Anthropology

Explain the politics of kinship/the family. How does kinship theory reflect economic/colonial logic and how do these logics affect our understanding/ analysis of gender. Your exam answers must be in an essay format with a word count of between 500-750 words. Your answer must use a minimum of two readings from the Module Two. You must properly cite your essay (which citation practice is up to the student.)

Describe the emergence of tribal societies in America.  What were the major characteristics of the societies found in Mesoamerica and South America, the Southwest, and the Eastern Woodlands?  What were the characteristics of nonfarming societies?  No sources, please.

Write 30 annotated bibliographies provided 3 annotated bibliographies per page also include how some sources were related to others Athreya and Ackerman 2018 “Did our species evolve in subdivided populations across Africa, and why does it matter?” (2018) Scerri et al Barakat 2002 Regional Pathways to Agriculture in NE Africa Breunig and Neumann 2002 From Hunters and Gatherers to Food Producers Jesse et al. 2004 On the Periphery Brooks 2006 Cultural Responses to Aridity Wengrow et al. 2014 Cultural Convergence Chami 1999 Graeco-Roman Trade Link and Bantu Robertson and Bradley 2000 A new paradigm JC Monroe 2013 Power and Agency Edwards 1998 Meroe and the Sudanic Kingdoms Burstein 2008 When Greek was an African Language African Anthropologies: History, Critique, and Practice edited by Mwenda Ntarangwi, David Mills, Mustafa Babiker Perspectives on Africa: A Reader in Culture, History, and Representation edited by Roy Richard Grinker, Stephen C. Lubkemann, Christopher B. Steiner How Europe Underdeveloped Africa by Walter Rodney Buskens and Webb 2014 African Women and ICTs Anderson and Jones 2015 Afrofuturism 2.0 Introduction Brooks 2018 Cruelty and Afrofuturism. Sadr 1997 Kalahari Archaeology and the Bushman Debate Smith 2001 Ethnohistory and the Archaeology of the Ju/’Hoansi Stamps 1990 Technology, Gender and Power in Africa Insoll 2003 Introduction to the Archaeology of Islam Smith 1988 Kingdoms of the Yoruba La Ferrara, Eliana, and Annamaria Milazzo. “Customary norms, inheritance, and human capital: evidence from a reform of the matrilineal system in Ghana.” American Economic  Journal: Applied Economics Oduro-Sarpong, Samuel. “Examining the Concept of Participation in Traditional Societies: A Case of the Akan Traditional Society of Ghana.” (2003) Waithira, Simon R. Challenges facing homeownership among women in Kenya. A case study of Kikuyu town. Diss. University of Nairobi, 2013. Wamue-Ngare, Grace, and Waithera Nancy Njoroge. “Gender paradigm shift within the family structure in Kiambu, Kenya.” African Journal of Social Sciences 1.3 (2011) Russell et al. (2014) Modelling the spread of farming in the Bantu-speaking regions of Africa: an archaeology-based phylogeography  Monroe, J. Cameron. “The Precolonial State in West Africa: Building Power in Dahomey.” Richard, F.G. Historical and Dialectical Perspectives on the Archaeology of Complexity in the Siin-Saalum (Senegal): Back to the Future?

In this week we met the members of the genus Homo, our genus. We watched over millions of years as species changed in response to climate and environmental factors. Our species is quite special. We are so intelligent and so innovative, that we have certainly outsmarted natural selection in some ways. For instance, if you have light skin you don’t have to stay in the north, you can simply wear sunscreen. Or if you are tall with long limbs, you don’t have to avoid cold climates, you can simply wear warm clothes. This has caused many people to assume that our species has stopped evolving, but is this true? It certainly is not! For this discussion, please research one example of how our species is still currently evolving. It must be a real example based on the scholarly reading. By scholarly I prefer peer-reviewed from the library, but it must at least have an author and a reference list. How does the article suggest we are evolving? What evidence do they present? Explain why we would be evolving in this way. Provide a proper reference in APA for your resource

This should be a review paper, where the writer can search for literature regarding mega-development projects under the umbrella of China Pakistan Economic Corridor. The review paper will be carried out to gather the work of researchers on mega development projects especially related to China Pakistan Economic Corridor. To discuss the themes these researchers discussed regarding mage development projects such as both challenges and opportunities brought by mega development projects for the local population in different regions of Pakistan. This critical review will highlight the emerging themes in already published work and will identify the areas that yet to be studied. Study design: Review. Methods: An overview of studies on mega development projects including those of China Pakistan Economic Corridor and the Belt and Road initiative projects via searches on scholarly databases that intend to locate material of anthropological relevance. Main focus: The literature review should focus mainly on both challenges and opportunities brought by different construction and other mega projects to the people where the projects were launched. The writer should develop good arguments in light of the literature review to support or reject the existing literature reviewed arguments. Themes such as challenges and opportunities by mega development projects mean how mega-development projects in Pakistan brought problems for the local people where it is launched. For example, people are displaced but not compensated properly. Their socio-cultural set up disturbed. Their cultural identity faded away. They did not get proper opportunities from the projects. There is increased socio-economic inequalities brought by these mega-development ventures. Land-use changes in these areas and how much land-use changes affect people socially, culturally and economically, environmental problems brought by such projects, urbanization of the area and influx of migrants to the area and many more bad effects and challenges, etc. Opportunities brought by such mega projects mean how these projects globalized the locality and how it gives new opportunities to the local people. How people are transformed from their traditional professions and they are getting new job opportunities to adjust to the change. How it brought migrants to the area which not only brought challenges for local people but also some opportunities. These and other related sub-themes should be sorted out under two broader themes (Challenges and opportunities). If the existing literature did not touch many of these areas then what kind of themes and areas these studies touched and what other areas are remained to be researched such as many of the above areas might not be touched by existing literature. Another important aspect to discuss in this review paper is why the mega-development projects brought so many problems for local people while fewer opportunities for them. The already published literature might identify some problems in the implementation of these projects that’s why it brought many problems for local people during and after implementations. These problems might be top-down policies in the projects implementations, authoritarian policies, less participation of local people in the evaluations of the project and post implementations, state problems such as state may use such projects for political purposes, corruption problems and many more policy aspects problems should be sought out in the existing literature. Furthermore, how can you recommend what such areas are not discussed by existing literature and need to be researched in order to improve development-related policies in Pakistan? You should also be focused on which areas such studies were conducted and in which areas/region of Pakistan no or less such studies were conducted regarding mega-development projects and its positive and negative impacts. You should also focus to review the literature on how people resist such mega-development projects and how the Pakistani state deal with the resistance of the local people. Whether the state authorities are democratic or authoritarian to local responses.

1. Compare the three articles in term of their intellectual strengths and weaknesses, as well as their contributions to the field. 2. The comparison should be followed by a synthesis of the articles that explains their relationships to one another. 3. Finally, conclude by summarizing the state of the research and provide your perspective on possible future directions.

Assignment Overview: Cultural anthropology encourages us to think about how culture is a uniquely shared feature across the human experience. We are invited to see cultures and societies different from our own through a lens that highlights our similarities. We may begin to even see our own culture, that which we don’t question and think of as “normal”, through a more objective viewpoint.  For your final assignment, you will use the concepts in our class to look at your own cultural ideologies, practices, and patterns through the lens of anthropology. You will produce a five-paragraph informative essay (750-100 words) that looks at THREE forms of social organization in our culture. You will need to correctly identify the pattern and dynamics in each form of social organization, implementing key terms, and ethnographic description. For each form of social organization, you will use ONE fieldwork method conducted in your home to support your claim. Select three of the following forms of social organization:  Subsistence Social Stratification and Identity Gender/Sex/Sexuality  Kinship and Marriage  Requirements:  750-1000 words, double-spaced, 12 point font. Creative title at the top of the first page.  Citations and work cited page. (No need to do outside research but you should use your text and other materials to support your claims.)  APA format. Five fully developed paragraphs. Proper identification of the forms of social organization in our society. Key terms and concepts applied consistently and in the proper context.  Example:  Here is an outline of what your paper COULD look like. DO NOT COPY MY EXAMPLE. I want to see you thinking CREATIVELY, so copying my example won’t quite get you there.  I. Introduction Attention-catching opening (describe a scene, use an interesting fact, GET YOUR READER’S ATTENTION!), overview of culture, social organization, and related concepts;  Thesis Statement: This paper describes three forms of social organization in Western societies: industrialized subsistence, binary gender roles and norms, and monotheistic religious beliefs based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted between (dates) in (location.)  II. Body Paragraph 1: Subsistence Key terms: Industrialism Fieldwork method: Photography (photos of packaged food items purchased from a grocery store.)  III. Body Paragraph 2: Gender Identity Key terms: Gender binary, cultural construction, gender roles  Fieldwork method: Participant observation (observe gender norms and roles of family members during a specified time at home.)  IV. Body Paragraph 3: Social Stratification and Identity – Race/Ethnicity  Terms used: cultural construction, Race, stratification Fieldwork method: Interview. Ask a family member about their race,  V. Conclusion Restate thesis in some detail, tie things back to the intro, and provide final thoughts. For more information on Cultural Anthropology read this: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Anthropology

One takes you to the basic outline of the assignment and the other one titled “Where do you want to go” takes you the resources you would need to use and from there you would pick on topic i.e Native American Boarding Schools, Australian Aboriginal Culture, Rwanda, Cambodia. Then you could click on those links under the topic you chose and write about them according to the guidelines of the assignment. 

Tituba’s Confession:  The Multicultural Dimensions of the 1692 Salem Witch-Hunt   Elaine G. Breslaw   Ethnohistory, Vol. 44, No. 3 (Summer, 1997), 535-556. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici     ?sici=OO  14-1801%28199722%2944%3A3%3C535%3ATCTMD0%3E2.0.C0%3B2-P 1692 Salem  Expository Essay Assignment   Objective:  Students will learn how to read critically, synthesize ideas, and weigh evidence in the case of the 1692 Salem Witch Hunt, to distinguish between innocent people who were accused of being witches and people (accused or not) who were actually doing things that could be viewed (in anthropological terms) as “using magic.”   Assignment:  Write a 1,200 word (minimum) expository essay that analyzes data in two sources – the book Salem Possessed and the article “Tituba’s Confession” – to analyze at least three people involved in the Salem Witch hunt who were doing things that could be viewed (in anthropological terms) as “using magic.”  Students must cite the page number or location number from the book Salem Possessed and the article “Tituba’s Confession” each time they use an idea or data from these two sources.  “Quotations” are not allowed in this paper.   Students must synthesize the material and write in their own words.    Definitions:   Anthropological definition of “witch” – A “witch” is a person who is suspected of harming others through supernaturalmeans [“using magic”], whether intentionally or unintentionally.”  Such practices are “witchcraft.”  Many people were accused of being witches in Salem, but only some of them were doing things that could be considered “using magic.”   Anthropological definition of “magic” – “Magic is a practice that effects change through supernatural force or energy, by invoking, acquiring and using the power of the spirit world to accomplish specific, intended, aims; magic includes the use of spells, formulas, and incantations used with spirits, deities or with impersonal forces; a belief in magic exists in all cultures, and in all religions.”  Keep in mind that magic can be used either to help people or to harm people.     The Puritans believed that witches harmed people through magic.  But for most of the accused, there was little material evidence that they were doing anything that involved “using magic.”  The Puritans accused people of witchcraft based on “spectral evidence,” which would not stand up in a court today. In the two sources, we find that there were some people who were intentionally doing things that involved “using magic.”  Your job is to find them and discuss them.     Sir James George Frazer distinguished two types of magic:   1.  imitative magic  produces a desired effect by imitating the magical action desired ; for example, drinking an infusion of lung-shaped leaves to remedy a lung infection; sticking pins in voodoo dolls to imitate the action of stabbing someone, or sending magic darts into their body.   To paraphrase Frazer’s words, “Like produces like, or has an effect that resembles its cause.”     2.  contagious magic  whatever is done to an object is believed to affect a person who once had contact with it; so, contagious magic would be a spell that is cast over an article of clothing, someone’s possessions and, especially, body products from the intended victim, such as a lock of hair or fingernail clippings.  Contagious has to do with contact.  To paraphrase Frazer’s words, “Things which have once been in contact with each other continue to act on each other at a distance after the physical contact has been severed.”      What you need to do, to prepare:   First, read Salem Possessed and “Tituba’s Confession.”  These two sources offer somewhat different perspectives on witchcraft practices in 1692 Salem.  Look for evidence of people “using magic” according to the definitions provided at the beginning of this assignment.  Pick at least three people where it could be argued that “magic was being used” and discuss them, weighing the evidence with anthropological concepts.  Your job is to determine who was doing things that involved “magic.” Take notes on the people you detect were doing these sorts of things, and write down the things they did (including the page numbers or location numbers).  Then discuss why these people and their actions would qualify as “using magic.”    Sources:  Only use these two sources, and not any other sources: the book Salem Possessed and the article “Tituba’s Confession.”  Do not copy any material off the Internet or in any other sources.  All of your data should come from just these two sources.  Use the definitions provided in this assignment – do not cite dictionaries, encyclopedias, or Wikipedia for anything.     Rubric – Suggested Structure (Expository Essay Style):   This is only a suggested structure.  The essay must be in expository essay style, which generally follows a structure like the one below.     1.  Introduction:  The first paragraph introduces the essay topic, as well as the concepts you are going to use to analyze it.  One of the sentences in the first paragraph must clearly state the thesis of your essay – explain your position on the use of magic in 1692 Salem.  Another sentence should provide a road map that tells the reader at least three people you feel could be considered as “using magic” or “engaging in witchcraft.”  A short paper like this typically analyzes three examples, but you are welcome to write a longer paper and use more examples.  This paragraph should be no longer than half a page. 2.  Background:  The second paragraph should concisely summarize what happened in 1692 Salem, in a few sentences.  This paragraph should be no longer than half a page.  Do not use “quotations” as a replacement for an explanation in your own words.   3.  Analysis (several paragraphs):  Subsequent paragraphs analyze the people and examples you determined were “using magic” according to the above definitions.  Organize your paragraphs around specific examples or around people, whichever way you prefer.  Each paragraph should be about half a page. 4.  Conclusion:  The last paragraph should offer some overall insights (something more than just a summary of the points you already made).  What did you learn about the 1692 Salem witch hunt by writing this paper?   Manage your paragraphs.  Each paragraph should have a “topic sentence” somewhere in it, preferably at the beginning of the paragraph.  The “topic sentence” tells the reader what this paragraph is going to deal with.  In a short paper like this, the paragraphs should be roughly half a page.  A paragraph is a “unit of analysis,” not just one or two sentences.  If you have a paragraph that goes on for more than two-thirds of a page, you might check it to see if there are actually two or more themes in there that need separate treatment, in separate paragraphs.  Introduce the point you’re making in this paragraph in the first sentence.  Provide data and examples in the other sentences to bolster the point you made at the beginning of the paragraph.  And always be sure to cite the data properly.     Length:  1,200 words (minimum) of expository analysis, plus a title page at the beginning, and a bibliography page at the end, all in a single Word file.  The 1,200 words does not include the Title Page or the Bibliography.  Must be double-spaced, in 12-point font.  If it’s shorter than 1,200 words, it won’t be eligible for a high grade.  If it is single-spaced and I have to reformat it in order to grade it using Microsoft Word technology, expect a lower grade.  Writing a super long paper will not guarantee a high grade, but students are welcome to write longer papers, so long as all of the words deal concisely with the topic.  Conciseness and clarity are important.   Deadline:  The deadline for the paper is announced in the course syllabus.  Late penalties will apply after the deadline, as per the course syllabus.  Papers will not be accepted after the last day of class.     Copying:  Whatever you do, do not copy and paste any phrases or sentences off the Internet or from other people’s papers or published works, because for college term papers that’s considered plagiarism.  Even shuffling words around is plagiarism, so don’t do it.  Therefore, be sure to study the slide show “How to Paraphrase,” so that you summarize and paraphrase the right way, and don’t get caught plagiarizing.  Keep in mind that “quotations” are not allowed in this paper: you must synthesize the material and paraphrase in your own words (and cite).     Editing:  Edit your paper before turning it in.  The paper should be double spaced  (no more, no less).  Use Times New Roman font, 12-point.  Make sure the first sentence of each paragraph is indented 5 spaces.  Do not include photographs in your paper.   Format:  The paper has to be formatted in Microsoft Word, or it will not be accepted; I use Word technology to grade the papers.  Your paper must have a separate title page at the beginning and a separate bibliography page at the end, all in the same (single) Word file as the text of your paper. Do not use footnotes, endnotes, photos, or photos and decorations.  Double-space the text of your essay.  Use one-inch margins.  Do not right-justify the text.  Use 12-point font that is easy to read such as Cambria (Mac) or Times (PC).  The Title Page must not have any extra formatting in it – no Microsoft picture frames or style formats – just type the text on the title page, and that’s all.  Keep it simple and business-like.  Use the Chicago style of citing sources (Author-Date-Page) in each citation (inside of your sentences) and the full reference information in the bibliography (author’s full name, date, full title of the work, place of publication, name of publisher.  Be sure to include a page number, location number, or slide number wherever these are available.    Please note:  This is an individual assignment, not a collaborative assignment.  Just make sure you develop your own ideas and don’t use anybody else’s.   If your paper sounds like somebody else’s, you may be in trouble.   How to turn it in:  Upload your term paper on Blackboard as a Microsoft Word document.  If you do not have Word on your computer, you can get it for free:  log in to your UMass email, click the gear icon next to your name, choose Office 365 Settings, and then Software.  Download it to your computer.     Content:  A substantial portion of the grade is based on whether or not you have made good use of anthropological theory, concepts, and terminology, as well as examples and data from sources in your analysis – and whether or not you have cited the sources every single time you use them.    Always cite a summarized or paraphrased passage or a “quotation.”  Citations and quotations are two different things.  “Quotations” are not allowed in this paper.     Citations:  Give credit to your sources:  Sources for this paper must be cited in the Chicago Manual of Style format that anthropologists use (see AAA Style Guide).  All you have to do to cite a source for anthropology papers is remember to put 3 things in your citation: (Author Date: Page).  It’s easy.  Do not use any other format for citations. Citations are extremely important in scholarly writing.  If you don’t cite your sources each time, do not expect to earn a high grade. You need citations throughout your paper, every time you use any data from them.     Bibliography:  You list the full reference information for the source, at the end of your paper, in the bibliography section.  This includes the author’s full name, the date of publication, the title, the place of publication, and the name of the publisher.  For websites, put as much information as you can find to identify the article, including the URL, name of the website, and the author and date if available.     Quotations:  For this assignment, students are expected to paraphrase instead of “quoting,” unless the exact words of the author make a critical difference in your analysis of the data.  Literature courses analyze an author’s writing style and wording, by picking a sentence or passage to “quote,” and then analyzing it.  However, this is not a literature course.  Anthropology is a humanistic science.  Science courses, including anthropology, do not analyze an author’s writing style. Science courses analyze data, which you must summarize or paraphrase in your own words.  You should be able to summarize or paraphrase information from sources, and not use “quotations” as a replacement for your own writing. If a person’s specific words are used as data, you should limit the amount of verbiage that you “quote” to just the important words that make a critical difference in your analysis.  You should not have long “quotations” filling up the pages of your essay – this is called “patchwork.” Always cite a paraphrased passage or a “quotation.”  Citations and quotations are two different things.

Tituba’s Confession:  The Multicultural Dimensions of the 1692 Salem Witch-Hunt   Elaine G. Breslaw   Ethnohistory, Vol. 44, No. 3 (Summer, 1997), 535-556. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici     ?sici=OO  14-1801%28199722%2944%3A3%3C535%3ATCTMD0%3E2.0.C0%3B2-P 1692 Salem  Expository Essay Assignment   Objective:  Students will learn how to read critically, synthesize ideas, and weigh evidence in the case of the 1692 Salem Witch Hunt, to distinguish between innocent people who were accused of being witches and people (accused or not) who were actually doing things that could be viewed (in anthropological terms) as “using magic.”   Assignment:  Write a 1,200 word (minimum) expository essay that analyzes data in two sources – the book Salem Possessed and the article “Tituba’s Confession” – to analyze at least three people involved in the Salem Witch hunt who were doing things that could be viewed (in anthropological terms) as “using magic.”  Students must cite the page number or location number from the book Salem Possessed and the article “Tituba’s Confession” each time they use an idea or data from these two sources.  “Quotations” are not allowed in this paper.   Students must synthesize the material and write in their own words.    Definitions:   Anthropological definition of “witch” – A “witch” is a person who is suspected of harming others through supernaturalmeans [“using magic”], whether intentionally or unintentionally.”  Such practices are “witchcraft.”  Many people were accused of being witches in Salem, but only some of them were doing things that could be considered “using magic.”   Anthropological definition of “magic” – “Magic is a practice that effects change through supernatural force or energy, by invoking, acquiring and using the power of the spirit world to accomplish specific, intended, aims; magic includes the use of spells, formulas, and incantations used with spirits, deities or with impersonal forces; a belief in magic exists in all cultures, and in all religions.”  Keep in mind that magic can be used either to help people or to harm people.     The Puritans believed that witches harmed people through magic.  But for most of the accused, there was little material evidence that they were doing anything that involved “using magic.”  The Puritans accused people of witchcraft based on “spectral evidence,” which would not stand up in a court today. In the two sources, we find that there were some people who were intentionally doing things that involved “using magic.”  Your job is to find them and discuss them.     Sir James George Frazer distinguished two types of magic:   1.  imitative magic  produces a desired effect by imitating the magical action desired ; for example, drinking an infusion of lung-shaped leaves to remedy a lung infection; sticking pins in voodoo dolls to imitate the action of stabbing someone, or sending magic darts into their body.   To paraphrase Frazer’s words, “Like produces like, or has an effect that resembles its cause.”     2.  contagious magic  whatever is done to an object is believed to affect a person who once had contact with it; so, contagious magic would be a spell that is cast over an article of clothing, someone’s possessions and, especially, body products from the intended victim, such as a lock of hair or fingernail clippings.  Contagious has to do with contact.  To paraphrase Frazer’s words, “Things which have once been in contact with each other continue to act on each other at a distance after the physical contact has been severed.”      What you need to do, to prepare:   First, read Salem Possessed and “Tituba’s Confession.”  These two sources offer somewhat different perspectives on witchcraft practices in 1692 Salem.  Look for evidence of people “using magic” according to the definitions provided at the beginning of this assignment.  Pick at least three people where it could be argued that “magic was being used” and discuss them, weighing the evidence with anthropological concepts.  Your job is to determine who was doing things that involved “magic.” Take notes on the people you detect were doing these sorts of things, and write down the things they did (including the page numbers or location numbers).  Then discuss why these people and their actions would qualify as “using magic.”    Sources:  Only use these two sources, and not any other sources: the book Salem Possessed and the article “Tituba’s Confession.”  Do not copy any material off the Internet or in any other sources.  All of your data should come from just these two sources.  Use the definitions provided in this assignment – do not cite dictionaries, encyclopedias, or Wikipedia for anything.     Rubric – Suggested Structure (Expository Essay Style):   This is only a suggested structure.  The essay must be in expository essay style, which generally follows a structure like the one below.     1.  Introduction:  The first paragraph introduces the essay topic, as well as the concepts you are going to use to analyze it.  One of the sentences in the first paragraph must clearly state the thesis of your essay – explain your position on the use of magic in 1692 Salem.  Another sentence should provide a road map that tells the reader at least three people you feel could be considered as “using magic” or “engaging in witchcraft.”  A short paper like this typically analyzes three examples, but you are welcome to write a longer paper and use more examples.  This paragraph should be no longer than half a page. 2.  Background:  The second paragraph should concisely summarize what happened in 1692 Salem, in a few sentences.  This paragraph should be no longer than half a page.  Do not use “quotations” as a replacement for an explanation in your own words.   3.  Analysis (several paragraphs):  Subsequent paragraphs analyze the people and examples you determined were “using magic” according to the above definitions.  Organize your paragraphs around specific examples or around people, whichever way you prefer.  Each paragraph should be about half a page. 4.  Conclusion:  The last paragraph should offer some overall insights (something more than just a summary of the points you already made).  What did you learn about the 1692 Salem witch hunt by writing this paper?   Manage your paragraphs.  Each paragraph should have a “topic sentence” somewhere in it, preferably at the beginning of the paragraph.  The “topic sentence” tells the reader what this paragraph is going to deal with.  In a short paper like this, the paragraphs should be roughly half a page.  A paragraph is a “unit of analysis,” not just one or two sentences.  If you have a paragraph that goes on for more than two-thirds of a page, you might check it to see if there are actually two or more themes in there that need separate treatment, in separate paragraphs.  Introduce the point you’re making in this paragraph in the first sentence.  Provide data and examples in the other sentences to bolster the point you made at the beginning of the paragraph.  And always be sure to cite the data properly.     Length:  1,200 words (minimum) of expository analysis, plus a title page at the beginning, and a bibliography page at the end, all in a single Word file.  The 1,200 words does not include the Title Page or the Bibliography.  Must be double-spaced, in 12-point font.  If it’s shorter than 1,200 words, it won’t be eligible for a high grade.  If it is single-spaced and I have to reformat it in order to grade it using Microsoft Word technology, expect a lower grade.  Writing a super long paper will not guarantee a high grade, but students are welcome to write longer papers, so long as all of the words deal concisely with the topic.  Conciseness and clarity are important.   Deadline:  The deadline for the paper is announced in the course syllabus.  Late penalties will apply after the deadline, as per the course syllabus.  Papers will not be accepted after the last day of class.     Copying:  Whatever you do, do not copy and paste any phrases or sentences off the Internet or from other people’s papers or published works, because for college term papers that’s considered plagiarism.  Even shuffling words around is plagiarism, so don’t do it.  Therefore, be sure to study the slide show “How to Paraphrase,” so that you summarize and paraphrase the right way, and don’t get caught plagiarizing.  Keep in mind that “quotations” are not allowed in this paper: you must synthesize the material and paraphrase in your own words (and cite).     Editing:  Edit your paper before turning it in.  The paper should be double spaced  (no more, no less).  Use Times New Roman font, 12-point.  Make sure the first sentence of each paragraph is indented 5 spaces.  Do not include photographs in your paper.   Format:  The paper has to be formatted in Microsoft Word, or it will not be accepted; I use Word technology to grade the papers.  Your paper must have a separate title page at the beginning and a separate bibliography page at the end, all in the same (single) Word file as the text of your paper. Do not use footnotes, endnotes, photos, or photos and decorations.  Double-space the text of your essay.  Use one-inch margins.  Do not right-justify the text.  Use 12-point font that is easy to read such as Cambria (Mac) or Times (PC).  The Title Page must not have any extra formatting in it – no Microsoft picture frames or style formats – just type the text on the title page, and that’s all.  Keep it simple and business-like.  Use the Chicago style of citing sources (Author-Date-Page) in each citation (inside of your sentences) and the full reference information in the bibliography (author’s full name, date, full title of the work, place of publication, name of publisher.  Be sure to include a page number, location number, or slide number wherever these are available.    Please note:  This is an individual assignment, not a collaborative assignment.  Just make sure you develop your own ideas and don’t use anybody else’s.   If your paper sounds like somebody else’s, you may be in trouble.   How to turn it in:  Upload your term paper on Blackboard as a Microsoft Word document.  If you do not have Word on your computer, you can get it for free:  log in to your UMass email, click the gear icon next to your name, choose Office 365 Settings, and then Software.  Download it to your computer.     Content:  A substantial portion of the grade is based on whether or not you have made good use of anthropological theory, concepts, and terminology, as well as examples and data from sources in your analysis – and whether or not you have cited the sources every single time you use them.    Always cite a summarized or paraphrased passage or a “quotation.”  Citations and quotations are two different things.  “Quotations” are not allowed in this paper.     Citations:  Give credit to your sources:  Sources for this paper must be cited in the Chicago Manual of Style format that anthropologists use (see AAA Style Guide).  All you have to do to cite a source for anthropology papers is remember to put 3 things in your citation: (Author Date: Page).  It’s easy.  Do not use any other format for citations. Citations are extremely important in scholarly writing.  If you don’t cite your sources each time, do not expect to earn a high grade. You need citations throughout your paper, every time you use any data from them.     Bibliography:  You list the full reference information for the source, at the end of your paper, in the bibliography section.  This includes the author’s full name, the date of publication, the title, the place of publication, and the name of the publisher.  For websites, put as much information as you can find to identify the article, including the URL, name of the website, and the author and date if available.     Quotations:  For this assignment, students are expected to paraphrase instead of “quoting,” unless the exact words of the author make a critical difference in your analysis of the data.  Literature courses analyze an author’s writing style and wording, by picking a sentence or passage to “quote,” and then analyzing it.  However, this is not a literature course.  Anthropology is a humanistic science.  Science courses, including anthropology, do not analyze an author’s writing style. Science courses analyze data, which you must summarize or paraphrase in your own words.  You should be able to summarize or paraphrase information from sources, and not use “quotations” as a replacement for your own writing. If a person’s specific words are used as data, you should limit the amount of verbiage that you “quote” to just the important words that make a critical difference in your analysis.  You should not have long “quotations” filling up the pages of your essay – this is called “patchwork.” Always cite a paraphrased passage or a “quotation.”  Citations and quotations are two different things.