me to achieve my goals? How does your proposed study relate to a particular development challenge or need at the global, national, and/or local level? How will you apply your new skills and qualifications when you return home? What challenges would you expect to encounter while studying in a foreign country, and how could you prepare for these challenges?

This week, you have learned that many behaviors, such as eating, drinking and reproductive behaviors are based in biology. These same behaviors are associated with issues that affect society, such as what to do about the obesity epidemic and how to define marriage. In some parts of the world, same-sex relationships are viewed as normal and accepted while in other parts of the world, they are outlawed. But this week’s Learning Resources have shown that reproductive behavior is just another example of the biology of the brain influencing behavior. In this Assignment, you will synthesize the research that relates to the biological basis of sexual orientation (straight, lesbian, gay, and bisexual). You will describe the biological factors, including brain regions, neurotransmitters, and genes, as well as environmental factors experienced during development, that influence sexual orientation. With that in mind, you will then describe an educational presentation that could be addressed to a middle school biology class to educate the students about the biological basis of sexual orientation. To prepare for this Assignment: Think about the biological basis of sexual orientation. Choose ONE of these article options on the biological basis of sexual orientation: Article –  “Prenatal Exposure to Progesterone Affects Sexual Orientation in Humans” Reinisch, J. M., Mortensen, E. L., & Sanders, S. A. (2017). Prenatal Exposure to Progesterone Affects Sexual Orientation in Humans. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(5), 1239–1249. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0923-z     The Assignment (2–4 pages): First, summarize the material in the text and describe the biological basis of sexual orientation, including the brain regions, neurotransmitters, and hormones that may be associated with sexual orientation. Also consider any developmental factors that may influence later sexual orientation. Include any relevant anatomical or physiological markers that seem to be associated with a particular sexual orientation. Summarize your article on the biological basis of sexual orientation in enough detail that your reader will understand what was done in the study and what the results of the study were (similar to the articles you found in BioPsychology.com in the first week). Finally, develop and describe a high-level overview of an educational program about the biological basis of sexual orientation. This should be appropriate to present to a middle school biology class. What would you include in this educational program? What would you not include in the educational program? How would you convey the ideas you have described in this week’s Assignment in a way that would not offend your audience, but would also minimize the giggles of young teenagers?

1. Restate your observation (already done in first assignment). If you wish or feel the need to do so, you can pick a new observation and start over. If you do this, please refer to the first assignment in order to remind you what is required. If you need to revise anything that you, please do so. 2. Restate your three models (already done in first assignment). Many of you may have to come up with new models. Also, if it was stated poorly in the first exercise, fix it now. As always, remember PROCESS. Then make sure you have followed the other rules of thumb: Generality and interesting implications. Also, remember this isn’t a list itemizing different reasons for something, but rather models that are explaining how or why something happens. Ideally, for this assignment, they should be competing models where only one of them can be true. The format should be the same as in the first homework assignment. The first sentence is a simple sentence stating the model. The next couple of sentences can explain how the model relates to the observation. The model should be separate from the observation. Most people have a tendency to state a model too specific to the observation. Watch out for this. 3. State two interesting implications (hypotheses) for each model. Remember to refer to Lave and March for what makes a good model. There are new concepts, also: Simplicity and Fertility. If you are not able to come up with a wide variety of implications and hypotheses, it may be because your model isn’t fertile. Remember the rules of thumb (Generality and Interesting Implications). A few sentences should suffice for each implication. 4. Describe natural experiments that will discriminate between the models. We call any experiment that distinguishes between two models a critical experiment. So, these should be natural experiments that are also critical experiments. (We will refine this more in the next assignment.) There need to be at least two experiments (if it is well done). Three would probably be better. Do not combine this section with section 3 (above). It is a distinct section although many of you will find it repetitive. Depending on your observation and your models, the natural experiments may be very similar to a re-stating of your implications. If this occurs, don’t panic. Likewise, don’t expect or anticipate this to happen.The following four points are guidelines/requirements. A) The experiments must be critical experiments. (Refer to Lave and March section 3.2.2.) B) You must have enough critical experiments to distinguish all of your models from each other. Remember, if an experiment predicts the same result for each model, then it is not a good experiment. C) All of the experiments must be natural experiments (as defined by Lave and March – and in class). D) Make sure that you specify which model is supported by a particular experimental outcome. And make sure that for each experiment you discuss more than one outcome. In addition, you will have to operationalize all of the variables used in the experiments, and you will have to indicate which variables are dependent variables and which variables are independent variables. Thus, your assignment will look like this: Section One (old/revised): A description of your observation. Section Two (old/revised): Stating your first model and explaining how it relates to your observation. Section Three (new): State the two implications for your first model. Discuss each implication separately. Use two paragraphs, one for each implication. Section Four (old/revised): Stating your second model and explaining how it relates to your observation. Section Five (new): State the two implications for your second model. Discuss each implication separately. Use two paragraphs, one for each implication. Section Six (old/revised): Stating your third model and explaining how it relates to your observation. Section Seven (new): State the two implications for your third model. Discuss each implication separately. Use two paragraphs, one for each implication. Section Eight (new): Describe one of your critical experiments. (Remember it has to be a natural experiment as well.) State what the experiment is. State which two models it is distinguishing between. And state what you would expect to see if one of the models is true, and state what you would expect to see if the other model is true.The description of the first critical experiment should look something like a) Describe the experiment. b) State which are the independent and dependent variables. c) State how you are going to operationalize the variables. d) Describe the outcomes and state which model each outcome supports Section Nine (new): Repeat Section Eight with another critical experiment. Section Ten (new): Repeat yet again with yet another Critical experiment. (Remember, unless you can distinguish all three of you models from each other with only two critical experiments, it is strongly recommended that you use three critical experiments to successfully distinguish all of you models from each other.) Note: If your first experiment distinguishes Models 1 and 3, your other experiments cannot all distinguish Models 1 and 3 and never discuss Model 2. I assume this is obvious. You should separate the sections. Do not merely write one long paragraph. This isn’t a literary society. We want to easily see you points. Realize that we are expecting more at this point. Just because you received nine or ten points on your previous assignment does not mean that you will earn as many points for the same work here.

Must include: Name of the system Name of the organ   Anatomical location: Use directional terms to describe the location such as superior to, inferior to, anterior, etc. Anatomical description: Include only the anatomical description; do not include any function or microscopic description. Types of cells and tissues present in the organ: Just include a microscopic description; do not include anything else. Functions of the organ: This is to describe the physiology. Do not discuss any anatomical description. Homeostasis: Discuss how the organ you have chosen responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. Prediction: Predict the types of problems that would occur in this organ if it could not maintain homeostasis. Disease: Mention a specific disease that affects the organ, and describe the anatomical and functional changes that occur in that organ.

BIO 299 Pathology/Microbial-Environmental Interactions Paper You will pick a microorganism for your paper on pathology or microbe-environment interactions. The organism can not be one of the ones your instructor goes over during lecture (prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells).Select a pathogen/microbe from current events that is an emerging or reemerging concern to you or people in your area. Provide local epidemiological data/statistics for the organism. The paper must be in APA format and 2-5 pages. Your paper must include: • Introduction to the organism (structure, cell type, morphology, metabolic requirements, natural reservoir, history, etc.) • Introduction to the disease(s) caused by the organism (epidemiology, signs, symptoms, etc.) OR introduction to the environmental impact of the organism • List and describe factors employed by the organism to assist in its growth, reproduction, culture conditions, host/pathogen interactions and/or virulence. (e.g. nitrogen fixation, symbiotic interactions etc.) Categorize virulence factors by mechanisms of action (Immunity Avoidance, Tissue/Cell Lysis, Colonization/Spread) • Discussion of treatment/prevention options for the disease(s) caused by the organism (Antibiotics or other chemotherapeutics given as part of treatment and their mechanisms of action, Vaccines available and type) • 3 primary and at least 2 secondary scholarly sources

You will write a 1–2-page writeup discussion of the stress experiment. You will cover in the paper: Give the background of the study, how the data was collected. Your hypothesis and if you were correct. Did your fatigue, stress, and feelings about school align? Were there any patterns? Example: You have consistently low levels of sleep while having high levels of stress and fatigue. Calculate your weekly averages for fatigue, stress, and school. Then compare those to the whole class. Provide insight into why your numbers might not match the class. Your rubric is online with details as well. Class averages: Stress: 4.1/10=higher=worse Fatigue: 4.2/10=higher=worse School: 5.66/10=higher=better no sources

Question 1 (page 1)- use the dichotomous key to identify each of the 8 dinosaurs. Nimber the dinos from left to right on each row, as follows: row 1 has #1-3, row 2 has #4-6, row 3 has #7, and row 4 has #8. Question 2 (page 2)-prepare your own dichotomous key for tje insects at the bottom of the page (see the attached file-beginning of the question 2)