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Table of Contents
PICOT Question Examples
Evidence-Based PICOT Questions Examples
PICOT Question:
Intervention PICOT Question Examples, an Intervention example:
Therapy PICOT Question Examples, a non-intervention example:
Etiology PICOT Question Examples:
Diagnostic PICOT Question Examples:
Prevention PICOT Question Examples:
Prognosis/Prediction PICOT Question Examples:
Meaning PPICOT Question Examples:
Benchmark – Part A: Population Health Research and PICOT Statement
Population Health Research and PICOT Statement
Population Analysis
PICOT Statement
Illustration of the PICOT statement
PICOT Question Examples
Before giving PICOT Question Examples, first is to define what is a PICOT question. PICOT is an acronym to help you formulate a clinical question and guide your search for evidence. Using this format can help you find the best evidence available in a quicker, more efficient manner. The PICOT question format is a consistent “formula” for developing answerable, researchable questions. When you write a good one, it makes the rest of the process of finding and evaluating evidence much more straightforward.
P: Population/patient – age, gender, ethnicity, individuals with a certain disorder
I: Intervention/indicator (Variable of Interest) – exposure to a disease, risk behavior, prognostic factor
C: Comparison/control – could be a placebo or “business as usual” as in no disease, absence of risk factor, Prognostic factor B
O: Outcome – risk of disease, accuracy of a diagnosis, rate of occurrence of adverse outcome
T: Time – the time it takes for the intervention to achieve an outcome or how long participants are observed
Note: Not every question will have an intervention (as in a meaning question) or time (when it is implied in another part of the question) component.
PICOT Question Examples
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Evidence-Based PICOT Questions Examples
PICOT Question:
Population: Bariatric adolescents considering or undergoing gastric bypass surgery.
Intervention: The nurse’s role as a primary member of the multidisciplinary team regarding perioperative care of the bariatric adolescent patient.
Comparison: The nurse’s role as a secondary member of the multidisciplinary team without any specialized training and is only involved in perioperative care of the bariatric adolescent patient.
Outcome: When the nurse is involved as one of the primary members in the multidisciplinary team approach, the bariatric adolescent patient has better continuity of care.
Time: perioperative including the 6 weeks post recovery.
PICOT Question: Does the bariatric adolescent patient undergoing gastric bypass have better continuity of care perioperatively and postoperatively when the nurse is a primary member of the multidisciplinary team versus when the nurse is a secondary member whose only role is in providing perioperative care and has no specialized training?
Intervention PICOT Question Examples, an Intervention example:
In adult patients with total hip replacements (Patient population) how effective is PCA pain medication (Intervention of interest) compared to prn IM pain medication (Comparison intervention) in controlling post operative pain (Outcome) during the perioperative and recovery time? Note: The IM pain medication would be called the control group. It would be unethical to have a control group that received NO pain medication. Many times the control group means they get “business as usual!” or the current standard of care.
Therapy PICOT Question Examples, a non-intervention example:
What is the duration of recovery (O) for patients with total hip replacement (P) who developed a post-operative infection (I) as opposed to those who did not (C) within the first six weeks of recovery (T)?
Etiology PICOT Question Examples:
Are kids (P) who have obese adoptive parents (I) at Increased risk for obesity (O) compared with kids (P) without obese adoptive parents (C) during the ages of five and 18 (T)?
Diagnostic PICOT Question Examples:
Is a PKU test (I) done on two week old infants (P) more accurate in diagnosis inborn errors in metabolism (O) compared with PKU tests done at 24 hours of age (C)? Time is implied in two weeks and 24 hours old.
Prevention PICOT Question Examples:
In OR nurses doing a five minute scrub (P) what are the differences in the presence and types of microbes (O) found on natural polished nails and nail beds (I) and artificial nails (C) at the time of surgery (T)?
Prognosis/Prediction PICOT Question Examples:
Does telelmonitoring blood pressure (I) in urban African Americans with hypertension (P) improve blood pressure control (O) within the six months of initiation of the medication (T)?
Meaning PPICOT Question Examples:
How do pregnant women (P) newly diagnosed with diabetes (I) perceive reporting their blood sugar levels (O) to their healthcare providers during their pregnancy and six weeks postpartum (T)?
Sample PICOT Question
Benchmark – Part A: Population Health Research and PICOT Statement
In this course, you will be complete a 2-part assignment in which you conduct research about a population of focus, develop a PICOT statement, and write a Literature Review. The PICOT statement and Literature Review you write in this course can be used for your evidence-based practice project in the next course so be sure to select an issue you want to continue working on in your next course.
PICOT (Population/Problem, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, and Time to achieve the outcome) is a method that helps clarify the qualities needed to create a good question out of a practice issue or problem affecting the population of focus. Additionally, the information derived from a good PICOT makes it easier to perform a literature search in order to find translational research sources that can be used to address the clinical problem.
Use a national, state or local population health care database to research indicators of disparity. Choose a mortality/morbidity indicator to identify a clinical problem or issue that you want to explore pertaining to a population of focus. Use this indicator to begin to formulate a PICOT and conduct research on the population.
Write a 750-1,000-word paper that analyzes your research and focuses on the population you have chosen. Describe the population’s demographics and health concerns, and explain how nursing science, health determinants, and epidemiologic, genomic, and genetic data may impact population health management for the selected population. Provide an overview of a potential solution for solving the health issue related to your population and the intended PICOT statement. Describe how the solution incorporates health policies and goals that support health care equity for the population of focus.
You are required to cite three to five sources to complete this assignment. Sources must be published within the last 5 years and appropriate for the assignment criteria and nursing content.
Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.
SOLUTION
Population Health Research and PICOT Statement
Obesity is a major insidious condition whose prevalence continues to rise in the United States. It is estimated that about 70% of Americans suffer from obesity with the most affected group being the veterans (Klingaman et al., 2016). Almost 7.8% of the soldiers are overweight and this puts them at high risk of developing other complications such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and other cardiovascular risks. There is a strong correlation between obesity and PSTD among veterans. PSTD result in severe chronic stress reactions arising from past traumatic conditions and this results in the development of obesity. Furthermore, the mechanisms involved in the weight gain among the PSTD patients remain unknown; however, some studies have associated it with the production of stress hormone. As a result, it is important to analyze the link between PSTD and obesity among veterans. Nurses have the responsibility of improving the quality of healthcare delivery through translational research and application of evidence-based practices. This study focuses on implementing the weight loss treatment programs in helping reduce the PSTD symptoms among the veterans based on the evidence-based knowledge application.
Population Analysis
The incidences of PSTD among the veterans continue raise a serious public health concern. The condition can result from various traumatic incidences. Majority of the people subjected to traumatic experiences are likely to present with sleeping disorders and depression among others. Furthermore, people with PSTD are likely to develop emotional numbness especially with the people they used interact with closely. Moreover, they are easily irritated and aggressive. In some cases, they may become hostile and unapproachable. The prevalence of PSTD tends to be higher among the older populations (aged above 60 year). The estimated lifetime history of PSTD among the Americans is 7.4% and the condition continues to be a common diagnosis among the Vietnam-era veterans (Klingaman et al., 2016).
The veteran populations are an important target group because they are vulnerable to PSTD due to traumatic and stressful experiences they undergo in the course of work. An association between PSTD and weight gain among the veterans is an important topic worth exploring since it helps in guiding the process of designing treatment measures and management of veterans with PSTD. Furthermore, the study indicated that the prevalence of PSTD tends to be high among veteran women compared to their male counterparts. In as much as various approaches are used in the management of PSTD among the veterans, there is a great necessity to improve the treatment process to facilitate quick recovery. Evidence-based care approaches are developed to promote the patient’s wellbeing and this becomes more effective when patient-centered approaches are engaged. Based on the review findings, introducing the weight reduction programs can significantly reduce the PSTD symptoms among the veteran especially when they have both obesity and PSTD (Klingaman et al., 2016). The findings from these studies provide preliminary backgrounds for addressing the issue of obesity and PSTD among the veterans. The impacts of PSTD are severe in case they are not managed in time. Engaging a comprehensive treatment framework that incorporates both the pharmacotherapy and weight reduction programs are essential and these would help reduce the gaps existing in the treatment process and management of veterans with PSTD.
Obesity is a major determinant in the treatment and management of obesity among the veterans. Obesity tends to be influenced by both the environmental and genetic factors; therefore, the development of proper remedies and approaches to address the issue of PSTD among the veterans must be based on the genetic, genomic and epidemiological data. From the epidemiology perspective, it is apparent that the incidences of obesity and PSTD are higher among the veterans compared to the general populations. The variations in the incidences could be as a result of the environmental exposures. However, there are no sufficient data supporting the role of genomic and genetics in the development of PSTD and obesity among the veterans. On the other hand, there are suggestions that genetic factors could be contributing to about 30% of the total cases of PSTD (Banerjee, Morrison, & Ressler, 2017). Understanding the mediation gene pathways involved in the PSTD development and the mechanisms mediating the development of obesity is important in developing appropriate treatment approached for PSTD among the veteran population. PSTD is a highly debilitating condition among the veterans and thus as part of the health promotion, application of the nursing research and evidence-based practices may help improve the treatment of the targeted populations presenting with PSTD. Therefore, the PICOT question in this case defines the proposed framework that can be used in improving the treatment outcomes among the veterans with PSTD.
PICOT Statement
Will weight loss treatment among obese veterans reduce the PSTD signs and symptoms within six months of the weight management program?
Illustration of the PICOT statement
Population: Veterans affected by obesity resulting from PSTD
Intervention (I): Weight loss programs
Comparison: Nonweight loss treatment
Outcome: Reduced signs and symptoms of PSTD
Time: Six months
References
Banerjee, S. B., Morrison, F. G., & Ressler, K. J. (2017). Genetic approaches for the study of PTSD: Advances and challenges. Neuroscience letters, 649, 139-146.
Dorflinger, L. M., Ruser, C. B., & Masheb, R. M. (2017). Night eating among veterans with obesity. Appetite, 117, 330-334.
Klingaman, E. A., Hoerster, K. D., Aakre, J. M., Viverito, K. M., Medoff, D. R., & Goldberg, R. W. (2016). Veterans with PTSD report more weight loss barriers than Veterans with no mental health disorders. General hospital psychiatry, 39, 1-7.