Case study analysis 2
Case study analysis 2
Module 2 Assignment: Case Study Analysis
An understanding of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems is a critically important component of disease diagnosis and treatment. This importance is magnified by the fact that these two systems work so closely together. A variety of factors and circumstances that impact the emergence and severity of issues in one system can have a role in the performance of the other.
Effective disease analysis often requires an understanding that goes beyond these systems and their capacity to work together. The impact of patient characteristics, as well as racial and ethnic variables, can also have an important impact
An understanding of the symptoms of alterations in cardiovascular and respiratory systems is a critical step in diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. For APRNs this understanding can also help educate patients and guide them through their treatment plans.
In this Assignment, you examine a case study and analyze the symptoms presented. You identify the elements that may be factors in the diagnosis, and you explain the implications to patient health.
To prepare:
By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to a specific case study scenario for this Case Study Assignment. Please see the Course Announcements section of the classroom for your assignment from your Instructor.
Assignment (1- to 2-page case study analysis)
In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following
The cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes that result in the patient presenting these symptoms.
Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.
How these processes interact to affect the patient.
Case study
Module 2: Case Study Analysis Assignment:
Scenario: 45-year-old woman presents with chief complaint of 3-day duration of shortness of breath, cough with thick green sputum production, and fevers. Patient has history of COPD with chronic cough but states the cough has gotten much worse and is interfering with her sleep. Sputum is thicker and harder for her to expectorate. CXR reveals flattened diaphragm and increased AP diameter. Auscultation demonstrates hyper resonance and coarse rales and rhonchi throughout all lung fields.
Excellent
Develop a 1- to 2-page case study analysis, examing the patient symptoms presented in the case study. Be sure to address the following:
Explain both the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes of why the patient presents these symptoms.
28 (28%) 30 (30%)
The response accurately and thoroughly describes the patient symptoms.
The response includes accurate, clear, and detailed reasons, with explanation for both the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.
Explain how the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes interact to affect the patient. 28 (28%) 30 (30%)
The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific explanation of how the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes interact to affect the patient.
Explain any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning. 23 (23%) 25 (25%)
The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.
Written Expression and Formatting Paragraph Development and Organization:
Paragraphs make clear points that support well-developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are carefully focusedneither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement and introduction are provided that delineate all required criteria. 5 (5%) 5 (5%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity.
A clear and comprehensive purpose statement, introduction, and conclusion are provided that delineate all required criteria.
Written Expression and Formatting English Writing Standards:
Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation 5 (5%) 5 (5%)
Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors.
Written Expression and Formatting The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, running heads, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list. 5 (5%) 5 (5%)
Uses correct APA format with no errors.
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Solution
COPD Case Study Analysis
Understanding the respiratory system is essential in diagnosing and treating conditions affecting this system. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic condition that affects the respiratory system. It is thus important to effectively analyze this disease and understand how it affects the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.
A clinician should understand the impact of patient characteristics and racial variations on the disease process. Understanding the pathophysiology of COPD will help in diagnosing and treating it. It will also help APRNs effectively guide their patients through the treatment plans.
Pathophysiology of COPD
COPDs pathophysiological changes happen in the central airways, peripheral bronchioles, and the parenchyma. Most COPD cases occur due to noxious stimuli such as cigarette smoke (Hikichi et al., 2019). This amplifies the normal inflammatory response.
There is increased secretion of leukocytes and macrophages in COPD, causing lung destruction (). The increased oxidative stress due to free radicals from tobacco smoke, oxidants from phagocytes, and leukocytes mat resulted in necrosis or apoptosis (Song et al., 2021). Tobacco smoking results in neutrophil influx, leading to emphysema (Hikichi et al., 2019).
There are two conditions in COPD: chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Mucous gland hyperplasia is the hallmark of chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis involves structural changes such as focal squamous metaplasia, atrophy, inflammation, smooth muscle hyperplasia, ciliary abnormalities, and bronchial wall thickening (Widysanto & Mathew, 2020).
Endothelium damage impairs the ciliary response that clears mucus and bacteria (Widysanto & Mathew, 2020). The secretions will result in obstruction in chronic bronchitis. On the other hand, emphysema involves the enlargement of airspaces
. This enlargement leads to a decline in the surface area of the alveolus available for respiratory functions (Pahal et al., 2021). The loss of surface area further results in airway narrowing, which causes airflow obstruction.
Racial Variations of COPD
COPD linked comorbidities vary significantly by ethnicity and race. APRNs should thus use patient-centred strategies to manage COPD in different races and ethnic groups optimally. A study conducted by Lee et al. (2018) revealed that non-Hispanic Whites had COPD-related commodities such as dyslipidemia, osteoporosis, myocardial infarction and osteoarthritis.
Non-Hispanic Blacks have many current smokers, and multiple comorbidities such as hypertension, stroke, diabetes mellitus, and anaemia. Koreans have the highest prevalence of smokers but a lower prevalence of commodities.
Coexisting comorbidities adversely affect COPD prognosis (Lee et al., 2018). It is thus critical to recognize and manage these conditions based on racial differences. This will help reduce the clinical burden of COPD.
Conclusion
COPD is a chronic respiratory condition that negatively impacts the quality of life of individuals. One of the main risk factors of COPD is smoking. COPD causes airway obstruction through hyper inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, reduced mucociliary clearance and increased immune responses.
APRNs should recognize the pathophysiological processes to help them formulate patient-centred care and patient education. Finally, there are racial disparities related to COPD. This includes cigarette smoking and multiple comorbidities that affect the prognosis of COPD.
APRNs must recognize the racial differences associated with COPD and develop a patient-centred care plan that identifies these differences. This will reduce the clinical burden of COPD and improve healthcare outcomes.
References
Hikichi, M., Mizumura, K., Maruoka, S., & Gon, Y. (2019). Pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) induced by cigarette smoke. Journal of Thoracic Disease, 11(S17), S2129-S2140. https://doi.org/10.21037/jtd.2019.10.43
Lee, H., Shin, S. H., Gu, S., Zhao, D., Kang, D., Joi, Y. R., Suh, G. Y., Pastor-Barriuso, R., Guallar, E., Cho, J., & Park, H. Y. (2018). Racial differences in comorbidity profile among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. BMC Medicine, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-018-1159-7
Pahal, P., Avula, A., & Sharma, S. (2021, May 19). Emphysema StatPearls NCBI bookshelf. National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482217/
Song, Q., Chen, P., & Liu, X. (2021). The role of cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary vascular endothelial cell apoptosis in COPD. Respiratory Research, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-021-01630-1
Widysanto, A., & Mathew, G. (2020, August 23). Chronic bronchitis StatPearls NCBI bookshelf. National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482437/
