Anthropology

1.      The book makes the point that “GLBT” history is U.S. History.”  What does it mean to say so?  How does Dr. Eaklor support that point ?2.      What specific people have set out to impede LGBT rights?  What were their motives and strategies?  What specific people have set out to secure these rights?  In each case, to what extent  have their efforts been successful? 3.      How have legal decisions, media portrayals, and government actions affected LGBTQ Americans for the better and for the worse? 4.      Remember the “fear + a trigger = a scapegoat” pattern from your writing on Salem.  How do we see that pattern in LGBTQ history?  Hate crimes are a good area of focus here,  but not the only one.  Was there progress in the aftermath of the events you have chosen,  or not?  Why? 5.  What in this book was new to you, and why is what you have learned important? 6.  Conclusion.  Did Dr. Eaklor make her case that “GLBT” history is U.S. History?  Do you have any criticism of the book?  Would you recommend it?

Impact of Christianity in Shamanism and how was a new institutional form was established.The essay needs to contain an introduction describing the topic of study, the essay’sthesis statement, which briefly describes the argument. The essay should also contain abrief review of the literature (especially the theory used to analyze the data, and previousstudies concern the topic), a larger section devoted to the analysis and discussion, and aconclusion which summarizes key points made in the body of the essay to support and/orsubstantiate your thesis statement. I have 6/13 sources and have done an annotated bibliography of 5 sources.

All instructions are attachedI am African American (Black)Part I sourceMacassa, G., & Tomaselli, G. (2020). Rethinking developed nations’ health systems through a social sustainability perspective in the light of the COVID-19 pandemic. A viewpoint. Journal of Public Health Research, 9(4), 428–431. https://doi-org.proxy-library.ashford.edu/10.4081/jphr.2020.1834Part II sourceGross, T., & Laugesen, M. J. (2018). The Price of Health Care: Why Is the United States an Outlier? Journal of Health Politics, Policy & Law, 43(5), 771.

making sure to include the question number.1.What are primitive traits, and what is an example of a primitive trait that primates share? What are derived traits, and what is an example of a derived trait in humans?(use examples that are not in the textbook) What does it mean that primitive and derived traits are relative terms?2.As the textbook states, “Primates are one of at least twenty Orders belonging to the Class Mammalia.” What are the characteristics that all mammals have in common? When thinking about these mammalian traits in primates, would they be considered primitive or derived traits? Explain your answer.3.What are generalized traits, and what is a specific example seen in primates? What are specialized traits, and what is a specific example seen in primates? (use examples that are not in the textbook)4.Describe the following characteristics of primates (from the textbook section “Primate Suite of Traits” and the slidecast):Vision/forward-facing eyes/postorbital bar/trichromatic and dichromaticBrain size/visual center/neocortexSmell and evolutionary trade-offsArboreal/3D environment/pentadactylyOpposable thumbs/toes and tactile padsLife historyBehavioral and ecological traits5.What is homodont v. heterodont dentition and what type of dentition do primates have? List and describe the tooth types found in the heterodont dentition. What is meant by the “dental” formula, and what is the dental formula ofhumans?6.If a scientist found a primate jawbone, would they be able to determine if the jawbone had belonged to a male or a female primate? Explain your answer.7.What do frugivores eat? Describe the characteristics of frugivorous primates. What do insectivores eat? Describe the characteristics of insectivorous primates. What do folivores eat? Describe the characteristics of folivorous primates.8.List and describe the different activity patterns that are explained in your textbook. Which one would you say applies to humans and why?9.Describe the different locomotor adaptations seen in primates (vertical clinging and leaping, quadrupedalism, brachiation, bipedalism). Briefly describe the skeletal adaptations associated with each of these locomotor patterns (except for bipedalism).10.Explain why humans have evolved a biological craving for sugar and why this craving can be harmful in modern environments (from the article on sugar).Millions and millions of years ago, apes survived on sugar-rich fruit. These animals evolved to like riper fruit because it had a higher sugar content than unripe fruit and therefore supplied more energy.”Sugar is a deep, deep ancient craving,” said Daniel Lieberman, an evolutionary biologist at Harvard University and author of “The Story the Human Body: Evolution, Health, and DiseaseAnd sugar offers more than just energy — it helps us store fat, too.When we eat table sugar, our bodies break this down into glucose and fructose. Importantly, fructose appears to activate processes in your body that make you want to hold on to fat, explains Richard Johnson, a professor in the department of medicine at the University of Colorado and author of “The Sugar Fix .” At a time when food was scarce and meals inconsistent — hunting is significantly less reliable than a drive-through — hanging on to fatwas an advantage, not a health risk.In a forthcoming paper, Johnson postulates that our earliest ancestors went through a period of significant starvation 15 million years ago in a time of global cooling. “During that time,” he said, “a mutation occurred” that increased the apelike creatures’ sensitivity to fructose so that even small amounts were stored as fat. This adaptation was a survival mechanism: Eat fructose and decrease the likelihood you will starve to death.The sweet taste was adaptive in other ways as well. In the brain, sugar stimulates the “feel-good” chemical dopamine. This euphoric response makes sense from an evolutionary perspective since our hunter-gatherer ancestors predisposed to “get hooked” on sugar probably had a better chance of survival (some scientists argue that sugar is an addictive drug”Imagine if someone hated sugar in the Paleolithic era,” said Lieberman. “Then they wouldn’t eat enough sugar or have enough energy and wouldn’t have children.”In other words, anything that made people more likely to eat sugar would also make them more likely to survive and pass along their genes.All the food challenges our prehistoric ancestors faced mean that biologically, we have trained ourselves to crave sweets. The problem today is that humans have too much of the sweet stuff available to them.”For millions of years, our cravings and digestive systems were exquisitely balanced because sugar was rare,” Lieberman wrote in an op-ed for The New York Times. “Apart from honey, most of the foods our hunter-gatherer ancestors ate were no sweeter than a carrot. The invention of farming made starchy foods more abundant, but it wasn’t until very recently that technology made pure sugar bountiful.”Weight gain was not a real risk when our instincts meant we might scarf down the nutritional equivalent of a carrot whenever we happened to stumble across one. Drinking soda all day — the contemporary equivalent — is a different story.Today, the average sugar intake in the U.S. is 22 teaspoons per person per day, which is four times the amount that the World Health Organization suggests is healthy. Eating too much sugar is linked to a laundry list of negative health effects, including diabetes, obesity, and high blood pressure.”We need to realize that our bodies are not adapted to the amount of sugar that we are pouring into them and it’s making us sick,” said LiebermanOriginal Link: https://www.businessinsider.com/evolutionary-reason-we-love-sugar-2014-4?r=US&IR=TYou will be graded using the following rubric:A  90-100%    Outstanding work with thorough, detailed, and clearly written answers

6Chapter 5 & ^ Discussions QuestionWhat are some of the ways in which evolutionary forces could have operated to contribute to the vast anatomical and behavioral variety seen in primates today?How does the environment influence culture? What sorts of cultural adaptations are found throughout the world in response to different environmental conditions?

Module III focuses on the various aspects and characteristics of culture. Write a 2 page essay discussing one process or mechanism of culture change from the power point entitled “Processes of culture change” in the Module Readings. Provide an example of a specific aspect of culture (your and/or another culture) that has changed as a result of the selected culture change process.  Examples of aspects of culture include modes of subsistence, forms of marriage, types of household, kinship or descent practices, types of family, type of distribution and exchange, or another aspect of culture that is covered in this course (Chapters 8, 11-15).  Provide an example of change that is at the cultural level as opposed to societal or individual levels.  Use information from an ethnographic research study/source to support your discussion.

Please read the texts its pretty simple and than follow the instructions of the last picture.Which is FIND A RECENT PAST FIVE YEARS NEWS ARTICLE ABOUT ANTHOROPOLOGY, FROM SITES LIKE:WWW.NYTIMES.COMEWWW.SAPIENS.ORGWWW.SCIENCENEWS.ORGWWW.NATIONALGEOGRAPHIC.COMPLEASE BRIEFLY SUMMARIZE THE ARTICLE YOU FIND AND DESCRIBE WHICH OF THE SUB FIELDS OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY DISCUSSED  AND IS RELEVANT WITH THE READINGS I HAVE SENT  PLEASE EXPLAIN WHY DO YOU THINK ITS RELEVANT.

Objective:In this assignment, each student will be responsible for conducting a cultural analysis on a work done by graffiti artist and political activist, Banksy. Each student will be responsible for selecting a work by Banksy and answering the following questions using a cultural anthropological lens.Art Selection:Each student is responsible for picking a Banksy work to apply a cultural analysis.  Below I have identified five potential selections.  Each student can pick one of the selected or identify another work of their choosing by Banksy to analyze.  Each student should only choose one example of Banksy art to answer all the questions below.Examples of potential works to use for this assignment include:A stencil of Charles Mason in a prison suit, hitchhiking to anywhere: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksy#/media/File:Banksy_Hitchhiker_to_Anywhere_Archway_2005.jpg (Links to an external site.)Love is in the air: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksy#/media/File:West_bank.png (Links to an external site.)The son of a migrant from Syria: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Son_of_a_Migrant_from_Syria#/media/File:The_son_of_a_migrant_from_Syria.jpg (Links to an external site.)Shop until you drop: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksy#/media/File:Shop_Until_You_Drop_by_Banksy.JPG (Links to an external site.)Napalm (2004): https://ca.images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_ylt=Awr9J.khUw9gvsAAkxfrFAx.;_ylu=Y29sbwNncTEEcG9zAzEEdnRpZAMEc2VjA3BpdnM-?p=Napalm+Banksy&fr2=piv-web&fr=mcafee#id=1&iurl=https%3A%2F%2Fimage.invaluable.com%2FhousePhotos%2FTrumanWard%2F51%2F667251%2FH21746-L202673805.jpg&action=click (Links to an external site.)The Raft of the Medusa: https://ca.images.search.yahoo.com/search/images?p=Banksy+raft+of+the+medusa&fr=mcafee&imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.artnet.com%2Fapp%2Fnewsupload%2F2015%2F12%2Fbanksy-calais-raft.jpg#id=0&iurl=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.artnet.com%2Fapp%2Fnews-upload%2F2015%2F12%2Fbanksy-calais-raft.jpg&action=click (Links to an external site.)Analysis Questions:After selecting and analyzing your Banksy work, answer the following questions:What different cultural references/symbols has Banksy represented in his art piece. List each one and describe what each cultural reference means and/or represents?When the two or three different cultural references/symbols you outlined above are put together, what message do you think Banksy is saying?Identify the location for this piece of Banksy graffiti. What is the significance of location Banksy chose to produce this piece of art?  How does the chosen location add meaning and significance to his message?Describe the cultural context of the issue(s) Banksy’s work is addressing and is in response to? What makes Banksy’s artistic response to these issues so effective and powerful?Research and describe what was the public’s response to Banksy’s art piece? How did his artwork change or bring new understanding to the public dialogue about the particular cultural issue the art is in reference to.The paper will be marked on the quality and insightfulness of the observations, research and conclusions and whether the writer was able to incorporate lessons learned in class and in the textbook to their analysis of the work’s impact and meaning.Kindly include citations to any books, articles or webpages used for your research at the end of your assignment.Marking Rubric:Each question will be graded accordingly:1 mark = Writing (clear, concise language.  Well laid-out argument)1mark = Description (detailed description and observations, devoid of ethnocentrisms)1mark= Analysis (insightful, thought-provoking conclusions that are supported by the observations recorded)Total: 15 marksPLEASE USE THE CLASS NOTES THAT I HAVE ATTACHED BELOW FOR THE ANALYSIS

Articulating Transferrable Skills:In this exercise, we will begin by identifying transferable skills and translating anthropological concepts that you can apply to resumes, CVs, application letters, and an elevator pitch or speech.  An “elevator speech” is a short “pitch” that can be given immediately when a situation warrants.  In this case, it is an introduction to yourself and your interests in an anthropologically relevant way.  You will gear the speech to particular audiences at different times, but the bulk of it will remain the same most likely.  (for example I have a different one for film festivals than I have for academics).Objective: To think about and synthesize your anthropological learning these past years, and to articulate how and why this training is significant and useful to a wider public.Outcome: A list of transferrable skills and translated anthropological perspectives you can use in an elevator pitch or other conversation with non-specialist audiencesYou can think of this exercise in 2 parts:I.  Gather the Data:1. Begin by re-reading Omohundro’s (1998) Actions  piece on Career Advice for Anthropology Majors.2. Think about the skills and perspectives you’ve learned as an Anthropology Major.  To help with  this, think through the activities we did and topics we talked about in class, i.e. Anthropology student learning outcomes, ‘What does Anthropology Do”, and “What I did in Anthropology Class”. (shown in the screenshot named “class material”)3. Look at your own resume or CV, and see what kinds of skills you’ve developed over time both inside and outside of class.II.  Articulate Your Ideas:1. Based upon Omohundro’s list of transferable skills, identify 3-4 that most closely align with your own experiences and future goals.  List the skills.2. For each skill you’ve listed, give at least two specific, detailed examples of fieldwork, labwork, or coursework that illustrate your training and capacity in that particular skill.  Some skills may draw from the same experience (eg. archaeology field school), but different aspects and activities will be used to substantiate each skill set.3. Next, pick three of the following Anthropological frameworks (or use one of your own) that best fit within your skill set and your future goals:  holism, intercultural competence, biocultural change, empiricism, relativism & power, anti-ethnocentrism.4. Then, for each anthropological framework you’ve listed, think about how you could explain its importance and meaning to a prospective employer, grad school, or funder with a story.    The story is crucial, and one of the best ways to explain complex anthropology paradigms to non-specialists.  You have two choices.  You can either:Provide a hypothetical scenario (“Imagine a world where”, your dream job, etc) in which these skills would be crucial;Provide a concrete example from your own experiences that illustrate the concepts and their application.The Short Activities Rubric will be used to grade this exercise.1. Anthropological Perspectives (1) Exhibits awareness and understanding of ethnocentrism, cultural relativity, contexts, and power in all activities;2. Course Concepts & Examples (1) Directly and appropriately utilizes course terminology in all writing and activities; Describes and utilizes appropriate examples from course materials (readings, films, individual fieldwork, media sources);3. Follows Instructions & Puts in Effort (3)  Is this a compare/contrast discussion?  Did you find outside sources if required?  Were you supposed to upload an image?  Follow the directions!!  And put in some effort.

“Using an example, describe the importance of the environment in Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection”. The essay will be a minimum of four and maximum of six double-spaced pages, 12-point font, 1″ margins, excluding references and title page. Use a separate title page with your name and chosen essay topic, and start your reference list on a new page. Remember to include your name and student ID on the title page.  Use of References In addition to references to the class readings, I would ideally like to see one or more additional primary-source references (i.e. peer-reviewed journals and scholarly books). Examples of potentially useful journals available in the library are listed below. DO NOT, under any circumstances, reference websites. Follow the referencing style of the American Journal of Physical Anthropology.  Essay Structure and Grading Expectations Refer to Dr. Sullivan’s Undergraduate Essay Guide (on Sac CT) for further information on how to plan and organize your essay and my expectations in terms of grading your work. Dr Sullivan’s Undergraduate Essay Guide Writing Essays in Biological Anthropology Writing conventions in biological anthropology follow those of formal science writing, and thus  may differ from requirements in some of the other social sciences or the humanities. Above all,  science writing is objective rather than subjective. By objective, I mean three things:  First, science writing, and the argument that you form in your essay, must be based on objective  “facts”. By facts, I don’t mean absolute truths. A fact in science can be thought of as the best  current knowledge about a particular aspect of the natural world (facts may be overturned or  modified at any time). A fact in the science literature in effect means an opinion, report or  observation that has already been published in the primary literature – usually a peer-reviewed  journal or scholarly book. When you are constructing your essay, you must support your  argument or ideas with reference to objective “facts” in the literature (references will be  discussed in more detail below). In this way, science writing differs from critical writing in other  disciplines, say English Literature, where your argument is often based on subjective opinions  and impressions rather than objective facts.  Second, science writing is concrete and unambiguous. Whereas non-science critical writing often  rewards wit, humor, irony and subtlety, science writing is a dry enterprise. Because science  writing is objective rather than subjective, the priority is to assemble facts into a coherent  argument with as little ambiguity as possible. This means using short, simple, sentences and  avoiding sub-texts and vagueness in order to make your argument as plain as possible. In  contrast to non-science critical writing, you will be penalized for the use of humor, irony,  sarcasm and wit. This is not because science writers have no sense of humor (some may question  this) but because humor and emotive criticism usually get in the way of a clear message.  Sarcasm is particularly inappropriate in science writing because it is usually used to “dis”  opposing perspectives. This is bad for several reasons: 1) opposing perspectives are also based  on current knowledge 2) emotive criticism is often personal, and 3) criticism should be used to  challenge arguments rather than the people making them.  Lastly, science (and your essay) is not about being right or wrong, either in terms of one  perspective being “correct” or from a moral point of view. Science is a contest of ideas. At any  one time some ideas may be better supported by “facts” than others, but it is usually possible to  build formidable arguments for each and every opposing perspective. What I’m getting at here is  that you can argue any perspective you like in your essay, as long as it is supported by facts in  the literature. At the same time, you are also required to respect arguments opposed to your own  perspective. In terms of grading, you don’t have to try and figure out which perspective I favor  and then tell me what I want to hear – my assessment will be based on how good your argument  is, not which perspective you are arguing. But you will be penalized if you construct your own  wacky argument without supporting references from the literature.  A Good Essay is an Original Essay  As well as being objective, I will also be looking for originality in your essays. By original, I  don’t mean that you are expected to make a new scientific breakthrough, but to demonstrate that  you have read and understood the key literature on the essay topic, and then showed some  creativity by adding something extra. This might take the form of:  • finding and incorporating additional sources (not specified by me in the readings) that  add a new perspective or new information to the issue at hand.  • offering your opinion in the form of an argument supported by references about which  side of the issue at hand you think has the most merit.  In contrast, an unoriginal essay may adequately review the literature and/or repeat an existing  argument while demonstrating little evidence of creativity or critical reflection on the part of the  writer. Note that originality does not mean telling me how you feel about the topic. You will be  penalized for padding your essay with irrelevant comments about your emotional reactions to the  essay material e.g. I really liked . . . I felt that . . . etc.  Essay Structure Your essay will be divided into a title page, introduction, body, conclusion and references.  Title Page The title page will display your chosen essay question. The title page with the essay question is  there to remind you what it is all about. A good essay closely addresses the question. The  number one error in undergrad essays is not answering the question. Read the essay question  again when you are done. Does your essay answer the question, or is it tangential to the question,  or worse, doesn’t really address the question? If you have finished your essay and get an uneasy,  queasy, feeling when you re-read the question, your essay may need more work before handing  in (follow your gut instinct on this – it is probably trying to tell you something)!  Introduction The introduction is the most important part of the essay. Your introduction will be one or two  paragraphs long and will tell the reader:  $ the subject or topic of the essay – in a science essay this will often constitute an  unresolved problem (i.e. does the Earth orbit the Sun or vice versa?).  $ your perspective on the subject – your angle or argument (I will argue that the Earth orbits  the Sun . . .).  $ how you are going to organize your essay to present your argument (I will first review  current thinking about . . . , then I will argue that . . . etc.).  $ a brief indication of your conclusion (I will conclude that Copernicus is right and that  Ptolemy is wrong . . . ).  Once again, science essays are different to non-science critical writing in that your reader should  not be kept in suspense about your conclusions. Spell out your conclusions as soon as possible in  the interests of clarity and to help your reader evaluate the strength of your argument. It is not  always possible to get your conclusion into the introduction but do your best; at the very least  you should be able to clearly indicate the perspective that you are supporting.  Body The body of your essay will usually incorporate these elements:  1) a background to the problem at issue – your background will incorporate a (brief) literature  review of each of the existing perspectives addressing the problem.  2) the main points and rationale of your own argument.  Conclusion The conclusion is the next most important part of your essay after the introduction. Your  conclusion will be a paragraph summarizing the essential points of your argument and stating  your conclusions. The golden rule of conclusion writing is not to include any material that has  not been discussed in the body (i.e. don’t introduce any new information).  The introductory and concluding paragraphs of your essay are usually harder to write than the  body. Most people find it easier to start on the body of their argument first, then write the  conclusion, leaving the introduction for last. You will have to experiment and find out what  works best for you.  References In science writing, your argument must be supported by previous knowledge. You are expected  to reference all of your ideas, or the published facts leading to, or supporting, your ideas. All  references will come from primary sources in the scientific literature – this means scholarly  books and peer-reviewed journals (we will discuss primary sources in class). Do not, under any  circumstances, reference websites; in practice, useful material is hard to find on the internet and  is rarely appropriate for use in an essay.  The way that your will use and present references is standardized so that anyone reading your  work (me) understands what you are doing. In my classes we will use the referencing style of the  American Journal of Physical Anthropology (AJPA). This means that when you are citing the  sources of ideas in your essay, you will copy the current AJPA citation style. Here are some  examples from AJPA articles of how to cite your sources in the text of your essay:  Examples of reference placement in the text:  A radiological study of humeri noted a temporal disjuncture in the western region as well  (Smith et al., 1992). Sealy and Pfeiffer (2000), studying femora, noted a similar pattern  among skeletons from the southern region.  Geophytes, fruits and nuts, and tortoises were among the most important food resources;  along the coast, fish and shellfish were key items (Deacon and Deacon, 1999; Mitchell,  2002). Examples of referencing style when quotes are used:  The differences in the state of preservation of osseous remains according to individual  age and sex may bias paleodemographic analyses. As emphasized by Walker (1995, p.  40), ‘‘a logical starting point in dealing with this problem is to develop better techniques  for assessing the condition of skeletal collections.’’  Wilson and Lundy (1994, p. 7) further noted ‘‘some evidence of diachronic change in the  statures of both the female and male samples, with a decrease after 3000 BP and an  increase after 2000 BP.’’ Don’t use long quotes in your essay i.e. longer than a sentence or two. Paragraph-length quotes  are often a form of “padding” where the writer is avoiding the hard work of paraphrasing the  information in the original text. Direct quotes should be short and reserved for pithy insights that  might be lost in paraphrasing.  At the end of your essay you will include a list of the references you have used. The reference  list will also follow the AJPA style. The format of the reference is different depending on  whether it came from a book or a journal. Below are examples of reference style for different  types of publications:  Journal citation:  Pearson OM, Churchill SE, Grine FE, Trinkaus E, Holliday TW. 1998. Multivariate  analyses of the hominid ulna from Klasies River Mouth. Journal of Human Evolution  34:653-656.  Book citation:  Bahn P. 2003. Written in bones: how human remains unlock the secrets of the dead.  Toronto: Firefly Books, Ltd.  Book chapter citation:  Pfieffer S. 2005. The health of foragers: people of the Later Stone Age, southern Africa.  In: Cohen MN, Crane-Kramer G, editors. Paleopathology at the origins of agriculture.  Gainesville: University of Florida.  Essay Style Essays are written in prose – this means without headings or lists. This might seem hard if you  are used to writing under headings and bullet points, but your writing will improve dramatically  without them.  Grading Essays will be graded on a straight scale (i.e. “A” grades = 90s range, “B” grades = 80s range,  etc.). For an “A” grade, I will be looking for an original, well-referenced, articulate and well- written essay. An unoriginal essay will review the literature and/or repeat an existing argument  with little evidence of creativity or critical reflection on the part of the writer. In this sense, a “B”  grade essay may contain all of the elements of a good science essay, but may lack originality. A  “C” grade essay may contain flashes of brilliance, but will probably be missing one of the key  elements of a good essay such as a clear introductory paragraph or sloppy referencing. One  method to guarantee a good essay grade in my class is to write a draft as early as possible and get  me to read it over well before the due date.  Sudden-death flaws 1. No introduction, or an introduction missing the key features described above. This sin will  result in a C as the starting point for your grade assessment.  2. Ditto for absent concluding paragraph.  3. Unreferenced work, or sections of work, will earn a C regardless of the quality of the rest of  the essay.  4. Paragraph-length quotes.  5. A letter grade will be deducted for using headings or lists.  6. A letter grade will be deducted for every website referenced.  Final checklist Use this checklist to increase your chance of a top grade.  Do:  $ include a title page displaying your chosen essay question  $ ensure that you have answered the essay question  $ include a detailed introductory paragraph  $ include a detailed concluding paragraph  $ review the literature relevant to your essay question  $ reference all of your ideas, or the published facts leading to, or supporting, your ideas  $ use AJPA referencing style  $ strive for clarity in constructing and presenting your argument  Don’t:  $ use sarcasm or irony  $ tell me how you feel about the topic  $ use long quotes  $ reference websites  $ use headings or lists  Good luck and enjoy your writing!